心理咨询师胜任特征的定性研究

目的:构建心理咨询师胜任特征模型。方法:对20名心理咨询师进行行为事件访谈,以"国家首批注册心理督导师"为效标,将访谈对象分为绩优组和一般组,每组各10名。编写《心理咨询师胜任特征研究编码手册》,根据编码手册中的23个胜任特征条目及其等级评分标准,对访谈资料进行编码分析。使用Mann-Whitney U检验,考察在绩优组和一般组之间存在差异的条目,初步得到心理咨询师鉴别性胜任特征;考察出现频次较高的条目,初步得到心理咨询师基准性胜任特征。采用"内容评价小组"方法,通过计算各条目的内容效度比率(content validity ratio,CVR),对初步得到的胜任特征进行内容效度检验。结果:两组心理咨询师在建立关系的基本态度、人际理解和洞察、弹性、影响力、自我觉察、自我控制力、人格健全与完善、阅历与经验、专业知识与技能9个条目上差异有统计学意义(P0.05),并通过内容效度检验(CVR0.33),将其定义为"鉴别性胜任特征"。编码结果中出现频次较高,且通过内容效度检验(CVR0.33)的11个条目为利他性、建立关系的基本态度、人际理解和洞察、尊重、培养他人、自我觉察、自我控制力、开放性、语言表达能力、人格健全与完善、专业知识和技能,定义为"基准性胜任特征"。结论:心理咨询师胜任特征模型包括"基准性胜任特征"和"鉴别性胜任特征"两个部分。     

基于胜任力模型的哀伤咨询培训体系构建及其效果

目的：本文旨在探索基于胜任力模型构建的哀伤咨询培训的效果。方法：通过网络形式面向社会招募心理咨询师，达到入组标准的咨询师接受8次包含提升个人胜任力、知识与技能概念化、评估技能、哀伤治疗技能和专业技能的哀伤培训。在培训前后咨询师分别填写哀伤咨询胜任力问卷，共120人有效完成了两次问卷。结果：1.咨询师以往的哀伤培训经验能够显著预测哀伤咨询胜任力；2.培训后，咨询师整体和各维度的哀伤咨询胜任力较培训前均有显著提升。结论：基于胜任力的哀伤咨询培训体系能够有效帮助各个流派的咨询师做好处理来访者哀伤议题的准备。     

心理咨询师诊断技能考试的计算机自适应测验探微

心理咨询师是指运用心理学以及相关学科的专业知识,遵循心理学原则,通过心理咨询的技术与方法,帮助求助者解除心理问题的专业人员。随着国人对心理健康方面的日益重视,心理咨询师的需求也呈现爆发性增长。从2002年起,国家开始组织心理咨询师职业资格考试,相应的心理咨询师培训也多以此考试作为内容参照。截止目前,国内中部某省获取国家心理咨询师证的人数就达1万余人。部分仅获取了二级心理咨询师证书,并未具备一定临床经验的咨询师,甚至不具备心理诊断技能的三级心理咨询师已经陆续开设心理门诊接待来访者。而台湾从2001年推出《心理师法》,截止2013年底,合法执证的心理咨询师及临床心理师才3000人左右,对于开设心理门诊的心理咨询师更是要求严格。2013年11月,《精神卫生法》实施后全国首例心理咨询师被告案引起了人们对心理咨询师专业技能的广泛关注。心理咨询师的咨询诊断技能需要达到何种程度才能“上市”引发了人们的疑问。据了解,国内心理咨询师职业资格考试中,心理诊断技能这个关键环节的考评是由专家面试进行考核。这就存在2个问题：①专家本来就少,如何应对数量较多的应试者？②不同专家的专业水平及衡量尺度不尽相同,如何保证每一个通过考核的心理咨询师具备合格的临床咨询诊断技能。虽然有些城市在心理咨询师职业资格考试方面,已经从传统的纸笔测验进化到计算机化的测试（computer based test,CBT）。但是,那也仅是纸笔测验计算机形式化,因为计算机只是作为一种显示、传输、存储试题及答案的媒介而存在,没有真正发挥计算机在信息管理上的功能,并未真正快速、高效、准确地测出应试者的心理诊断技能水平。以现代测量理论项目反应理论（item response theory,IR     

