幼儿教师人口学变量、工作投入与主观幸福感的关系

目的探讨幼儿教师主观幸福感在人口学变量上的差异,以及工作投入与主观幸福感的关系。方法采用牛津幸福感问卷和工作投入量表对342名幼儿教师进行问卷调查。结果不同年龄(P<.001)、学历(P<.05)、婚姻状况(P<.001)、教龄(P<.001)、编制(P<.001)、幼儿园规模(P<.001)幼儿教师的主观幸福感水平差异显著;工作投入的三个维度均与主观幸福感存在极其显著正相关(P<.001);工作投入是预测主观幸福感的有效变量,可解释33.7%的变异;年龄、编制、幼儿园规模、婚姻状况分别解释主观幸福感4.2%、1.9%、1.2%和0.6%的变异。结论高工作投入有助于幼儿教师主观幸福感的提升。     

Studies on the progress of occupational cervicobrachial disorder by analysing the subjective symptoms of work-women in assembly lines of a cigarette factory

The Committee on Cervicobrachial Syndrome in Japan Association of Industrial Health (JAIH) made a report on the questionnaires for checking for the complaints of patients suffering from Occupational Cervicobrachial Disorder (OCD). In order to reveal how the complaints develop in the progress of OCD, we analysed the complaints of 117 workwomen in assembly lines of a cigarette factory by using the questionnaires. And the followings were made clear: 1) At the mild stage of OCD, stiffness or dullness at the neck and shoulders, and eyestrain become remarkable. 2) At the moderate stage, pain at the neck, shoulders, arms and hands, dullness at extremities, general fatigue, pain or heavy feeling in the head, increased irritability etc. become remarkable in addition to the mild stage complaints. 3) At the severe stage, pain and dullness at the back, numbness at arms and hands, hand coldness, sleep disturbance etc. become remarkable in addition to the moderate stage complaints. 4) Various sufferings in daily life such as "I want to lie down at rest time," "I lack patience to go on reading long," "It is hard for me to go on writing long," and "Fixed sitting soon tires me" become more and more frequent as the stage advances. We consider it is important in the diagnosis of OCD to pay attention to the general symptoms such as general fatigue, pain or heavy feeling in the head, increased irritability and sleep disturbance, together with complaints at the neck, shoulders, arms and hands.     

Exposure of nursery school children and their parents and teachers to di-n-butylphthalate and butylbenzylphthalate

Objectives: Some phthalates, among them di-n-butylphthalate (DnBP) and butylbenzylphthalate (BBzP), are known reproductive and developmental toxicants in animals and suspected endocrine disruptors in humans. Children are probably the most susceptible to these effects. To obtain an estimate of internal exposure to DnBP and BBzP we compared the excretion of their metabolites in the urine of nursery school children with that of their teachers and parents. Methods: We measured the urinary mono-ester metabolites of DnBP, mono-n-butylphthalate (MnBP), and BBzP, monobenzylphthalate (MBzP), in first-morning voids of 36 children (median age 4.7 years) and 19 adults (37.4 years). Results: In all samples both metabolites were detected. Urinary MnBP concentrations (in microgrammes per litre) of the children and adults were 139 and 91.8 (median), respectively. MBzP concentrations were 22.1 g/l and 12.7 g/l (median), respectively. Concentrations in microgrammes per gramme creatinine for MnBP were 161 for the children and 91.8 for the adults (median). The maximum concentration found for children (2249 g/g) was approximately 15-times higher than that for adults (149 g/g). This maximum value for children was attributed to medication that contained DnBP. If this child was excluded, the maximum concentration was 517 g/g. MBzP concentrations for children and adults were 37.0 g/g and 9.8 g/g (median), respectively. The maximum concentration found for children (193 g/g) was approximately seven-times higher than that for adults (26.7 g/g). Creatinine-adjusted concentrations were significantly higher for children for both MBzP and MnBP (P<0.0001). MnBP and MBzP exposures were found to correlate statistically significantly within the childrens cohort (r=0.723, P<0.001). Within the childrens cohort we found elevated MnBP exposure to be caused by augmented use of skin-care products (P<0.05). Conclusion: We have shown that the internal exposure to MnBP and MBzP in children is approximately two- to four-times higher than in adults. Correlation of internal MnBP with MBzP exposure points to common sources of exposure for both phthalates. DnBP exposure seems, at least in part, to be connected with the use of body/skin care products and certain medications.     

Occupational disability among teachers and its relation to subjective health status and professional performance

The aim of this study was to examine the relationship between absenteeism and functional health state, action competence, realization of professional goals and essential needs as well as subjective strain in job and family and type A behaviour pattern. The results of discriminant analyses from a sample of 774 teachers (group 1; no sickness leave days, group 2: sickness leave days greater than 28) are discussed.     

