乡镇废旧蓄电池回收对环境和儿童血铅的影响

目的 分析某乡镇废旧蓄电池回收对环境和儿童血铅水平的影响,为治理环境、防止儿童铅中毒提供科学依据.方法 采用整群抽样方法,从高污染区、中污染区和相对清洁区分别选取5～9岁在校生进行血铅测定,并对其生活环境中空气、土壤、饮用水和小麦中铅的含量进行检测.结果 高污染区的空气、土壤和小麦铅污染最严重(均值分别为0.0163mg/m³、1.1614mg/kg、7.9050mg/kg),饮用水铅含量虽低于国家卫生标准,但明显高于相对清洁区;中污染区的空气、土壤和小麦也受到一定程度铅污染(均值分别为0.0094mg/m³、0.2910mg/kg、2.4275mg/kg),饮用水铅含量低于国家卫生标准(均值为0.0048mg/L);相对清洁区的空气、土壤、饮用水和小麦无明显铅污染(均值分别为0.0.0047mg/m³、0.0534mg/kg、0.0032mg/L、0.3650mg/kg).3组儿童血铅均值分别为532μg/L、452μg/L、126μg/L,3组间存在显着性差异(P<0.05),且环境铅含量越高,儿童血铅水平越高.结论 该镇废旧蓄电池回收行业已造成区域性严重铅污染,致使儿童血铅明显升高,社会干预刻不容缓.     

某铅冶炼厂对周围儿童血铅水平的影响

目的了解某铅冶炼厂对周围儿童的健康影响。方法2007年选取某铅冶炼厂周围居住的249名10岁以下儿童为试验组,另抽取离冶炼厂5km外的164名10岁以下儿童为对照组。采用微分电位测定法进行微量血中铅的含量测定,并将检测数据进行统计学分析。结果试验组儿童血铅值为（88．29±28．84）μg／L,对照组儿童血铅值为（79．11±19．86）μg／L。试验组与对照组儿童血铅值比较差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。结论该铅冶炼厂对周围居住儿童血铅水平有影响。     

某乡镇铅冶炼厂铅污染调查分析

目的分析某乡镇铅冶炼厂对环境和儿童血铅及δ-氨基乙酰丙酸脱水酶活力的影响。方法比较研究污染区和对照区生活环境中土壤、饮用水及稻谷中铅的含量和儿童血铅及δ-氨基乙酰丙酸脱水酶活力。结果污染区土壤、饮用水和稻谷铅含量明显高于对照区,污染区和对照区儿童血铅含量分别为(0.741±0.222)μmol/L、(0.210±0.097)μmol/L,两者差异存在显著性(P<0.01),污染区儿童血δ-氨基乙酰丙酸脱水酶活力显著低于对照区(P<0.01)。结论该铅冶炼厂已造成附近居民生活环境区域性铅污染,并对儿童造成铅危害。     

兰州市儿童血铅水平与环境铅污染的关系

儿童铅中毒已成为世人瞩目的重要的环境卫生问题.兰州市有色冶金、蓄电池、油漆、石油化工、汽车修理和机械加工等企业较多,铁路、公路运输比较发达.特别是兰州市的特殊地形,坐落于峡谷地带,四面环山,大气逆温层厚,全年静风日长,大气环境较差,影响空气污染物的稀释扩散.     

太和县某地区环境铅污染调查

目的 了解太和县某地区环境铅污染水平及儿童血铅水平,探讨儿童血铅水平与环境铅污染的关系.方法 采用石墨炉原子吸收分光光度法测定环境中空气、地表和地下水、土壤、农作物与儿童静脉血铅含量.采用加权法对环境铅污染进行评价.结果 该地区大气、地表水、土壤和小麦铅含量均超标,几童血铅含量普遍超标,浓度范围为98.3～441μg/L;结论该地区存在环境铅污染,可能是导致当地儿童血铅含量超标的因素.     

