前列腺穿刺活检患者膀胱内前列腺突入长度差异的临床意义

目的探讨前列腺癌(PCa)和前列腺增生(BPH)患者膀胱内前列腺突入(IPP)长度差异对前列腺穿刺活检诊断的价值。方法 71例前列腺穿刺活检患者,均在经直肠超声(TRUS)引导下行自动活检枪前列腺穿刺活检,并经病理证实;同时测量IPP长度和前列腺体积(PV)。比较PCa组(22例)和BPH组(49例)IPP差异,分析IPP在不同截点水平诊断PCa的敏感度和特异度。结果 71例患者的IPP长度均值为(9.3±7.3)mm,PCa组为(6.6±5.0)mm,明显短于BPH组的(11.5±8.4)mm(P<0.05);IPP长度和PV呈显著正相关(r=0.691,P<0.05)。取IPP长度7.5mm作为截点值时,其判断PCa的特异度与灵敏度均为66.7%。结论 IPP是判断前列腺穿刺活检患者是否患PCa的一个有意义的指标;在IPP≤7.5mm的前列腺穿刺患者中,PCa检出率较高。     

前列腺癌诊断中经直肠超声引导下穿刺活检的应用分析

目的 探讨经直肠超声引导下穿刺活检诊断前列腺癌的临床价值.方法 随机选取2013年1月至2015年5月本院体检收治的前列腺癌疑似患者329例,所有患者前列腺特异性抗原(Prostate Specific Antigen,PSA)密度均在0.15 ng/cm3以上,且经由直肠指诊完成初步诊断,在直肠超声引导下对所有患者实施前列腺外腺6点穿刺活检,并根据活检结果对患者完成诊断.结果 本次研究中,31.31％前列腺癌患者经穿刺活检得到确诊,52.58％患者确诊为良性前列腺增生症(Benign prostatic hyperplasia,BPH);前列腺癌组患者的PSA密度明显高于BPH组,前列腺体积明显小于BPH组,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05).结论 直肠超声引导下行前列腺穿刺活检是一种有效的前列腺癌诊断方法,有助于提高早期诊断准确率,有利于早期治疗的开展,同时可结合患者的前列腺体积及PSA密度等指标对患者的病情进行综合判断.     

前列腺特异抗原在前列腺疾病诊断中的应用

目的 探讨血清中总前列腺特异抗原(T-PSA)、游离前列腺特异抗原(F-PSA)与F/T PSA比值在前列腺疾病诊断中的作用.方法 采用电化学发光免疫分析法(ECLI)检测70例前列腺增生(BPH)症患者、26例慢性前列腺炎患者和28例前列腺癌(PCa)患者血清中的T-PSA、F-PSA,并计算F/T PSA比值.结果 3组患者之间的T-PSA差异有统计学意义(P<0.01),BPH症患者的F/T PSA比值与前列腺癌(PCa)患者差异有统计学意义(P<0.01),与慢性前列腺炎患者差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);当T-PSA在4.0～10g/L时,三组患者的T-PSA差异无统计学意义(P>0.05),而BPH症患者的F/T PSA与前列腺癌(PCa)患者差异存在统计学意义(P<0.01),与慢性前列腺炎患者差异无统计学意义(P>0.05).结论 4 g/L相似文献   

经直肠超声造影引导前列腺穿刺活检的应用价值

目的探讨经直肠超声造影(CE-TRUS)引导前列腺穿刺活检在前列腺癌(PCa)诊断中的应用价值。方法临床疑诊PCa患者116例行CE-TRUS(造影组,48例)和常规经直肠超声(对照组,68例)引导下前列腺穿刺活检,比较两组患者的PCa检出率、PCa阳性患者的平均穿刺针数及单针阳性率。结果造影组PCa检出率与对照组相仿(P>0.05),但对于游离PSA/PSA比值(f/tPSA)≤0.15的患者,造影组PCa检出率高于对照组(44.8%vs.10.3%)(P<0.05)。造影组PCa阳性患者平均穿刺针数少于对照组(8.2针vs.11.3针),而单针阳性率高于对照组(45.5%vs.32.1%)(P<0.05)。结论 CE-TRUS可提高PCa穿刺检出率,特别是f/tPSA≤0.15患者。     

