低场核磁共振胰胆管水成像技术对腹腔镜胆囊切除术后综合征的诊断价值

目的：探讨低场核磁共振胰胆管水成像技术对腹腔镜胆囊切除术（LC）后发生胆囊切除综合征（PCS）的诊断价值。方法：对比分析23例LC，术后出现PCS和15例未出现PCS的患者的MRCP表现。结果：PCS组的胆总管扩张的发生率为73．91％（17／23），对照组为13．33％（2／15）。PCS组的胆囊管残留过长的发生率为60．87（14／23）％，对照组为13．33（2／15）％。PCS组胆道结石的发生率为34．78％（8／23），对照组为0％（0／15）。PCS组有1例（4．34％）有胆总管狭窄，对照组无。结论：对于诊断LC术后出现的PCS，低场MRCP亦是一种十分有效的手段。     

三种术式胆囊切除后残余胆囊的临床分析

目的观察开腹胆囊切除术(OC)、小切口胆囊切除术(MC)及腹腔镜胆囊切除术(LC)后残余胆囊的发生率,并探讨其病因、诊断、治疗及预防方法。方法回顾性分析2000年8月-2009年8月住院手术的241例OC(OC组)、231例MC(MC组)、290例LC(LC组)患者的临床资料,比较分析其残余胆囊发生情况。结果共32例患者术后发生残余胆囊,其中OC组、MC组、LC组各4、13、15例,3组残余胆囊发生率分别为1.7%、5.6%、5.2%。统计学分析显示,OC组术后残余胆囊的发生率显著低于MC组和LC组(P<0.05),而MC组和LC组术后残余胆囊的发生率无明显差异(P>0.05);多因素分析显示,术前炎症程度、手术方式、术者经验与残余胆囊的发生有关联;32例均通过B超、CT、MRCP、ERCP检查确诊;24例经手术治愈,随访6个月～9年,症状完全消失;8例采用保守治疗,效果欠佳;切除标本送病理检查,无肿瘤及恶变。结论残余胆囊是胆囊切除术后一个不容忽视的并发症,有效地控制胆囊炎症、选择合适的手术时机及方式、由具相当经验的高年资医师主刀,可以减少残余胆囊的发生,而再次手术是治疗残余胆囊最为有效的方法。     

胆囊术后并发症的临床和多层螺旋CT分析

目的：探讨胆囊切除术后并发症的 MSCT 表现及临床诊断价值。方法：回顾性分析22例腹腔镜胆囊切除术（LC）或开腹胆囊切除术（OC）后发生并发症患者的临床特点及 CT 表现。结果：22例共29例次胆囊术后并发症,其中胆系并发症共18例：包括肝胆管损伤11例次,MSCT 主要表现为胆囊窝区渗出性改变及腹腔包裹性积液;胆-肠吻合口狭窄3例次,MSCT 示肝内胆管不同程度扩张,多平面重组（MPR）图上可见狭窄的吻合口;胆总管内残余结石3例次;残余胆囊管伴结石1例次。非胆系并发症11例次：包括血管损伤2例次,MSCT 门静脉成像示门静脉主干狭窄并广泛侧支循环形成;早期急性胰腺炎2例次;腹壁切口感染2例次;腹腔感染3例次,MSCT 上表现为不同程度的腹膜增厚并腹腔积液;腹壁切口疝2例次,MSCT 示大网膜及部分肠管自腹壁切口处疝出至腹壁下。临床诊断与 MSCT 诊断结果的符合率为86．21％,其中胆系和非胆系并发症分别为83．33％和90．91％。术后7天内肝内胆管损伤的发生率最高（11／18）;1周～1个月内,早期急性胰腺炎发生率最高（2／5）;1个月～1年,胆肠吻合口狭窄的发生率最高（3／4）;＞1年,腹壁切口疝的发生率最高（2／2）。结论：MSCT 能对胆囊切除术后并发症进行较为全面、准确的影像学评价。了解胆囊术后并发症的临床及影像学特点,有助于提高诊断准确性。     

