TLC法测定翁沥通片中贝母素乙的含量

目的:建立以薄层扫描法测定翁沥通片中贝母素乙含量的方法。方法:采用双波长薄层扫描法,薄层板为硅胶G,展开剂为氯仿-醋酸乙酯-甲醇-氨水(2∶6.5∶1∶0.5),显色剂为改良碘化铋钾试液。结果:贝母素乙的点样量在0.4～2.4μg范围内与吸收度呈良好的线性关系;平均回收率为99.28%,RSD=1.17%(n=6)。结论:本法简便、可靠、重现性好,可用于翁沥通片的质量控制。     

5种贝母类药材的定性鉴别

目的:考察浙贝母、川贝母、湖北贝母、平贝母和伊贝母的粉末显微鉴别特征及薄层色谱(TLC)鉴别特征。方法:按《中国药典》方法对5种贝母粉末进行显微鉴别;采用2种展开系统,分别对5种贝母进行TLC鉴别。结果:得到5种贝母粉末的显微特征区别点。浙贝母、川贝母、湖北贝母、平贝母的TLC图谱中均含有贝母素甲和贝母素乙,均无西贝母碱;伊贝母的TLC图谱中无贝母素甲和贝母素乙,但含有西贝母碱。结论:本试验结果可为5种贝母类药材的鉴别提供参考依据。     

黄氏响声丸的定量分析

贝母素乙为黄氏响声丸中主要活性成分之一,用双波长薄层扫描法对贝母素乙进行含量测定。此方法简便、灵敏、稳定性好,准确度较高,可用作黄氏响声丸内在质量控制方法。     

黄氏响声丸的定量分析

贝母素乙为黄氏响声丸中主要活性成分之一,用双波长薄层扫描法对贝母素乙进行含量测定.此方法简便、灵敏、稳定性好,准确度较高,可用作黄氏响声丸内在质量控制方法.     

玉涎胶囊的质量标准研究

目的建立玉涎胶囊的质量标准控制方法。方法采用TLC法对制剂中的浙贝母、党参、桔梗、甘草进行鉴别;采用ELSD-HPLC法测定制剂中贝母素甲和贝母素乙的含量,采用Agilent1260高效液相色谱仪,Agilent380蒸发光散射检测器检测,ZORBAX SB-C18色谱柱（5μm,4.6 mm×25 cm）;流动相：乙腈—水—二乙胺（70∶30∶0.03）,流速：1.0 g·L-1;柱温：30℃;漂移管温度90℃;进样量：20μL。结果用薄层色谱法能较好的鉴别制剂中浙贝母、党参、桔梗和甘草。用ELSD-HPLC法测定制剂中贝母素甲和贝母素乙的含量,贝母素甲、贝母素乙的线性范围分别是0.018 5～0.185 g·L-1（r=0.999 8）,0.018 8～0.188 g·L-1（r=0.999 7）。平均加样回收率为98.59%,RSD为1.27%（n=6）。结论该法操作简便、结果准确,重现性好,可用于玉涎胶囊的质量控制。     

消核片质量控制研究

目的:研究消核片的质量控制。方法:采用显微鉴别法对浙贝母和金果榄进行鉴别;采用薄层色谱法对制剂中的夏枯草、半枝莲进行定性鉴别;用高效液相色谱法对浙贝母中贝母素甲和贝母素乙进行了含量测定。色谱柱为Diamonsil C18(200mm×4.6 mm,5μm)柱,流动相为乙腈-水-二乙胺(70∶30∶0.03),流速1.0 mL·min-1,蒸发光散射检测器。结果:显微鉴别可以快速鉴别浙贝母和金果榄;薄层色谱能明显检出夏枯草、半枝莲。贝母素甲在1.7664～5.5200μg范围内线性关系良好(r=0.9995,n=5),平均回收率98.22%(n=6)。贝母素乙在1.2800～4.0000μg范围内线性关系良好(r=0.9998 n=5),平均回收率93.45%(n=6)。结论:新建立的质量控制方法能有效地控制消核片的质量,可作为本品质量标准。     