华夏心理咨询师培养体系

目前,我国每年部有一定数量的人群通过了国家职业资格认证考试,成为国家认证心理咨询师。然而,要成为一名优秀的心理咨询师,认证之后的继续教育、见习实习、督导等环节都不可缺少。心理咨询师是一个需要不断成长才能完善的成长型终身职业,而心理咨询师的个人成长有赖一个完整科学的体系才能真正实现。     

心理咨询师与治疗师的价值观及对伦理事件决策的影响

目的:探索心理咨询师与治疗师的价值观,以及价值观对其伦理决策的影响.方法:量化研究与质性研究相结合.研究1采用问卷法和情境实验法(自编价值观调查问卷和情境问卷),调查156名心理咨询师与治疗师的价值观及其在给定情境中的伦理决策.研究2对16位心理咨询师与治疗师进行半结构式深度访谈,考查影响伦理决策的因素.结果:研究1发现,价值观问卷得分前5位的是尊重、责任、诚信、自我觉知、自主性.因素分析的结果表明的心理咨询师和治疗师的价值观可以分为3个因素:原则性、操作性和维持专业水准的价值观;但是价值观的得分并不能很好地预测其在情境实验部分的伦理决策(预测率为32.4％～47.8％);研究2发现心理咨询师和治疗师的价值观与其伦理决策之间的关系并非线性关系,可解释研究1中价值观不能预测伦理决策的结果.结论:心理咨询师和治疗师的价值观并不能很好地预测其伦理决策,研究结果提示咨询师的价值观和伦理决策受文化因素影响,因此在制定临床心理伦理规范时需注重本土化因素.     

心理咨询师的决策风格与伦理决策行为

目的:了解咨询师的决策风格与其伦理决策行为的关系。方法:选取高校心理咨询师89名,采用一般决策风格问卷(GDMS)调查咨询师的决策风格、自编伦理情境问卷(包括胜任力与无伤害、保密与青少年伦理、双重关系与避免非法利用、知情同意、隐私权与保密性、价值中立6个情景)调查咨询师的伦理决策行为。结果:咨询师GDMS的4个维度得分依次为理智型(20.2±2.8)、依赖型(16.3±3.9)、直觉-冲动型(14.2±2.6)和逃避型(11.9±4.4)。咨询师对“保密与青少年伦理”、“双重关系与避免非法利用”、“隐私权与保密性”、“价值中立”4个情境的态度较一致(同意或不同意比例为71.9%~98.9%),“胜任力与无伤害”、“知情同意”2个情境的态度差异较大(同意比例分别为46.1%和56.2%)。年龄与理智型、依赖型和逃避型得分呈负相关(r=-0.27、-0.29、-0.29,均P<0.05)。回归分析显示,依赖型在“胜任力与无伤害”、“保密与青少年伦理”、“隐私权与保密性”3个情境正向预测咨询师的态度(OR=0.84、0.72、0.81,均P<0.05)。结论:对于伦理情境的决策,咨询师表现出较强的伦理意识和较为一致的伦理态度;依赖型得分高的咨询师更容易受他人意见影响。     

拿到上岗证，离从业还有多远？

心理咨询师被公众称为“心灵捕手”,是很多人心目中的“钻石职业”。自2002年7月国家劳动与社会保障部推出心理咨询师职业资格认证培训以来,全国参加培训、鉴定的报考人数逐年增加。仅2007年一年,全国的心理咨询师报考人数就近7万。     