口服枸橼酸铁铵在胆囊管MRCP检查中的应用价值

目的：研究磁共振胰胆管成像显示胆囊管的最佳检查方法,并比较口服枸橼酸铁铵后胆囊管显示率的变化。分析胆囊管的显示在临床中的应用价值。方法：53例行常规MRCP检查者为正常对照组,69例检查前口服枸橼酸铁铵患者为实验组。另27例先常规行MRCP检查,再口服枸橼酸铁铵后做MRCP。在MRCP图像上,多角度、多方位观察胆囊管的显示情况,比较正常对照组与实验组胆囊管的显示率,比较口服枸橼酸铁铵前后胆囊管显示率的变化情况。结果：53例行常规MRCP检查的胆囊管显示率为71．7％（38／53）,69例口服枸橼酸铁铵后胆囊管的显示率为87．0％（60／69）。27例口服枸橼酸铁铵后做自身前后对照的病例中,服药前显示率为70．4％（19／27）,服药后显示率为88．9％（24／27）。在正常对照组与实验组间及口服枸橼酸铁铵前后做MRCP检查的病例中,服药后胆囊管的显示率明显提高,并具有显著统计学意义。结论：检查前口服枸橼酸铁铵在MRCP技术中的应用提高了正常胆囊管的显示,有利于胆囊切除术前常规了解胆囊管的正常解剖及变异,避免术中不必要的胆源性损伤及术后并发症的发生。     

MRCP在胆总管超声阴性结石及胆道变异患者LC术前应用价值

目的探讨磁共振胰胆管造影(MRCP)在胆总管超声阴性结石及胆道变异患者腹腔镜胆囊切除术(LC)术前应用的价值。方法回顾性分析我院一组因结石性胆囊炎行LC且术前胆总管超声阴性患者的临床和影像学资料,根据术前两周内是否扫描MRCP分为A组(已做MRCP组)和B组(未做MRCP组),对两组患者术前、术中和术后情况进行对比分析。结果 A组术前MRCP发现超声阴性的胆总管结石4例,胆囊管异位汇入2例,A组1例患者术后因胆管损伤发生胆瘘。B组术后发生胆瘘3例,梗阻性黄疸2例和急性胰腺炎1例,其中3例患者并发症是由胆总管结石导致,3例并发症由胆囊管变异导致,B组术后并发症显著高于A组(P0.05)。结论在结石性胆囊炎患者,MRCP有助于发现胆总管超声阴性结石以及胆道变异,能显著减少LC术后并发症。     

亚甲蓝术中造影在Mirizzi综合征腹腔镜胆囊切除中作用

目的:亚甲蓝术中造影中Mirizzi综合征腹腔镜胆囊切除(LC)或胆总管探查术中正确判断胆囊管、肝总管、胆总管的解剖部位,减少手术误伤的作用。方法:比较同期27例Mirizzi综合征患者,16例LC术中行胆囊或胆总管穿刺、并注射亚甲蓝使胆囊、胆囊管、肝总管、胆总管显色为实验组,其他11例常规腹腔镜为对照组。结果:实验组手术时间、并发症、手术中转率较对照组明显减少。结论:Mirizzi综合征腹腔镜治疗术中亚甲蓝胆道造影能直观显影胆道,帮助术者正确判断Calot三角解剖,明显缩短手术时间,提高手术成功率。     

术前EST与腹腔镜联合术中EST治疗胆囊和胆总管结石的临床研究

目的：通过比较分析顺序治疗即内镜下十二指肠乳头括约肌切开术（ EST ）后行腹腔镜胆囊切除术（ LC）与腹腔镜联合术中EST治疗胆囊－胆总管结石的成功率、住院时间、临床效果及费用,来评价两者的临床治疗价值。方法回顾分析2010年6月～2012年7月的125例胆囊－胆总管结石病人,行顺序治疗即EST后行LC患者为95例,而行腹腔镜联合术中EST治疗的为30例,按手术方式不同分为顺序组和联合组,观察两组病例的手术成功率、术后住院日、手术并发症及住院费用情况。结果胆总管结石清除率,联合组为93．3％,顺序组为90％（ P＜0．05）。住院时间,联合组比顺序组短,为4．2天：6．0天（ P＜0．01）。并发症情况,联合组1例出现迟发性的十二指肠穿孔,经保守治疗后治愈,顺序组1例EST术后出现轻型胰腺炎,2例出现胆总管残余结石而再次行EST术。平均住院费用,联合组比顺序组明显减少,12300RMB：16500RMB（P＜0．05）。结论与LC术前行EST相比,腹腔镜联合术中EST的手术成功率更高,住院时间更短,并发症及费用也更少,应用前景值得期待。     