Work load of nursery teachers in a nursery school. Relationship between age of children and work load

Time study of six nursery teachers of children aged 0 to 5 was conducted at a public nursery school to ascertain their work load, and the results obtained were examined from the following two viewpoints. First, comparison was made between the results obtained by the following two methods of analysis; 1) An observer recorded the work contents and the working postures of a nursery teacher at place of work in one-minute units. 2) The nursery teacher was recorded on video tape and the analysis of the work contents and the working postures was made in one-second units. Second, comparison was made between the work loads (work content, working posture, walking, lifting children and recess) of nursery teachers of children of different age group. The results could be summarized as follows: 1. The results of analysis made by the two methods of the work contents and the working postures were in good agreement. 2. The higher the age of children in the class, the longer was the cumulative time for "indoor group nurture" and the shorter was the cumulative time for "help and care for feeding", "help and care for afternoon nap" and "help and care for excretion". 3. The higher the age of children in the class, the longer was the cumulative time of "standing" in a nursery teacher and the shorter was the cumulative time of "sitting on the floor". The total time of "bending forward", "squatting" and "rising on the knee" occupied 20% of the working hours on an average and was not related clearly to the age of children. 4. The frequency of walking was not found to be related to the age of children. 5. The nursery teachers of children aged 0 and 1 lifted children much more frequently among all nursery teachers. 6. The recess away from children was rarely observed throughout the day.     

Relation between temporomandibular joint disorder and subjective symptoms of fatigue

An investigation was performed for the purpose of guaging the relation between temporomandibular joint disorder on the one hand and occupational category and subjective symptoms of fatigue on the other. Subjects were 2,414 workers (1,598 male, 816 female) in small and medium size enterprises at 67 workplaces in Hiroshima Prefecture. A comparison of cases with and without temporomandibular joint disorder showed that there were more complaints of fatigue among those with the disorder. Given these indications that temporomandibular joint disorder was related to occupation, it is possible that temporomandibular joint disease may be a work-related disease.     

A survey of subjective symptoms and life-style in junior high school students

PURPOSE: A questionnaire survey was conducted to examine a relationship between indefinite complaints and life styles in junior high school students and to apply the results to life guidance. METHODS: Twenty nine public junior high schools were selected by random sampling of 13 cities and 3 towns in Kanagawa Prefecture. A self-reported questionnaire was supplied to all subjects, containing 100 life-style related items, including a simplified CMI (Cornel Medical Index) questionnaire. RESULTS: The number of students who were evaluated as "point medical examination" based on physical symptoms of CMI and "disorder" based on the mental and physical symptom increased with the grade for both males and females. The students who reported "the life rhythm was always irregular" tended to be in the group evaluated as "disorder" or "point medical examination". The life rhythm was related to bedtime, sleeping hours and eating habits. It was observed that the students whose daily habits were always irregular had late bedtime, short sleeping hours and an irregular eating habit. As a result of the quantification method for the second type of analysis, it was found that sleeping time was the most related factor to the life rhythm. Furthermore 90% and more of students reported they did not consider nutritional balance with regard to their eating habits. CONCLUSION: It was suggested that those students who had irregular life rhythm needed sufficient sleep and nutrition guidance to maintain their health.     

Influence of inclusive child day-care on nursery school teachers: a questionnaire survey of teachers with experience in inclusive child day-care in K City

The purpose of this survey questionnaire is to investigate the factors influencing how nursery school teachers perceive inclusive child day-care in K City in order to qualify what support we can provide. The questionnaire was sent to nursery school teachers with experience in inclusive child day-care in K City. Three hundred seventeen teachers provided sufficient data for analysis. The results of this survey suggest that teachers perceive inclusive child day-care to lead up to self-development and the pleasure of child-caring. On the other hand, they feel a burden of inclusive child day-care, with teachers in their 40 s feeling a stronger burden than teachers in their 20 s. And teachers with experience in taking care of emotionally disturbed children or teachers with experience in taking care of hearing-impaired children feel a stronger burden than teachers without experience in taking care of them. The results of our survey also suggest that it is necessary for support systems to have special knowledge about disabled children and special ways of caring, and to decrease teachers' burden or dissatisfaction with inclusive child day-care.     