自我分化对咨询胜任力的影响机制:正念的中介和调节作用

目的:探讨咨询师自我分化、正念和咨询胜任力之间的关系及其作用机制。方法:采用成人自我分化量表修订版、正念量表和咨询胜任力问卷,对来自河南省的237名心理咨询师进行调查。结果:(1)咨询师自我分化、正念、咨询胜任力总分间,各维度间(除个别项外)均存在显著正相关(P0.01);(2)偏差矫正的百分位Bootstrap分析结果显示正念在自我分化与咨询胜任力间具有部分中介效应(a×b=0.123,CI=0.037~0.125),结构方程模型分析结果同样显示正念具有部分中介效应;(3)正念对自我分化与咨询胜任力间关系的调节效应(交互项)不显著。结论:自我分化可以直接,也可以正念为中介间接影响咨询胜任力,提高自我分化和正念水平有助于增强咨询胜任力。     

认知治疗量表的发展与临床应用

认知治疗量表被广泛应用于评估认知行为取向心理咨询/治疗师的专业胜任力,包括原版认知治疗量表（Cognitive Therapy Scale, CTS）和认知治疗量表修订版（Cognitive Therapy Scale-Revised, CTS-R）。CTS和CTS-R在国外被广泛应用于认知行为治疗的临床督导与专业培训中,但在国内很少应用。文章主要介绍了CBT专业胜任力评估工具以及CTS和CTS-R的具体内容与临床应用,以期让更多的CBT心理咨询/治疗师认识并使用CTS或CTSR,从而不断提升国内CBT心理咨询/治疗师的专业胜任力。     

学校心理咨询师在双重关系和保密原则上的态度和决策

目的:了解学校心理咨询中,心理咨询师对双重关系和突破保密的态度及决策。方法:选取学校心理咨询师123人(男27人,女96人,年龄20~60岁,中小学心理咨询师41人,大学心理咨询师82人),采用自编学校心理咨询师双重关系和保密原则的态度和决策问卷进行调查,该问卷通过情境问题的设置考察学校心理咨询师对待双重关系、保密原则的态度和决策。结果:71.5%的心理咨询师(n=88)选择"不会接受与咨询学生建立其他关系",14.6%的心理咨询师(n=18)选择"接受与咨询学生建立其他关系"。未接受常规督导的心理咨询师更倾向于认为接受学生咨询后要求建立的其他关系可能会提高来访者的自我接纳或自尊(P0.05)。学校心理咨询师认为应该突破保密协议或者会告知来访学生监护人的问题排名前3位为自伤及自杀、吸毒、不良团伙。心理咨询师面对"学生有自杀的计划"具体情境比面对"学生有离家出走的计划"更容易突破保密协议(P0.001)。结论:学校心理咨询师在双重关系和保密的态度与决策在一定程度上会受到是否接受督导以及来访者问题的具体情境的影响。     

Schizophrenia in a North Swedish geographical isolate, 1900–1977. Epidemiology, genetics and biochemistry

Over 200 schizophrenic patients belonging to three major and interrelated pedigree complexes have been investigated over the past 30 years in a North Swedish geographically isolated population, presently numbering about 6,000. An intensive investigation of a number of biochemical correlates and genetic markers in a few selected families belonging to one of the major pedigrees has indicated new strategies for the current research program.
Schizophrenia, as defined operationally, is significantly associated with decreased activities of two enzymes (1) blood platelet monoamine oxidase, (2) plasma dopamine-β-hydroxylase, and (3) with the genetic marker Gc² (group specific antigen). Both enzymes are subject to genetic variation. A positive score for linkage between schizophrenia and low plasma DBH activity has been calculated, but, so far, available data are insufficient for discrimination between linkage and partial contribution of genetically controlled low plasma DBH to the pathogenesis of the disease. Alternatively, both mechanisms could be involved.
As a model for continued research, schizophrenia is explained as based on a double dominant-recessive genotype (Aabb), representing a vulnerability which in about 50 % of cases develops into clinical schizophrenia. It is suggested that the dominant mutation (A) operates on or affects MAO activity, and that the recessive genotype (bb) is instrumental in low variates of DBH activity and very likely such variates within the normal range of physiological variation. Moreover, it is suggested that the combined effects of MAO- and DBH-reduced efficiency on the metabolism of e.g. dopamine could be an essential pathogenic mechanism for the schizophrenic illness which is segregating in this population.     