太和县某地区环境铅污染调查

目的：了解太和县某地区环境铅污染水平及儿童血铅水平，探讨儿童血铅水平与环境铅污染的关系。方法：采用石墨炉原子吸收分光光度法测定环境中空气、地表和地下水、土壤、农作物与儿童静脉血铅含量，采用加权法对环境铅污染进行评价。结果：该地区大气、地表水、土壤和小麦铅含量均超标，儿童血铅含量普遍超标，浓度范围为98．3--441ug／L；结论：该地区存在环境铅污染，可能是导致当地儿童血铅含量超标的因素。     

广州某高能蓄电池有限公司铅污染现状调查

目的了解某合资蓄电池厂铅污染状况及对工人健康的影响。方法对现场进行职业卫生学调查,对工人进行职业健康检查。结果铅烟浓度短时间接触容许浓度(PC-STEL)超标1.1～12.6倍,时间加权平均容许浓度(PC-TWA)超标2.5～30.3倍;铅尘浓度PC-STEL超标2.2～19.5倍,PC-TWA超标0.7～43倍;245名工人共检出铅中毒观察对象67人,疑似慢性铅中毒155人,铅作业职业禁忌证4人。结论该蓄电池厂铅污染状况严重,对工人身体健康已造成严重影响,应加强监督管理。     

儿童血铅与胎儿期铅污染的关系

目的了解儿童血铅水平与胎儿期铅污染的关系。方法采集1～5岁儿童手指血和新生儿出生时的脐带血,用原子吸收石墨炉法测定血铅浓度。结果1122例儿童血铅平均为（0.42±0.15）μmol/L,血铅值≥0.483μmol/L的儿童占27.54％;127例新生儿脐带血铅平均为（0.16±0.12）μmol/L,血铅值≥0.483μmol/L的新生儿占0.79％。结论儿童血铅水平高主要是环境污染和生活行为引起,儿童在胎儿期血铅的本底水平已较高,所以预防儿童铅中毒应从孕妇做起。     

某蓄电池厂周边0～14岁儿童血铅水平状况调查

目的了解某蓄电池厂周边儿童血铅水平,为制定儿童铅中毒防治策略提供科学依据。方法抽取蓄电池厂周边186名14岁以下儿童为调查对象,按拟定的调查表调查儿童的基本情况。采集儿童静脉血,用石墨炉原子吸收光谱法测定血铅,分析儿童血铅水平及血铅超标率,比较不同性别、年龄、生活习惯和居住环境的儿童血铅水平。结果被调查186名儿童血铅值中位数为20μg/L（P25：20μg/L,P75：50μg/L）,11名儿童血铅≥100μg/L,血铅超标率5.91%。男童血铅平均水平和血铅超标率较高,与女童比较,差异有统计学意义（Z血铅=1.956,P〈0.05;χ2超标率=3.845,P〈0.05）;家庭成员从事高铅作业的儿童血铅水平和血铅超标率显著高于没有家庭成员从事高铅作业的儿童,差异均有统计学意义（P〈0.01）。不同年龄组和居住环境对儿童血铅水平和血铅超标率的影响均无统计学意义（P〉0.05）。结论环境干预和健康教育可最大程度地预防和降低铅对儿童的危害。     

