中国古代菌斑控制措施及用具源流略考

中国古代人民已经认识到口腔卫生的重要性，从春秋战国时期开始，人们已有漱口、剔牙等口腔清洁措施。外来的佛教文化对我国的菌斑控制措施的发展起过非常重要的作用。汉代起，部分僧侣用杨枝清洁口腔卫生，并注意到了口腔卫生与口腔疾患间的关系。从辽代开始，我国已经开始使用并制造植毛牙刷。在宋代，植毛牙刷、牙粉等菌斑控制用具已经商品化。综上所述，我国是世界上最早使用药物制剂漱口，最早使用并制造牙签、植毛牙刷、牙粉等菌斑控制用具的国家之一，在世界牙周病学的发展史上有着重要的地位。     

不要轻易否认经络的物质基础

经络理论是中医学理论的核心组成部分,也是指导针灸、按摩、导引以及临床各科的理论基础.从上世纪70年代起,经络研究就一直成为科学家们关注的焦点.经络是否真的存在?它的实质或物质基础是什么?诸多悬而未决的问题使世界神经、生物各界精英以及无数中医人士为之探索和努力,但同时也有一部分人因为经络还没有发现被大家所公认的物质基础而否认经络的存在,认为经络是玄学,甚而被人称之为伪科学.孰是孰非,对此问题应该怎样进行分析、判断?明而言之,我们应该如何看待"经络还没有发现物质基础"这一事实?这是我们必须深入思考的问题.     

Challenges and strategies in progress of drug delivery system for traditional Chinese medicine Salviae Miltiorrhizae Radix et Rhizoma (Danshen)

Traditional Chinese medicines(TCMs), with a history of thousands of years, are widely used clinically with effective treatment. However, the drug delivery systems(DDSs) for TCMs remains major challenges due to the characteristics of multi-components including alkaloids, flavones, anthraquinones, glycosides,proteins, volatile oils and other types. Therefore, the novel preparations and technology of modern pharmaceutics is introduced to improve TCM therapeutic effects due to instability and low bioavailability of active ingredients. Salviae Miltiorrhizae Radix et Rhizoma, the radix and rhizomes of Salvia miltiorrhiza Bunge(Danshen in Chinese), is a well known Chinese herbal medicine for protecting the cardiovascular system, with active ingredients mainly including lipophilic tanshinones and hydrophilic salvianolic acids.In this review, this drug is taken as an example to present challenges and strategies in progress of DDSs for TCMs. This review would also summary the characteristics of active ingredients in it including physicochemical properties and pharmacological effects. The purpose of this review is to provide inspirations and ideas for the DDSs designed from TCMs by summarizing the advances on DDSs for both singleand multi-component from Danshen.     

参茸白凤丸质量控制方法的研究

参茸白凤丸是<中国药典>2005年版一部收载的传统成方制剂,有大蜜丸和水蜜丸两种剂型,是由人参、鹿茸、党参、当归、熟地黄、黄芪、白芍、延胡索、葫芦巴、续断、白术、香附、砂仁、益母草、黄芩、桑寄生、甘草18味中药组成.     

每一天都珍爱自己的生命——我的益寿养生秘方（2）

百谷养生粥[原料]百合干3片、黑豆7粒、黄豆7粒、绿豆7粒、玉米7粒、荞麦2克、红豆7粒、大米1克、小米1克、紫糯米1克、高粱米1克、蜀米1克、小黄米1克、糜子米1克、莲子5粒、葵花子7粒、南瓜子7粒、薏仁米2克、花生7克、核桃2个(取出桃仁用)、大枣2个、黑芝麻2克、白芝麻2克、人参果2个、干山药片1片、首乌粉7克、山楂2片、葡萄干7粒、枸杞子7粒、     

浅谈以脾胃为中心的健康观

1 脾胃与人体阴阳平衡 脾具有主运化、主升清、主统血作用,称为"仓廪之官"(《素问·灵兰秘典论》、"仓廪之本"(《素问·六节藏象论》).脾脏功能的发挥有赖于脾之阴阳.如缪仲淳《先醒斋医学广笔记》说:"胃气弱则不能纳,脾阴亏则不能消".万密斋《养生四要》说:"受水谷之入而变化者,脾胃之阳也,散水谷之气而成营卫者,脾胃之阴也."《血证论》说:"脾阳不足,水谷固不化,脾阴不足,水谷仍不化也."胃主受纳和腐熟水谷,饮食物在胃中,初步消化,形成食糜,将精微物质游行布散,上输于脾,通过脾之运化,散精归肺,供养周身.     