HLA in North Colombia Chimila Amerindians

HLA-A,-B,-C,-DRB1 and -DQB1 alleles have been studied in Chimila Amerindians from Sabana de San Angel (North Colombian Coast) by using high resolution molecular typing. A frequent extended haplotype was found:HLA-A*24:02-B*51:10-C*15:02-BRB1*04:07-DQB1*03:02 (28.7%) which has also been described in Amerinndian Mayos Mexican population (Mexico, California Gulf, Pacific Ocean). Other haplotypes had already been found in Amerindians from Mexico (Pacific and Atlantic Coast), Peru (highlands and Amazon Basin), Bolivia and North USA. A geographic pattern according to HLA allele or haplotype frequencies is lacking in Amerindians, as already known. Also, five new extended haplotypes were found in Chimila Amerindians. Their HLA-A*24:02 high frequencies characteristic is shared with aboriginal populations of Taiwan; also, HLA-C*01:02 high frequencies are found in New Zealand Maoris, New Caledonians and Kimberly Aborigines from Australia. Finally, this study may show a model of evolutionary factors acting and rising one HLA allele frequency (-A*24:02), but not in others that belong to the same or different HLA loci.     

Renal dysplasia and asplenia in two sibs

A family is reported in which two sibs, one male and the other female, both died within 24 hours of birth with enlarged polycystic kidneys. Postmortem histology in the second child showed gross renal dysplasia. In both children the pancreas was enlarged, nodular and cystic but the liver appeared macroscopically normal. In the second child, histological examination confirmed pancreatic fibrosis with cystic dilation of ducts, but showed portal fibrosis with bile duct proliferation in the liver.
This combination of findings is very reminiscent of those in a girl and her brother reported by Ivemark et al. (1959). The children reported here also showed absence or hypoplasia of the spleen, cardiac anomalies and other features of the Ivemark syndrome (Ivemark 1955), a quite different, usually sporadic, congenital disorder. It is suggested that the children described here have a distinct lethal congenital disorder, probably inherited in an autosomal recessive manner.     

The universal muscular chamber. A basic unit of the genitourinary, cardiovascular, gastro-intestinal, skeletal, cutaneous, respiratory and other systems, endocameral hypertension; and spasm, the key to their idiopathic diseases and arthropathies

Starting with the integument, we see many organs are contractile sacs or multiples thereof, which tubes or bags constitute the major part of the entire body. Recognition of this basic unit and its characteristics sheds new light, individually and collectively, on many disorders previously considered unrelated. Muscular tears and perforations develop in the walls of these chambers, being no way peculiar to those organs, wherein, hydrochloric acid occurs. So, it is not necessary to explain the absence of excessive acid from patients who exhibit holes in the gastric, uterine, aortic, duodenal, rectal, pulmonary, retina, and other walls. Muscle, not acid is the great common factor relating idiopathic disorders in the gastrointestinal tract to each other and to similar diseases in other systems. When the units are linked together, the lesions tend to appear as arthropathies, i.e. at the joints. Rephrasing common-place observations, frees us from conventional, conceptual cul-de-sacs. An observation is only as good as its interpretation, so all possibilities must be considered, otherwise, we will remain blinded by our misconceptions.     