乡镇废旧蓄电池铅污染对儿童血铅和锌原卟啉的影响

[目的 ]了解生活在乡镇废旧蓄电池回收地区儿童血铅和血液锌原卟啉水平 ,探讨环境铅污染对儿童血铅和血液锌原卟啉的影响 ,为改善环境、防止儿童铅中毒提供依据。 [方法 ]检测废旧蓄电池回收加工区域空气、饮用水、土壤和小麦样品中铅含量 ,测定同区域内 5～ 9岁学龄儿童血铅 (Pb B)浓度和血液锌原卟啉 (ZnPP)含量。 [结果 ]废旧蓄电池加工密集区内环境铅污染严重 ,其空气、土壤、饮用水和小麦中铅含量均值分别为 0 0 16 3mg/m3 、116 14mg/kg、0 0 148mg/L、7 90 5 0mg/kg ;废旧蓄电池加工零散区次之 ,其空气、土壤、饮用水和小麦铅含量均值分别为 0 0 0 94mg/m3 、2 910mg/kg、0 0 0 48mg/L、2 42 75mg/kg ;相对清洁区的空气、土壤、饮用水和小麦无明显铅污染 (均值分别为 0 0 0 0 47mg/m3 、5 34mg/kg、0 0 0 32mg/L、0 36 5 0mg/kg)。三组学龄儿童血铅浓度均值分别为 5 32、45 2和 12 8μg/L ,三者之间差异有显著性意义 (P <0 0 5 ) ;血液锌原卟啉中位数分别为 2 0 4μmol/L、1 5 0 μmol/L和 0 2 0 μmol/L ,三者之间存在显著差异 (P <0 0 5 )。 [结论 ]乡镇个体废旧蓄电池回收加工造成的环境铅污染 ,严重影响当地儿童血铅和血液锌原卟啉水平 ,加强治理 ,改善儿童生活学习环境刻不容缓     

Lead exposure in starter battery production: investigation of the correlation between air lead and blood lead levels

The threshold limit value (TLV) for lead (in Germany, the MAK value) is based on a certain blood lead concentration (in Germany BAT value = biological tolerance value for working materials) that is not to be exceeded; thereby a statistically significant association between air lead (PbA) and blood lead (PbB) is assumed. On the basis of a 10-year period of (1982–1991) biological and ambient monitoring of 134 battery factory staff and their workplaces, a PbA/PbB correlation with the regression equation PbB = 62.183 + 21.242 × Log 10 (PbA) (n = 1089, r = 0.274, P < 0.001) was calculated. These results are in line with those of several other investigations. The shape of the regression curve and the wide scattering of values led to the assumption that PbA values above the MAK value (0.1 mg/m³) do not necessarily result in increased PbB values. Similarly, PbA values lower than the MAK value do not guarantee PbB levels below the BAT value in every case. These observations are influenced by numerous confounders and intervening variables. It is concluded that lowering MAK values as a consequence of lowering BAT values is not mandatory.     

某蓄电池厂铅污染及铅作业工人尿铅水平调杏

目的了解某蓄电池厂铅污染状况和铅作业工人尿铅水平,为制定相应的职业卫生对策提供依据。方法采用病例对照研究,选取41名铅作业工人作为接触组,40名不接触铅作业工人作为对照组。用冷消化双硫腙分光光度法测定尿铅含量,用火焰原子吸收光谱法检测作业场所空气中铅浓度,分析尿铅含量与空气中铅浓度、工种、工龄及性别的关系。结果该企业车间空气浓度的超标率为20．83％,接触组的尿铅超标率为63．41％,尿铅超标率和平均值在接触组与对照组之间差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。各工种的尿铅超标率不存在统计学差异,空气浓度未超标车间也存在工人尿铅超标现象。尿铅含量与工龄性别之间差异无统计学意义。结论该蓄电池厂的铅作业工人受到明显的职业危害。企业必须采取有效的防治措施,改善职工作业环境,加强自我保护意识,定期监测,定期体检,保护职工身体健康。     

Relationship of air lead and blood lead for workers at an automobile battery factory

Summary Air lead and blood lead data, recorded over a period of 3 years for 972 employees at an automobile battery factory as part of a lead control program, were summarized and statistically analyzed. The air lead values were measured by mobile area samplers for approximately 2 years and then by personal samplers for approximately 1 year. Blood lead analyses were usually performed once a month for most of the workers.The trend in air lead levels was significantly upward in the 1st year and significantly downward in the 2nd year while the trend in blood lead levels was significantly downward in the 1st year and in the 3rd year. There were no other significant trends.To assess the relationship between air lead and blood lead, data were used whenever an air lead obtained by personal sampler was followed within 1 month by a blood lead on the same worker. The variables age, job tenure, and department identity were included in an analysis of covariance. Only air lead and departments were significant, accounting for 9% and 13% of the variance in blood lead, respectively. From these data 95% confidence limits were calculated for predicting blood leads from given air leads for an individual worker. These were 30–68 g/100 ml at 200 g/m³; 25–62 g/ 100 ml at 100 g/m³, and 22–60 g/100 ml at 50 g/m³.     