少腹逐瘀汤治疗盆腔炎56例

盆腔炎临床表现为下腹疼痛,伴发热或高热、寒颤、头痛、食欲不振,下腹包块及局部压迫刺激感.腰酸胀痛,白带多,月经不调,经量时多时少,夹瘀血块.或排尿困难,尿频急,或腹泻,里急后重,排便困难.笔者近年来用少腹逐瘀汤治疗盆腔炎56例,取得较满意效果,现总结如下.     

薏苡仁治疗慢性结肠炎

先父俞长荣擅长应用参苓白术散治疗慢性腹泻。方中薏苡仁，能利水渗湿、健脾止泻。其应用要点为：舌苔白腻或黄腻，大便不成形，或多黏液。本品功力和缓，尚需根据病情，合理配伍，如与荷叶配伍，其升清降浊、健脾祛湿之功益佳。若偏于湿盛，配合茯苓；偏于湿热，配合铁苋；偏于脾虚，配合参、术；脾虚及肾，配合山药、补骨脂；兼夹食积，配合山楂、神曲。此外，     

耳体穴配合促进人工受精卵着床成功1例

患者，女，46岁，菲律宾人，其丈夫60岁，新西兰人，结婚10年，夫妻同住，性生活正常，未能生育。为了生育子女，他们先后到过世界多个国家寻医问诊，均未能如愿。5年前到美国一家大医院接受试管婴儿治疗，先后在女方采集了6个成熟的卵子，与其丈夫的精子结合成受精卵，寄存在该医院的精子库，并在该月的排卵期把受精卵植于子宫中。但因女方的雌激素水平偏低，子宫的供血不良，宫内环境不宜胚胎着床、生长，故2个月后流产。半年后再次把受精卵植于子宫中又告流产。美国医生建议她先到中国寻求针灸治疗，改善子宫的内环境，为受精卵的着床生长创造良好条件。她于2004年1月来到中国广州，就诊于我院门诊。视其面色晦暗，舌质淡、苔薄白，脉沉细，诊断为不孕症。     

干扰素不良反应的中医药应对策略

流感样综合征 患者发热、寒战、全身不适,肌痛、头痛等,有时还可出现鼻塞、流涕、头晕、尿急等,而以发热最为常见[1].西医往往采用解热镇痛药如阿司匹林、安痛定之属,长期使用可以诱发溃疡出血;以上症状属于中医营卫不和或气分热甚,治以清热凉血、解表和营为法,方以当归拈痛汤加味[2],方中羌活透关节,防风散风湿为君,升麻、葛根味薄引而上行,苦以发之,白术甘温和平,苍术辛温雄壮,健脾燥湿为臣.温热和合,肢节烦痛可解,苦参、黄芩、知母、茵陈苦寒以泄之,酒炒以为因用;血雍不流则为痛,当归辛温以散之,人参、甘草甘温,补养正气,使苦寒不伤脾胃;治湿不利小便,非其治也,猪苓、泽泻甘淡咸平,导其留饮为佐.     

石榴种籽油提取方法的比较

目的 研究提取石榴籽油的最佳工艺.方法 采用超临界CO2流体萃取、超声波萃取、微波萃取、溶剂回流萃取四种方法提取石榴种籽中的油脂.结果 确定最佳条件为:超临界CO2流体萃取,当萃取压力30 Mpa,分离压力:10Mpa,萃取温度:50℃,分离温度:40℃,提取2h,提取率可达17%以上.结论 通过对种籽中油脂含量及脂肪...     

Studies on the toxicity of Punica granatum L. (Punicaceae) whole fruit extracts

Current investigation focuses on the toxicity evaluation of whole fruit hydroalcoholic extract of Punica granatum L. (Punicaceae), used in Cuban traditional medicine a.o. for the treatment of respiratory diseases. Previous findings on the anti-influenza activity of Punica granatum extracts has given support to the ethnopharmacological application. In our study, in chick embryo model, it was found that doses of the extract of less than 0.1 mg per embryo are not toxic. The LD50 of the extract, determined in OF-1 mice of both sexes after intraperitoneal administration, was 731 mg/kg. Confidence limits were 565-945 mg/kg. At the doses of 0.4 and 1.2 mg/kg of extract, the repeated intranasal administration to Wistar rats produced no toxic effects in terms of food intake, weight gain, behavioural or biochemical parameters, or results of histopathological studies. We conclude that toxic effects of Punica granatum fruit extract occurred at higher doses than those effective in the models where the anti-viral activity has been studied or than those doses used in Cuban folk medicine.     