腹腔镜胆囊切除术后综合征临床分析

胆囊切除术后综合征(Postcholecystectomy syndrome．PCS)在临床上常用于解释胆囊切除术后出现或重新出现的上腹部的腹痛、腹胀、恶心、厌油腻等不适。近年来,腹腔镜胆囊切除术(Laparoscopic cholecystectomy,LC)的广泛开展,LJC以其安全、创伤小、痛苦轻,对腹腔内脏干扰小、术后恢复快等优点,使其发生率逐渐下降。我院自1992年5月．2003年12月共行LJC手术33085例,     

腹腔镜胆囊切除术致胆管损伤分析

腹腔镜胆囊切除术（LC）是治疗胆囊良性疾病的常用术式。胆管损伤是LC常见而又严重的并发症之一，其发生率在0．32％-0．48％。我院自1999年共完成LC714例，发生3例胆管损伤，发生率为0．42％，现报道如下。     

胆囊切除术后综合征MRCP诊断并文献复习

目的 探讨磁共振胰胆管成像(MRCP)在诊断胆囊切除术后综合征的价值.方法 对49例胆囊切除术后综合征的MRCP资料进行回顾性分析.结果 胆囊残株过长6例,肝胆管结石21例,胆管损伤狭窄1例,十二指肠乳头旁憩室2例,肝门部胆管癌1例,胆胰管汇合异常16例,胆总管黏液性囊腺瘤2例.结论 胆囊切除术后综合征病因复杂,MRCP能够提供必要的影像学信息,为临床进一步治疗提供帮助.     

Imaging patients with "post-cholecystectomy syndrome": an algorithmic approach

AIM: To assess the role of ultrasound (US), magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography (MRCP) and liver function tests (LFTs) in the evaluation of selected patients presenting with late post-cholecystectomy syndrome (PCS) who were referred for endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP). MATERIALS AND METHODS: In a retrospective study a final group of 42 patients with PCS referred for diagnostic ERCP underwent MRCP and abdominal US. ERCP and MRCP images were assessed for bile duct diameters and the presence of strictures and stones. A common bile duct (CBD) diameter of < 10mm was considered normal, whereas > or = 10mm was considered abnormal on US. Findings were correlated to LFTs with contingency table results performed for single techniques and combination of methods. RESULTS: In total 14 stones and one stricture were seen. US had a high negative predictive value (86.4%). MRCP had a sensitivity of 100% and specificity of 88.0%. ERCP is the most accurate test but failed in 11 patients, five of whom had a stone. The accuracy of US and LFTs increases to 93.8% if test results agree in either negative or positive outcome. CONCLUSION: US and LFTs are first-line tests in PCS. If the CBD on US is > or = 10mm, but no cause is identified, MRCP should be performed. If US and LFTs are normal then MRCP is not necessary. The availability of LFTs raises the diagnostic value of imaging.     

MRCP诊断胆囊切除术后综合征89例

目的:探讨MRCP对胆囊术后病例的诊断价值。方法:搜集89例2002年3月～2004年3月因胆囊切除术 后出现腹痛等症状而行MRCP检查的病例,观察分析胆囊术后综合征的MRCP表现。结果:89例中合并胆管结石43例 (48.3%),残留胆囊或胆囊管残端过长29例(32.6%),缩窄性乳头炎21例(23.6%),十二指肠乳头旁憩室7例(7.9%), 胆管或胰腺癌肿7例(7.9%)。结论:MRCP对胆囊术后综合征具有较高的病因诊断符合率,在本病的诊断中具有重要价 值。     

Comparative diagnostic evaluation with MR cholangiopancreatography, ultrasonography and CT in patients with pancreatobiliary disease

Purpose

The aim of this study was to directly compare the results of magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography (MRCP) with those of ultrasonography (US) and multislice computed tomography (MSCT) in the diagnosis of pancreaticobiliary diseases.

Materials and methods

A total of 70 patients (41 men, 29 women) aged 22-89 years were studied either before (n=59) or after cholecystectomy (n=11) for biliary lithiasis. Clinical signs and symptoms were jaundice (n=15), abdominal pain (n=37) and proven biliary lithiasis (n=18). MRCP was performed in all patients, whereas abdominal US was performed in 55 (group 1) and MSCT in 37 (group 2) patients. A regional evaluation of the main structures of the pancreaticobiliary system was performed: gallbladder and cystic duct, intra- and extrahepatic bile ducts and main pancreatic duct. Histology (n=27), biopsy (n=5), endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) (n=28) and/or clinical-imaging follow-up (n=10) were considered standards of reference. In particular, patients were classified as showing benign (n=47) or malignant (n=12) lesions or normal biliary anatomy (n=11).