HPLC-ELSD法测定清肺抑火丸中贝母素甲、贝母素乙的含量

目的建立高效液相色谱-蒸发光散射检测法测定清肺抑火丸中贝母素甲、贝母素乙含量的方法。方法采用Acclaim 120-C18色谱柱,柱温30℃;乙腈-0.03%二乙胺溶液(65∶35)为流动相,流速为1.0mL/min;蒸发光散射检测器检测,漂移管温度为85℃,载气压力30psi。结果在选定的色谱条件下,分别以贝母素甲、贝母素乙峰面积的常用对数(Y)对浓度的常用对数(X)进行线性回归,回归方程分别为Y1=1.5548X1+2.8331(r=0.9998)、Y2=1.3907X2+3.0166(r=0.9997),线性范围分别为30.4~136.8μg/mL、5~35μg/mL;贝母素甲和贝母素乙的平均回收率分别为102.0%、102.2%,方法精密度(RSD,n=6)分别为0.83%、0.80%。结论该法可用于清肺抑火丸中贝母素甲、贝母素乙的含量测定。     

可同时测定蛇胆川贝液中贝母素甲与贝母素乙含量的方法

目的 建立同时测定蛇胆川贝液中贝母素甲与贝母素乙含量的方法.方法 采用Agilent SB C18色谱柱(150mm×4.6 mm,5 μm),以乙腈-水-二乙胺(70:30:0.03)为流动相,流速为1.0 mL/min,蒸发光散射检测器检测.结果 贝母素甲与贝母素乙的进样量线性范围分别为0.060～2.406 μg(r=0.999 7)和0.071～2.812 μg(r=0.999 6),平均加样回收率分别为97.70%和97.90%,RSD分别为1.07%和1.34%(n=6).结论 所采用的方法便捷、有效,适用于检测贝母类生物碱等无紫外吸收的化学成分.     

十几种贝母及其制剂中贝母素甲、乙及西贝碱的检验方法和品质的研究与进展

目的 对十几种贝母及其制剂中有效成分贝母素甲、贝母素乙及西贝碱等的含量测定方法进行了归纳总结.方法 主要包括高效液相色谱法、气相色谱法、质谱联用法、薄层扫描法、差热分析法、总生物碱测定法.结果与结论 为贝母类药材品质评价,含贝母药材制剂的质量控制研究,及《中国药典》的质量标准制订提供参考依据.     

HPLC-ELSD法测定消核片中贝母素甲和贝母素乙的含量

目的：建立消核片中贝母素甲和贝母素乙的含量测定方法。方法：采用高效液相色谱法,色谱柱：Diamonsil C18（200mm×4.6 mm,5μm）,乙腈-水-二乙胺（70∶30∶0.03）为流动相,蒸发光散射检测器。结果：贝母素甲和贝母素乙在1.766～5.520μg（r=0.999 5）和1.280～4.000μg（r=0.999 8）之间线性关系良好,回收率为99.1%和98.6%,RSD为1.8%和2.0%。结论：该方法操作简单,分离效果好,灵敏度高。     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.     

Pharmacological treatment of COVID-19: an opinion paper

The precocity and efficacy of the vaccines developed so far against COVID-19 has been the most significant and saving advance against the pandemic. The development of vaccines has not prevented, during the whole period of the pandemic, the constant search for therapeutic medicines, both among existing drugs with different indications and in the development of new drugs. The Scientific Committee of the COVID-19 of the Illustrious College of Physicians of Madrid wanted to offer an early, simplified and critical approach to these new drugs, to new developments in immunotherapy and to what has been learned from the immune response modulators already known and which have proven effective against the virus, in order to help understand the current situation.     

Alzheimer’s disease – current trends in basic and clinical research. Highlights from the 16th ECNP

Advances in the molecular biological knowledge of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to a growing interest by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of novel compounds that selectively modulate nAChR function. The ability of (-)-nicotine, an activator of nAChRs, to enhance attentional aspects of cognition in animals and humans, to exert neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and presumably to mediate the negative correlation between smoking and Alzheimer's (and Parkinson's) Disease, has focused interest on the potential therapeutic utility of modulators of nAChR function for treatment of some of the deficits associated with these progressive, neurodegenerative conditions. Numerous compounds are known which activate nAChRs and which might serve as lead compounds toward the development of such agents. The pharmacologic diversity of neuronal nAChR subtypes suggests the possibility of developing selective compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents. This broader class of agents, collectively called cholinergic channel modulators (ChCMs), is anticipated to encompass compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents, which generally exhibit low selectivity. This selectivity may be achieved by preferentially activating some subtypes of nAChRs (i.e., Cholinergic Channel Activators, ChCAs) or inhibiting the function of other subtypes (Cholinergic Channel Inhibitors, ChCIs). An overview of the biology of nAChRs and the rationale for the use of ChCMs for the treatment of dementia related to neurodegenerative diseases are presented, followed by a discussion of lead compounds and compounds under consideration for clinical evaluation.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.