Studies on antidiarrhoeal activity of Punica granatum seed extract in rats

Methanol extract of Punica granatum seed was evaluated for antidiarrhoeal activity against different experimental models of diarrhoea in rats. P. granatum seed extract treated animals showed significant inhibitory activity against castrol-oil induced diarrhoea and PGE2 induced enteropooling in rats. The extract also showed a significant reduction in gastro-intestinal motility in charcoal meal test in rats. The results obtained established the efficacy of P. granatum seed extract as an antidiarrhoeal agent.     

Effects of aqueous extracts from Quercus ilex L. root bark, Punica granatum L. fruit peel and Artemisia herba-alba Asso leaves on ethanol-induced gastric damage in rats

The gastroprotective effect of tannic acid and the aqueous extract of Quercus ilex L. root bark, Punica granatum L. fruit peel and Artemisia herba-alba Asso leaves was investigated in the rat against ethanol-induced damage. Tannic acid, Q. ilex and P. granatum extracts gave 100% precipitation of ovine haemoglobin in vitro, whereas A. herba-alba extract was devoid of any protein-binding property. Oral administration of these plant extracts or tannic acid induced a significant decrease in gastric lesions (47.7%-76%). The observed protection was more pronounced when the test solution was given at the same time with ethanol, except for Q. ilex extract. The acid content of the stomach was significantly increased by P. granatum (368%) and A. herba-alba (251%) extracts prepared in ethanol. It is suggested that monomeric and polymeric polyphenols can strengthen the gastric mucosal barrier.     

石榴的抗肿瘤作用及维吾尔医临床应用体会

石榴是石榴科植物。近年来,随着老药新用的提出,石榴所具有的抗肿瘤作用等药效以及它的新的药理作用不断被发现。本文综述了石榴的抗肿瘤作用及其应用现状等方面的研究进展,并展望其在医疗保健等方面的应用前景,为石榴药用功能的合理开发和维医临床应用提供了科学参考。     

Assessment of the genotoxic risk of Punica granatum L. (Punicaceae) whole fruit extracts

Punica granatum L. (Punicaceae) whole fruit extracts, have been used in Cuban traditional medicine as an effective drug for the treatment of respiratory diseases. This species showed interesting anti-viral activity, e.g. aqueous or hydroalcoholic extracts of whole fruits have proved highly active against the influenza virus. However, some toxic properties of this extract have also been reported and, to date, very little is known about its genotoxic properties. In the present study, the genotoxicity of a Punica granatum (pomegranate) whole fruit extract was assessed using different in vitro and in vivo assays that detect DNA damage at different expression levels. Results from reversion and gene-conversion test in microorganisms, sister chromatid exchanges, micronuclei and sperm-shape abnormality assays in mice, clearly showed that the hydroalcoholic extract of P. granatum whole fruits is genotoxic when tested both in vitro and in vivo.     

Antibacterial activities of medicinal plants used for the treatment of diarrhoea in Limpopo Province, South Africa