Der Einfluß von Nahrungsmitteln und Rauchen auf die klinisch-chemische Diagnostik von Phäochromozytom,Neuroblastom und Karzinoid-Syndrom

Zusammenfassung Der Einfluß von verschiedenen Nahrungsmitteln auf Methoden zur Bestimmung von Adrenalin (AD), Noradrenalin (NA), Vanillinmandelsäure (VMS), Metanephrinen (MN), Homovanillinsäure (HVS) und 5-Hydroxyindolessigsäure (5-HIE) im 24 h-Harn zur Diagnose des Phäochromozytoms bzw. Karzinoid-Syndroms wurde untersucht. Die in die Untersuchung einbezogenen Nahrungsmittel waren: Tee, Kaffee, Mandeln, Ananas, Käse, Walnüsse, Vanillepudding, Bananen, Tomaten und Milchschokolade. Außerdem wurde der Einfluß des Zigarettenrauchens auf die Bestimmung von AD, NA, VMS und MN untersucht.Walnüsse führten zu einer starken Erhöhung der 5-HIE-Ausscheidung. Bananen erhöhten die Ausscheidung von AD, NA, VMS, MN und 5-HIE. Kaffee und Ananas bewirkten eine geringe Zunahme der MN-Werte. Rauchen von 20–30 Zigaretten/Tag beeinflußte keine der vier Variablen.Wenn die beschriebenen Methoden benutzt werden, sollte lediglich auf den Verzehr von Bananen und Walnüssen vor und während der Harnsammelperioden verzichtet werden, da die oberen Normgrenzen im Harn überschritten werden könnten. Ein Verzicht auf Kaffee und Ananas in normalen Mengen ist nicht erforderlich. Es besteht kein Anlaß, weiterhin die bisherigen umfangreichen Restriktionen der übrigen Nahrungsmittel beizubehalten.     

A comparative study of the effects of dimebon,obsidan, finoptin,and cordaron on the functional state of ischemic focus and size of necrotic zone in experimental myocardial infarction

Dimebon, an antihistamine agent, exerts a moderate antianginal effect, improving the function of ischemic focus in the myocardium and decreasing the necrotic zone in experimental myocardial infarction. Dimebon is less active than obsidan, finoptin (except for the size of the necrotic zone), and cordaron. Translated fromByulleten' Eksperimental'noi Biologii i Meditsiny, Vol. 122, No. 12, pp. 642–644, December, 1996     

Effects of sex steroid hormones on lipid peroxidation and glutathione antioxidant system in rat skin

Effects of estradiol and testosterone on the intensity of lipid peroxidation and contents of glutathione redox system components in the dermis and epidermis of rat skin were studied. Only estradiol induced considerable dose-dependent and tissue-specific biphasic antioxidant effects on the skin. Translated fromByulleten' Eksperimental'noi Biologii i Meditsiny, Vol. 128, No. 12, pp. 663–666, December, 1999     

Adhesion and growth of CaCo2 cells on surface-modified PEEK substrata

A series of surface-functionalized poly(ether ether ketone) (PEEK) films has been prepared by selective wet-chemistry; they are hydroxylated polymer (PEEK-OH) obtained by reduction, aminated polymer (PEEK-[]-NH2) prepared by coupling a diisocyanate reagent to PEEKOH (PEEK-[]-NCO) followed by hydrolysis, and carboxylated and aminocarboxylated polymers (PEEK-[]-GABA and PEEK-Lysine) resulting from the coupling of aminoacids to PEEK-[]-NCO. The aminated and carboxylated substrata promoted the adhesion and growth of CaCo2 cells in the presence of serum. Fibronectin (FN), an extra-cellular matrix protein, has been covalently fixed and/or adsorbed on various PEEK substrata, in the presence or not of a polymeric surfactant (Pluronic F68). The performances of the FN-grafted substrata (PEEK-[]-FN(1) and PEEK-[]-FN(2)) were significantly higher than those of reference substrata simply coated with FN (PEEK-OH(+FN)(1) and (2), PEEK-[]-NH2(+FN)(1) and (2)), considering the adhesion and spreading of CaCo2 cells in the absence of serum. Moreover, the stability of the adherent cells on the FN-adsorbed substrata dramatically depended on the experimental conditions applied during the PEEK coating with FN.