前列腺特异性抗原灰区患者中前列腺穿刺活检术诊断前列腺癌的预测模型构建

目的 建立前列腺特异性抗原(PSA)灰区患者中经直肠超声引导前列腺穿刺活检术诊断前列腺癌(PCa)的预测模型，并初步评估预测模型的临床应用效果。方法 回顾性收集2017年2月至2022年9月该院收治的106例PSA灰区且行前列腺穿刺活检术患者的临床资料，以2017年2月至2020年6月收治的49例患者作为建模集，以2020年7月至2022年9月收治的57例患者作为验证集，并根据不同前列腺穿刺活检结果将建模集和验证集患者各分为良性前列腺增生(BPH)组(分别为40、47例)和PCa组(分别为9、10例),比较各组患者年龄、体重指数(BMI)、下尿路症状(LUTS)、直肠指检结节、PSA、游离PSA(fPSA)、fPSA/总PSA(fPSA/tPSA)、前列腺体积、PSA密度(PSAD)、第2版前列腺影像报告与数据系统(PI-RADS v2)评分等临床资料。采用Lasso回归进行数据选择，二元多因素logistic回归模型分析建立预测模型，绘制受试者工作特征(ROC)曲线评价预测效能。结果 预测因子包括年龄、BMI、PSAD、PI-RADS v2评分、LUTS和fPSA/tPSA,预测模型...     

直肠B超引导前列腺穿刺活检PSAD、PSAV指标在前列腺癌早期诊断中的意义

目的探讨直肠B超引导前列腺穿刺活检前列腺特异性抗原密度（prostatespecificantigendensitv，PSAD）、前列腺特异性抗原速度（prostatespecificantigenvelocity，PSAV）指标在前列腺癌（prostaticcarcinoma，PCa）早期诊断中的意义。方法回顾性分析102例经直肠前列腺穿刺活检术患者的临床资料。结果本组102例前列腺穿刺活检均获成功，确诊PCa61例，良性前列腺增生（BPH）34例，慢性前列腺炎7例，所有患者无严重并发症发生：比较61例PCa患者与41例非PCa患者的PSAD和PSAV指标，两组患者差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。结论直肠B超引导前列腺穿刺活检是PCa的有效诊断方法，同时配合PSAD和PSAV指标可以提高PCa的早期诊断率。     

超声引导经会阴前列腺穿刺活检对前列腺疾病诊断的意义(附68例报告)

前列腺疾病的诊断有赖于病史、临床症状、直肠指诊(DRE)、前列腺特异抗原(PSA)及经直肠B超(TRUS)检查。尤其是前列腺结核、前列腺癌(PCa)的诊断与鉴别诊断非常困难,最终取决于病理检查。DRE引导前列腺活检比较盲目,经直肠活检有感染可能,因此目前很多医院采用直肠超声引导经会阴前列腺穿刺活检。我院自1998年1月至2004年6月对68例患者行超声引导经会阴前列腺穿刺活检,分析总结报告如下。     

f-PSA/T-PSA在前列腺增生与前列腺癌鉴别诊断中的意义

目的:探讨血清中前列腺特异性抗原(t-PSA)、游离PSA(f-PSA)及f/t-PSA在前列腺增生(BPH)与前列腺癌(PCa)鉴别诊断中的意义。方法:应用放射免疫法检测90例BPH与PCa患者血清中的特异性抗原、游离PSA,并计算f/t-PSA比值。结果:血清PSA在4ng/mL~10ng/mL时,BPH与PCa组的特异性抗原含量差异无显著性(P>0.05),游离PSA、f/t-PSA比值差异有显著性(P<0.05)。结论:在BPH和PCa明显优于单纯使用特异性抗原,是早期诊断PCa的新参数,不但提高了PCa的检出率,也减少了不必要的前列腺穿刺活组织检查对患者造成的创伤和痛苦。     