Results

In group 1, the results of MRCP and US were concordant in the majority (92%) of cases; however, statistically significant discordance (p<0.01) was found in the evaluation of the extrahepatic ducts, with nine cases (16%) of middle-distal common bile duct stones being detected on MRCP only. In group 2, the results of MRCP and MSCT were also concordant in most cases (87%). However, findings were significantly discordant when the intra- and extrahepatic ducts were analysed, with seven (19%) and six (16%) cases, respectively, of lithiasis being detected on MRCP only (p<0.01 for both).

Conclusions

The results of our study confirm the diagnostic potential of MRCP in the study of the pancreaticobiliary duct system. In particular, the comparison between MRCP and US and MSCT indicates the superiority of MRCP in evaluating bile ducts and detecting stones in the common bile duct.     

The role of 99mTc mebrofenin hepatobiliary scanning in predicting common bile duct stones in patients with gallstone disease

BACKGROUND: A dilated common bile duct and/or elevated serum alkaline phosphatase, raises a suspicion of bile duct stone(s) in patients with gallstones. Cholangiography, either endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) or magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography (MRCP), is the best method for diagnosing bile duct stones. ERCP has the disadvantage of being invasive, and there is a risk of complications; while MRCP is costly and is not widely available. AIM: The objective of the present study was to evaluate the role of hepatobiliary nuclear scanning in diagnosing bile duct stones. METHODS: Twenty-five patients with suspected common bile duct (CBD) stones underwent hepatobiliary scintigraphy. The results of scintigraphy were compared with cholangiograms obtained by ERCP in 11 patients and MRCP in 14 patients, considering MRCP/ERCP as the 'gold standard'. RESULTS: Scintigraphy showed features suggestive of CBD stones in 11 of the 25 patients. The results of ERCP/MRCP confirmed that eight of them had stones. Scintigraphy showed no features of CBD stones in the remaining 14 patients. ERCP/MRCP showed CBD stones in two of these 14 patients. Thus, scintigraphy had a sensitivity of 80% and a specificity of 80%. CONCLUSION: We conclude that scintigraphy has good sensitivity and specificity in predicting CBD stones in patients with gallstone disease and a dilated CBD.     

Frequency of common bile duct motion artifacts caused by inferior vena cava pulsation on magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography.

PURPOSE: We assessed the frequency of common bile duct (CBD) motion artifacts caused by inferior vena cava (IVC) pulsation on magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography (MRCP). METHODS: We retrospectively evaluated CBD motion artifacts in 4 MRCP sequences from each of 115 consecutive patients. RESULTS: We observed 37 (32.2%) ghost artifacts at the ventral and dorsal aspects of the CBD on transaxial, half-Fourier acquisition single-shot turbo spin-echo (HASTE-ax) images; no such artifacts were observed on transaxial T(2)-weighted turbo spin-echo images. In 10 patients, we observed 9 (7.8%) pseudo-defects of the CBD on 3-dimensional T(2)-weighted turbo spin-echo with navigator-triggered prospective acquisition correction technique MRCP and 6 (5.2%) pseudo-defects on single-shot rapid acquisition with relaxation enhancement MRCP. Pseudo-defects were significantly more frequent in patients with ghost artifacts than without (9 of 37 [24.3%] versus one of 78 [1.3%]; P<0.01, McNemar test). CONCLUSION: Although uncommon, pseudo-defects of the CBD caused by IVC pulsation are observed on MRCP. MRCP interpretation that includes comparison with HASTE-ax images can diminish the potential misinterpretation of such CBD motion artifact as bile duct tumor or biliary stone.     

壶腹周围癌的CT和MRI征象分析

目的：探讨ＣＴ和ＭＲ在壶腹周围癌检测中的应用价值。方法：对３７例经手术病理证实的壶腹周围癌进行回顾性分析,并就其ＣＴ和ＭＲ表现为２５例正常腹部ＣＴ资料作对照分析。结果：壶腹部肿块为壶腹周围癌的主要征象,肿块远端胰腺不同程度萎缩、稀疏,胰后脂肪间隙模糊,胆总管远端和胰管近端间距增宽,ＭＲＣＰ显示扩张胆总管远端呈“鼠尾”状改变等征象,部分壶腹癌不能明确显示肿块,但胆总管远端和胰管近端间距缩小,ＭＲＣＰ     