乡镇土法蓄电池回收对环境及儿童健康的影响

目的：对田营镇的儿童生活环境监测和生物监测，探讨乡镇环境铅污染对当地儿童健康的影响。方法：对当地儿童生活环境中铅含量监测的同时，在5所小学959名5－12岁的学生以及清洁对照区的207名学生中开展了血铅，血锌原卟啉和牙齿铅的测定并进行了问卷调查，并分别对污染获对照区的儿童进行了WISC－R儿童智能发育及生长发育指标的检查测试，结果：污染区环境污染相当严重，大气中铅的日平均浓度为0．0128mg/m^3，超过国家卫生标准8倍，超标率为85％。土壤铅平均含量1．05％，为国家卫生标准的10倍，主要农作物小麦铅平均含量为9．63mg/kg，高出国家卫生标准24倍，污染区儿童血铅和锌原卟啉的平均浓度分别为496μg/L和9．41μg/gHb,明显高于对照组儿童，污染区儿童韦氏智力测验结果明显低于对照组儿童，血铅水平与儿童语言智商，操作智商和总智商存在负相关关系。儿童体系生长也受到影响。结论：土法废旧蓄电池回收业严重污染了当地儿童的生长环境，对儿童的生长发育造了严重的威胁。     

A study of the relationship between ambient lead and blood lead among lead battery workers

 Objective: To examine the relationship between ambient lead levels and blood lead levels and to explore the modifiers of the relationship between ambient lead and blood lead. Method: A cross-sectional study was conducted in two lead battery factories. Blood lead level and ambient lead concentration were measured for each participant concurrently. A structured questionnaire was administered to collect sociodemographic characteristics and occupational history. Design: Biological and personal environmental measurements of 219 lead-exposed workers were analyzed by both simple and multiple linear regression. A regression model was selected for interpretation. Results: A high correlation (r=0.62) between ambient lead (PbA) and blood lead (PbB) was observed. In addition, numerous factors, including age, sex, alcohol consumption, personal hygiene practice and type of lead exposure, were also found to influence blood lead levels. Although PbB was highly correlated with PbA, blood lead level may not be effectively lowered by reducing ambient lead level. Based on the regression coefficients, improvement of hygienic practice was more effective at lowering PbB than reducing ambient lead level. Good hygienic practice may be the preferential way to reduce lead exposure in current conditions. Conclusion: Education of correct work practice may be more important than engineering control in the developing countries to lower blood lead levels in lead battery factories. Received: 28 May 1996/Accepted: 30 August 1996     

白银地区14岁以下儿童血铅调查研究

目的：调查白银市三县两区14岁以下儿童血铅水平的状况,了解铅中毒的相关危险因素,加大铅防治知识的宣传工作。方法：采用原子吸收光谱法检测2000例儿童血铅含量。并对检测儿童的相关因素进行问卷调查。结果：将调查的2000名儿童分为0—6岁、6—14岁两个年龄组进行测定,血铅增高的平均比例为：0—6岁为15．52％,6-14岁组为32．48％,两者之间经过统计学分析存在显著差异;地区间铅中毒比例有所不同,白银市区30．30％靖远县20．14％景泰县15．56％会宁县13．23％平川区22．5％,相比具有统计学差异;调查的2000名儿童中铅中毒的443名儿童中,均为轻度铅中毒,未发现中重度铅中毒。问卷调查结果显示家长普遍对铅防治知识缺乏。结论：铅中毒的比例与年龄呈正相关;城市与农村有显著差异。     

Effects of HUD-supported lead hazard control interventions in housing on children's blood lead