Epidemiology of psychosomatic symptoms and subjective health evaluation among secondary school students]

The author investigated the prevalence of some common psychosomatic symptoms and self-perceived health in a sample of secondary school students in Szeged, Hungary. The sample (n = 1039, 14-19 years of age) was stratified by school type and sex. Self-completed questionnaire was used as a method of data collection. Two main purpose directed the study. First, to detect the most frequent psychosomatic symptoms and to experience how the secondary students evaluate their own health. Second, to investigate the role of psychological and social factors affecting the occurrence of psychosomatic symptoms and self-perceived health by using multivariate technique. In both sexes, chronic fatigue proved to be the most frequent psychosomatic symptoms which was followed by tension headache and lower back-pain in girls, while among boys lower back-pain and sleeping problems were reported as frequent symptoms. Comparing with the data of a previous research on university students, the secondary school students reported more symptoms, though they perceived their own health higher. In the background of the somatization both psychological (dysfunctional attitudes or inadequate coping) and social (father's unemployment or low level of social support from father) can be found beyond the developmental characteristics of the adolescence (e.g. a tendency for introspection). In case of the diagnose of psychosomatic symptoms in clinical practice there is a need for thinking about the social or psychological affecting factors and seeking professional help from a psychologist or social worker, if it is necessary.     

Load on the low back of teachers in nursery schools

In order to evaluate the load on the low back of teachers in nursery schools, basic activity, working posture, child-lifting, and desk-lifting were analyzed for eight nursery teachers using video recording. The trunk inclination angle (TIA) was also measured continuously during full workshifts for 20 nursery teachers using an inclination monitor. The nursery teachers in the 0–1 (year) age class more often adopted low working postures, sitting on the floor and kneeling, while teachers in the 4–5 age class more frequently adopted high working postures, standing and sitting on a chair. The mean of TIA among all subjects was 20°. The time spent at a TIA of more than 20° represented 43% of the workshift. The mean and time distribution of TIA did not differ between the age classes. The frequency of trunk-lifting from severe bending forward (TIA > 45°) was 86 times/hour on average. The frequency of trunk-lifting was highest in the 0–1 age class. The number of times of child-lifting was 46 in the 0–1 age class, while it was 1 in the 4–5 age class.     

中学教师吸烟行为、知识和态度调查

目的了解中学教师吸烟行为以及与吸烟相关的健康知识和态度的关系。方法用自行设计的问卷对广州市黄埔区全体初中教师进行调查,内容包括一般情况、吸烟行为、吸烟相关的健康知识和态度。结果被调查的700名初中教师中从未吸烟者占59·1%,以前尝试吸烟者占18·1%,以前每日吸烟者占1·86%,现吸烟者占10·1%。在总分为14分的吸烟相关健康知识调查中,平均得分为8·53分,其中“吸烟可以引起的疾病”5·73分(满分10),“烟草中的有害成分”2·40分(满分4)。吸烟相关的态度平均得分,“吸烟的交际作用”33·21分(满分45),“吸烟的形象作用”21·76分(满分25),“教师与医务人员对吸烟的表率作用”20·96分(满分25),“吸烟危害健康”9·20分(满分10),“控烟措施”26·73分(满分30)。不同吸烟行为教师之间吸烟相关的健康知识得分差异无统计学意义,但是吸烟相关的态度得分差异有统计学意义。结论中学教师不同吸烟行为与吸烟相关的态度有关,而与吸烟相关的健康知识无关。     

Associations of length of employment and working conditions with neck,shoulder and arm pain among nursery school teachers

A cross-sectional questionnaire study was carried out on nursery school (NS) teachers in public nursery schools in N city in Japan to determine the magnitude of associations of probable risk factors with neck, shoulder, and arm pain, adjusting for potential confounders in logistic regression models. Of 1438 subjects, responded to the questionnaire, 959 NS teachers in charge of a separate or mixed group of children were subjected to analyses. Prevalence of neck and/or shoulder pain was 33.6%-35.4% in NS teachers in charge of children aged 0, 0-1, 4, and 5 in contrast to 25.0-29.8% in those in charge of children aged 1,2, and 3. The prevalence of neck/shoulder pain tended to increase with the length of employment in all groups classified according to the age of children under care. In a logistic regression model that simultaneously adjusted demographic and personal variables, length of employment and care for children aged 0 in the workplace were found significantly associated with musculoskeletal pain. In further logistic models, pain in the neck/shoulders and arms had associations with some specific variables: care for children aged 0, holding/lifting a child/material, overwork, and poorly supported job situations. The odds ratios for those variables varied from 1.37 to 2.41. This results suggest that pain in the neck/shoulders and arms is induced by a wide variety of risk factors in NS teachers that include high physical workload, long working hours, job demand-support imbalance, and cumulative influence of workloads.     