前列腺被膜支血管阻力指数测定在前列腺癌的诊断价值

目的探讨前列腺被膜支血管阻力指数(RI)与前列腺癌(PCa)的关系。方法利用彩色多普勒超声检测87例前列腺穿刺活检患者的前列腺被膜支血管RI,并行前列腺穿刺组织活检。分析前列腺被膜支血管RI在PCa中的诊断价值,并与血清总前列腺特异性抗原(tPSA)、游离/总前列腺特异性抗原(f/tPSA)及前列腺特异性抗原密度(PSAD)的诊断价值比较。运用受试者工作特性(ROC)曲线,确定前列腺被膜支血管RI最佳临界点。结果 87例前列腺穿刺活检患者中,良性前列腺增生(BPH)56例(64.4%),PCa 31例(35.6%)。与BPH相比,PCa的前列腺被膜支血管RI明显升高(0.72±0.10vs.0.78±0.10)P<0.05)。tPSA、f/tPSA、PSAD在PCa和BPH患者之间均有统计学差异(P<0.05)。但在灰区(tPSA为4-10ng/ml)患者中,仅前列腺被膜支血管RI和PSAD存在统计学差异(P<0.05)。ROC曲线确定前列腺被膜支血管RI诊断PCa最佳临界点为0.72,当RI≥0.72系列联合PSAD>0.15ng.ml-1.cm-3时,诊断PCa的敏感度77.4%、特异度78.6%。结论测定前列腺被膜支血管RI对鉴别PCa与BPH有着重要临床应用价值,尤其当tPSA处于灰区时。前列腺被膜支血管RI联合PSAD在诊断PCa时有较好的敏感度和特异度。     

经直肠前列腺穿刺活检161例临床分析

目的评估经直肠前列腺穿刺活检在前列腺癌及前列腺其他疾病的诊断和鉴别诊断的价值。方法对直肠指诊阳性、血清PSA〉4μg/L及超声检查前列腺声像图异常怀疑有占位性病变的161例患者进行经直肠的前列腺穿刺活检。结果穿刺活检的161例病理结果：良性前列腺增生（BPH）102例占63．35％,前列腺癌（PCa）50例占31．06％,前列腺炎7例占4．25％,前列腺高级别上皮内瘤变2例。结论经直肠前列腺穿刺活检其操作简单,并发症少,安全性高。在前列腺癌及其他前列腺疾病的诊断与鉴别诊断中有重要的临床价值。     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.     

Pharmacological treatment of COVID-19: an opinion paper

The precocity and efficacy of the vaccines developed so far against COVID-19 has been the most significant and saving advance against the pandemic. The development of vaccines has not prevented, during the whole period of the pandemic, the constant search for therapeutic medicines, both among existing drugs with different indications and in the development of new drugs. The Scientific Committee of the COVID-19 of the Illustrious College of Physicians of Madrid wanted to offer an early, simplified and critical approach to these new drugs, to new developments in immunotherapy and to what has been learned from the immune response modulators already known and which have proven effective against the virus, in order to help understand the current situation.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.     

Alzheimer’s disease – current trends in basic and clinical research. Highlights from the 16th ECNP

Advances in the molecular biological knowledge of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to a growing interest by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of novel compounds that selectively modulate nAChR function. The ability of (-)-nicotine, an activator of nAChRs, to enhance attentional aspects of cognition in animals and humans, to exert neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and presumably to mediate the negative correlation between smoking and Alzheimer's (and Parkinson's) Disease, has focused interest on the potential therapeutic utility of modulators of nAChR function for treatment of some of the deficits associated with these progressive, neurodegenerative conditions. Numerous compounds are known which activate nAChRs and which might serve as lead compounds toward the development of such agents. The pharmacologic diversity of neuronal nAChR subtypes suggests the possibility of developing selective compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents. This broader class of agents, collectively called cholinergic channel modulators (ChCMs), is anticipated to encompass compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents, which generally exhibit low selectivity. This selectivity may be achieved by preferentially activating some subtypes of nAChRs (i.e., Cholinergic Channel Activators, ChCAs) or inhibiting the function of other subtypes (Cholinergic Channel Inhibitors, ChCIs). An overview of the biology of nAChRs and the rationale for the use of ChCMs for the treatment of dementia related to neurodegenerative diseases are presented, followed by a discussion of lead compounds and compounds under consideration for clinical evaluation.