MRCP 3D FRFSE系列对良恶性胰胆管梗阻的诊断价值

目的探讨三维快速恢复快速回波脉冲系列磁共振胰胆管水成像(MRCP 3D FRFSE)对良恶性胰胆管梗阻的临床应用价值。方法对106例临床疑有胰胆管梗阻患者行MRCP 3D FRFSE系列检查,2位高年资放射科医师前瞻性分析图像,结果与手术病理或临床随访结果比较。结果106例MRCP检查均一次性成功,肝内外胆管显示率为100%,主胰管显示率为93.4%,其中80例良性梗阻包括肝内外胆管结石66例,乳头炎6例,十二指肠降段憩室炎2例,十二指肠腺瘤样增生1例,慢性胰腺炎5例;26例恶性梗阻包括肝外胆管癌9例,壶腹癌5例,胆囊癌4例,胰头癌8例。MRCP对胰胆管梗阻的定位诊断准确率为100%,在区分良恶性梗阻中,敏感性92.3%,特异性96.3%,准确性95.3%。结论3D FRFSE系列的MRCP是区分良恶性胰胆道梗阻病变较为理想的技术,在临床上有较大的应用价值。     

MRI结合MRCP对十二指肠乳头癌的诊断价值

目的：探讨十二指肠乳头癌的MRI和磁共振胰胆管成像（MRCP）表现及诊断价值。方法：回顾性分析经病理组织学检查证实的26例十二指肠乳头癌的MRI及MRCP表现,分析乳头区病灶、胆管扩张形态、梗阻端形态以及胆管、胰管与十二指肠之间的关系。结果：26例十二指肠乳头癌显示乳头区肿块16例,肿块T1WI呈稍低或等信号,T2WI呈等或稍高信号。MRCP示＂双管征＂19例,胆管均呈＂软藤状＂扩张,轻度扩张4例,无扩张3例;梗阻端呈＂鸟嘴样＂狭窄11例,截然狭窄7例,倒杯口状狭窄3例,无明显梗阻5例。结论：MRI结合MRCP可作为十二指肠乳头癌的首选检查方法。     

单激发放射状MRCP在胆道梗阻中的应用价值

目的:探讨单次激发放射状磁共振胰胆管水成像(SSH/MRCP/RAD)在胆道梗阻中的应用价值。方法:对55例经病理证实的胆道梗阻性疾病的MRCP成像资料进行回顾性的分析,MRCP采用单次激发放射状自旋回波序列技术。其中肝癌2例,肝门转移癌4例,肝门胆管癌12例,肝内外胆管结石2例,胆管癌7例,胰头癌7例,壶腹癌5例,十二指肠降部腺癌2例,胆总管结石10例,炎症3例,先天胆管囊肿1例。结果:55例MRCP检查均一次成功,肝内外胆管显示率100%,主胰管显示率85%。定位诊断100%,定性准确率86.8%,良性为85.7%,恶性92.3%。结论:SSH/MRCP/RAD是较为理想的成像技术,结合源图定性诊断特异性高,在临床有较大的应用价值。     

Common bile duct diameter in an asymptomatic population: A magnetic resonance imaging study

AIM: To measure the common bile duct (CBD) diameter by magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography (MRCP) in a large asymptomatic population and analyze its some affecting factors.METHODS: This study included 862 asymptomatic subjects who underwent MRCP. The CBD diameter was measured at its widest visible portion on regular end-expiration MRCP for all subjects. Among these 862 subjects, 221 volunteers also underwent end-inspiration MRCP to study the effect of respiration on the CBD diameter. The age, sex, respiration, body length, body weight, body mass index (BMI), portal vein diameter (PVD), length of the extrahepatic duct and CBD, cystic junction radial orientation and location were recorded. The subjects were divided into 7 groups according to age. All of the above factors were compared with the CBD diameter on end-expiration MRCP.RESULTS: Among the 862 subjects, the CBD diameter was 4.13 ± 1.11 mm (range, 1.76-9.45 mm) and was correlated with age (r = 0.484; P < 0.05), with a dilation of 0.033 mm per year. The upper limit of the 95% reference range was 5.95 mm, resulting in a reasonable upper limit of 6 mm for the asymptomatic population. Respiration and other factors, including sex, body length, body weight, BMI, PVD, length of the extrahepatic duct and CBD, cystic junction radial orientation and location, were not related to the CBD diameter.CONCLUSION: We established a reference range for the CBD diameter on MRCP for an asymptomatic population. The CBD diameter is correlated with age. Respiration did not affect the non-dilated CBD diameter.