The ethnobotanical survey conducted in this study showed that 21 plant species belonging to 14 families are used in traditional medical practice in Limpopo Province, South Africa, for the treatment of diarrhoea. Methanol, ethanol, acetone and hot water extract from different plant parts (leaves, roots, bark and stem rhizome), of several of these plants (Indigofera daleoides, Punica granatum, Syzygium cordatum, Gymnosporia senegalensis, Ozoroa insignis, Elephantorrhiza elephantina, Elephantorrhiza burkei, Ximenia caffra, Schotia brachypetala and Spirostachys africana), were screened for antibacterial activity against Vibro cholera, Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus, Shigella spp., Salmonella typhi. The antibacterial activity was determined by agar-well diffusion method and expressed as the average diameter of the zone of inhibition of bacterial growth around the wells. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of active extracts was determined by using the micro-plate dilution assay. Most of the extracts showed relatively high antibacterial activity against most of the tested microorganisms with the diameter of inhibition zones ranging between 10 and 31 mm. Of the plants studied, the most active extracts were those obtained from Punica granatum and Indigofera daleoides. All extracts from two plants, namely, Punica granatum and Ozoroa insignis, were active against all bacterial strains while only organic extracts of Indigofera daleoides inhibited the growth of all tested microorganisms. Water extract of Punica granatum were equally active as organic extracts against bacteria such as Staphylococcus aureus, Shigella sonnei and Shigella flexneri. All extracts of Elephantorrhiza elephantina, Elephantorrhiza burkei and Ximenia caffra and Schotia brachypetala were not active against Escherichia coli and Salmonella typhi. The MIC values for active extracts ranged between 0.039 and 0.6 mg/ml. The results obtained appeared to confirm the antibacterial potential of the plants investigated, and their usefulness in the treatment of diarrhoea.     

石榴花化学成分的研究

目的研究石榴Punica granatum L.花的化学成分。方法石榴花60%乙醇提取物采用硅胶、Sephadex LH-20、ODS、半制备液相、重结晶等进行分离纯化,根据理化性质及波谱数据鉴定所得化合物的结构。结果从中分离得到12个化合物,分别鉴定为β-1,4,6-三-O-没食子酰基葡萄糖(1)、butylbrevifolin carboxylate(2)、短叶苏木酚酸甲酯(3)、短叶苏木酚(4)、β-1,6-二-O-没食子酰基葡萄糖(5)、鞣花酸(6)、鹰嘴豆芽素A(7)、retusin-8-methylether(8)、蒲公英赛醇(9)、谷甾醇(10)、β-谷甾醇棕榈酸酯(11)、 crispin A(12)。结论化合物1~3、7~12为首次从石榴属植物中分离得到,化合物1~4、7~12为首次从该植物中分离得到。     

Antibacterial properties of some plants used in Mexican traditional medicine for the treatment of gastrointestinal disorders

Antibacterial properties of aqueous and methanolic extracts of 26 medicinal plants used in Mexico to treat gastrointestinal disorders were tested against eight different species of enteropathogens: two Escherichia coli species; two Shigella sonnei species; two Shigella flexneri species; and two Salmonella sp. species. The results showed that all crude extracts exhibited antibacterial activity, at least against one of the microorganisms tested, at concentrations of 8 mg/mL or lower. The extracts from Caesalpinia pulcherria, Chiranthodendron pentadactylon, Cocos nucifera, Geranium mexicanum (aerial parts and roots), Hippocratea excelsa, and Punica granatum possessed strong antibacterial activity against most of the pathogens tested. In general, methanolic extracts were more active than aqueous extracts. Their activity was higher than chloramphenicol but did not exceed that of trimethoprim. Shigella sonnei species showed the highest susceptibility to both extracts. This is the first evaluation of these plants against bacterial pathogen isolates, which cause diarrhea and dysentery in Mexican population.     

Punica granatum flower extract, a potent alpha-glucosidase inhibitor, improves postprandial hyperglycemia in Zucker diabetic fatty rats

Postprandial hyperglycemia plays an important role in the development of type 2 diabetes and has been proposed as an independent risk factor for cardiovascular diseases. The flowering part of Punica granatum Linn. (Punicaceae) (PGF) has been recommended in Unani literature as a remedy for diabetes. We investigated the effect and action mechanism of a methanolic extract from PGF on hyperglycemia in vivo and in vitro. Oral administration of PGF extract markedly lowered plasma glucose levels in non-fasted Zucker diabetic fatty rats (a genetic model of obesity and type 2 diabetes), whereas it had little effect in the fasted animals, suggesting it affected postprandial hyperglycemia in type 2 diabetes. In support of this conclusion the extract was found to markedly inhibit the increase of plasma glucose levels after sucrose loading, but not after glucose loading in mice, and it had no effect on glucose levels in normal mice. In vitro, PGF extract demonstrated a potent inhibitory effect on alpha-glucosidase activity (IC50: 1.8 microg/ml). The inhibition is dependent on the concentration of enzyme and substrate, as well as on the length of pretreatment with the enzyme. These findings strongly suggest that PGF extract improves postprandial hyperglycemia in type 2 diabetes and obesity, at least in part, by inhibiting intestinal alpha-glucosidase activity.