Occupational and individual factors related to musculoskeletal symptoms in five body regions among Swedish nursing personnel

The relationship between individual factors, physical and psychosocial exposure at work, and musculoskeletal symptoms in the neck, shoulders, low back, hands, and knees was studied among female nursing personnel working at a Swedish hospital. The personnel had participated in a course in work technique (patient transfer and handling principles). Prior to the course, the subjects had filled in a questionnaire (n = 688). The aim of this cross-sectional study was to elucidate whether different individual and work factors are related to musculoskeletal symptoms in a specific body region. Due to the cross-sectional design, however, causality cannot be discussed. Univariate analyses and multiple logistic regression analyses were performed and yielded similar results. The latter analyses showed that in the present hospital setting, individual factors together with physical and psychosocial work factors were related to symptoms in the neck, low back, and hands; individual factors and psychosocial work factors were related to symptoms in the shoulders; while only individual factors were related to symptoms in the knees. The results of the present study showed that various individual factors and physical and psychosocial work factors were related to musculoskeletal symptoms in the different body regions. Thus, the identification of risk factors might have far-reaching implications for the way in which effective health programs for prevention should be designed in the hospital setting.All members of the Moses Study Group are presented in the Acknowledgements     

The relationship among subjective symptoms of fatigue, subjective fatigue feeling, and life habits of high school and college students]

The relationship among subjective symptoms of fatigue, subjective fatigue feeling, and life habits of high school and college students. The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship among subjective symptoms of fatigue (SSF), subjective fatigue feeling (SFF), life habits (behavioral patterns (BP) and life-style consciousness (LC)) in male students. A questionnaire on SSF, SFF, fatigue content, BP and LC was administered to 1802 male students aged 15-20 yr, and data from 1792 properly completed questionnaires was analyzed. The results were: 1) Students experience high SFF from daily activity. Students with a higher SFF tend to have more complaints of SSF, especially symptoms of languor, but the relationship between SFF and symptoms of irritation and physical disintegration are low. 2) Relationships between SFF and BP and LC are relatively low, except for physical condition. Even if the BP is successful, student's SFF is relatively high. 3) Subjective degree of health and physical condition relate highly to SSF. Exercise habits relate to loss of vigor, dietary habits to languor, loss of vigor, drowsiness and a decrease in concentration, and LC to SSF except for languor. It was inferred that SSF is influenced by BP and LC.     

宁波市中学生注意缺陷多动障碍及相关焦虑情绪调查

了解宁波市中学生注意缺陷多动症状与焦虑情绪发生状况及两者相关性,为有效促进儿童青少年心理健康工作提供依据.方法 采用分层随机整群抽样法,对宁波市4所中学的2 218名学生采用自编一般情况问卷、焦虑自评问卷(SAS)和中文版注意缺陷多动障碍SNAP-ⅣV评定量表(父母版)18项进行问卷调查.结果 中学生焦虑情绪阳性率为14.8%,其中轻度焦虑率为11.1%,中度焦虑率为2.7%,重度焦虑率为1.1%;注意力缺陷多动症状阳性率为5.7%,注意缺陷症状阳性率为4.4%,多动/冲动症状阳性率为1.4%.注意缺陷症状阳性组中,轻、中、重度焦虑的比例分别为24.7%(24/97),8.2%(8/97),3.1%(3/97);多动冲动症状阳性组中轻、中、重度焦虑的比例分别为20.0% (6/30),10.0%(3/30),33.3%(1/30).注意缺陷症状与焦虑的严重程度呈正相关(r=0.13,P<0.01),多动冲动症状与焦虑的严重程度呈正相关(r=0.06,P<0.05).结论 注意缺陷多动症状高评分学生有较高的焦虑情绪阳性率,对焦虑情绪的干预应作为注意缺陷多动症状的治疗维度之一.     

钒职业接触人群主观症状调查研究

目的 分析钒职业接触人群早期主观症状表现特点,探讨钒与主观症状表现的剂量-反应关系.方法 采用横断面研究方法,将研究对象分为接钒组(1 177名钒作业≥1年工人)和对照组(1 052名无钒接触史工人),分析钒对职业接触人群主观症状影响.结果 接钒组与对照组皮肤黏膜刺激症状检出率分别为30.6％、4.8％,呼吸系统症状检出率分别为5.0％、1.3％,神经系统症状检出率分别为10.5％、7.5％,心血管系统症状检出率分别为3.5％、1.4％,2组比较,差异均有统计学意义(P＜0.05);皮肤黏膜刺激症状检出率与累计接钒量存在剂量-反应关系(趋势检验x2=9.006,P＜0.01).结论 接钒工人主观症状主要表现为皮肤黏膜刺激症状和神经系统、呼吸系统、心血管系统症状,且皮肤黏膜刺激症状检出率与累计接钒量存在剂量-反应关系.