The Evaluation of the US Department of Housing and Urban Development Lead-Based Paint Hazard Control Grant Program studied the effectiveness of the housing intervention performed in reducing the blood lead of children at four post-intervention times (6-months, 1-year, 2-years, and 3-years). A repeat measures analysis showed that blood lead levels declined up to three-years post-intervention. The results at each successive collection time were significantly lower than at the previous post-intervention time except for the difference between the levels at two and three years. At two-years post-intervention, geometric mean blood lead levels were approximately 37% lower than at pre-intervention. Children with pre-intervention blood lead levels as low as 10 μg/dL experienced substantial declines in blood lead levels. Previous studies have found substantial improvements only if a child's pre-intervention blood lead level was above 20 μg/dL. Individual interior lead hazard control treatments as grouped by Interior Strategy were not a significant predictor of post-intervention blood lead levels. However, children living in dwellings where exterior lead hazard control interventions were done had lower blood lead levels at one-year post-intervention than those living in dwellings without the exterior interventions (all other factors being equal), but those differences were only significant when the mean exterior paint lead loading at pre-intervention was about the 90th percentile (7.0 mg/cm²). This observation suggests that exterior lead hazard control can be an important component of a lead hazard control plan. Children who were six to eleven months of age at pre-intervention had a significant increase in blood lead at one-year post-intervention, probably due to other exposures.     

某蓄电池企业迁建工程职业病危害预评价

目的对某蓄电池企业迁建工程进行职业病危害预评价,分析项目投产运行后存在的职业病危害因素及其危害程度。方法采用类比法和定量分级法相结合的原则进行综合评价。结果该建设项目存在的主要职业病危害因素为:铅烟、铅尘、硫酸、氢氧化钾、高温和噪声,部分岗位铅浓度超标。结论蓄电池生产过程铅危害严重,企业应引起重视,加强管理及健康教育,改善劳动条件。     

安徽省歙县某蓄电池厂工人血铅水平调查结果

目的了解安徽省歙县蓄电池厂铅作业工人的血铅水平,以便采取科学有效的防护措施。方法采用石墨炉原子吸收法测定血铅含量并进行统计分析。结果 311名作业工人当中,血铅检测最低为14μg/L,最高为647μg/L,平均（292.4±161.5）μg/L;血铅≥400μg/L共有78人,超标率为25.1%,其中有6人超过了诊断值;不同性别、不同工龄及不同岗位之间工人血铅超标率差异均有统计学意义（P﹤0.01）。结论该企业工人血铅超标率仍处于较高水平,铅危害情况比较严重,因此应进一步加强监管力度,改进生产工艺,改善工作环境,规范和完善职业危害防护设施,加强对工人的职业危害宣传教育,提高工人自我防护意识,切实保护劳动者的身体健康。     

Status of children's blood lead levels in Pakistan: implications for research and policy

OBJECTIVES: Data on blood lead levels, sources of lead and health effects were reviewed among children in Pakistan. METHODS: A systematic review was conducted of published studies found through PubMed, an index of Pakistani medical journals PakMediNet and unpublished reports from governmental and non-governmental agencies in Pakistan. RESULTS: With the exception of a few studies that had adequate sample sizes and population-based samples, most studies were small and used convenience sampling methods to select study subjects. Overall, blood lead levels declined from 38 microg/dl in 1989 to 15 microg/dl in 2002. The major sources of lead that directly or indirectly resulted in lead exposure of children included: leaded petrol; father's occupation in lead-based industry; leaded paint; traditional cosmetics; and remedies. Apart from leaded petrol, there was no information regarding the level of lead in other sources such as paints and the household environment. Very little information was available regarding the adverse health effects of lead among children. CONCLUSION: The phasing out of leaded petrol was a commendable mitigation measure undertaken in July 2001 in Pakistan. A comprehensive assessment is now needed urgently to explore other sources of lead contributing to adverse health effects, and to plan intervention options with the ultimate goal of reducing the burden of disease due to lead exposure.