儿童重症监护病房镇痛镇静治疗撤药模式对戒断综合征的影响

目的调查儿童重症监护病房(PICU)机械通气患儿镇痛镇静治疗情况,探讨不同撤药模式对戒断综合征的影响。方法单中心前瞻性队列研究。以2016年4月1日至2017年4月30日入住上海儿童医学中心PICU需机械通气并连续使用苯二氮类药物和(或)阿片类药物≥5 d的112例患儿为研究对象,根据患儿撤药开始后每日镇痛镇静药物剂量是否较前1日增加≥50%,分为不稳定撤药模式20例(17.9%)、稳定撤药模式92例(82.1%)。收集患儿人口统计学特征、临床特征、镇痛镇静药物暴露等指标,以Mann-Whitney U检验等方法比较不同撤药模式组患儿临床特征及发生与未发生戒断综合征患儿的临床特征,并通过Logistic回归探索戒断综合征发生的危险因素。结果纳入112例患儿,戒断综合征发生率41.1%(46/112)。不稳定撤药组患儿的第3代小儿死亡危险评分(PRISM-Ⅲ)[10.0(3.5,12.0)比6.0(2.0,10.0),U=654.50,P=0.043]、撤机后再插管比例[35.0%(7/20)比7.6%(7/92),P=0.003]均明显高于稳定撤药模式组。发生戒断综合征患儿总镇痛镇静时间更长[19.5(16.8,24.3)比10.0(7.0,17.3)d,U=743.50,P<0.01]、不稳定撤药发生率更高[32.6%(15/46)比7.6%(5/66),χ^2=11.58,P=0.001]、PICU住院时间更长[19.0(15.8,25.3)比12.0(8.8,17.0)d,U=755.00,P<0.01]、住院总费用更高[8.9(5.7,10.9)比5.3(3.2,7.9)万元,U=804.00,P<0.01]。多因素Logistic回归分析发现不稳定撤药[比值比(OR)=4.85,95%可信区间(CI)1.39~16.91,P=0.013]、肝移植围手术期(OR=6.97,95%CI 1.25~39.04,P=0.027)和总咪达唑仑剂量≥34.7mg/kg(OR=8.12,95%CI 3.09~21.37,P<0.01)是发生戒断综合征的危险因素。结论不稳定撤药患儿更容易发生戒断综合征,避免不稳定撤药可能使镇痛镇静治疗患儿获益。     

Acute respiratory distress syndrome in pediatric intensive care unit

Objective  

To report causes, clinical feature and outcome of children with Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS).     

Perioperative factors associated with prolonged intensive care unit and hospital length of stay after pediatric neurosurgery

Objectives: This study aims to describe the association between different postoperative complications and the length of hospital stay among children undergoing neurosurgical procedures. Methods: A retrospective cohort study was carried out between May 2004 and May 2009 in a tertiary community hospital. All postoperative complications following neurosurgical procedures and their association with the main outcomes [length of intensive care unit (ICU) and hospital stay] were investigated in a univariate and multivariate analysis. Results: The medical records of 198 patients treated during the study period were reviewed. The most frequently performed surgeries were ventriculoperitoneal shunting (16.7%), correction of craniosynostosis (30%) and brain tumor resections (28.3%). Of the 198 patients eligible for this analysis, 79 (39.9%) suffered from at least one complication. The most frequent complications were fever (30.3%), hypothermia (16%), postextubation laryngitis (15.1%) and postoperative bleeding (7%). Factors independently associated with a longer pediatric ICU stay were fever (odds ratio 1.39, 95% confidence interval 1.1-3.2; p = 0.001), laryngitis (odds ratio 2.24, 95% confidence interval 1.8-5.2; p = 0.001), postoperative bleeding requiring reoperation (odds ratio 1.8, 95% confidence interval 1.4-3.9; p < 0.001) and infection (odds ratio 3.71, 95% confidence interval 1.8-12.4; p = 0.033). Fever (odds ratio 2.54, 95% confidence interval 2-7.4; p = 0.001) and infection (odds ratio 11.23, 95% confidence interval 4-22.4; p = 0.003) were related to the total length of the patient's hospital stay. Conclusions: In this study population, most elective neurosurgical procedures were not associated with significant complications, and morbidity and mortality were low. Some complications significantly influenced patients' outcomes and should be monitored for early diagnosis. This study may improve our understanding and identification of postoperative outcomes in pediatric neurosurgery.     

Evaluation of the prevalence and factors associated with acute kidney injury in a pediatric intensive care unit

ObjectiveTo assess the prevalence of acute kidney injury in pediatric intensive care unit according to diagnostic criteria – pediatric risk, injury, failure, loss, end-stage renal disease, Acute Kidney Injury Network and Acute Kidney Injury Work Group, or Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes –, and determining factors associated with acute kidney injury as well as its outcome.MethodologyThis was a cross-sectional monocentric observational study, including patients aged between 29 days and 17 years who were admitted to the pediatric intensive care unit between January 1, 2012 and December 31, 2016. To evaluate the association between the study variables and acute kidney injury, the log-binomial generalized univariate and multivariate linear models were adjusted.ResultsThe study included 1131 patients, with prevalence of acute kidney injury according to the Acute Kidney Injury Network and Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes criteria of 12.6% and of 12.9% according to the pediatric risk, injury, failure, loss, end-stage renal disease. In the multivariate analysis of older children (PR 1.007, 95% CI: 1.005–1.009), sepsis (PR 1.641, 95% CI: 1.128–2.387), demand for ventilatory support (PR 1.547, 95% CI: 1.095–2.186), and use of vasoactive amines (PR 2.298, 95% CI: 1.681–3.142) constituted factors associated with statistical significance to the development of acute kidney injury. The mortality rate among those with acute kidney injury was 28.7%.ConclusionOlder children, diagnosis of sepsis, demand for ventilatory support, and use of vasoactive amines were correlated with a higher risk of developing acute kidney injury. The mortality associated with acute kidney injury was elevated; it is crucial that all measures that ensure adequate renal perfusion are taken for patients with risk factors, to avoid the installation of the disease.     

Monitoring in pediatric intensive care

Summary Monitoring plays an essential role in the management of critically ill children, although continuous observation along with frequent clinical examination remains the best readily available monitor. Unfortunately, human beings do not have the capability of a prolonged, uninterrupted attention span and nurses often have multiple tasks assigned that limit their ability for continuous observation. Furthermore, some information cannot be obtained accurately by clinical examination alone, e.g. oxygen saturation, ICP, etc. Therefore, it is important to understand the principles and practical points to be able to use these monitors, and first rule out malfunction, disconnection, or improper electrode placement when abnormal reading appear on these monitors before initiating clinical intervention on patient.     

儿童重症监护病房侵袭性真菌感染危险因素分析

目的 分析儿童重症监护病房(PICU)侵袭性真菌感染的特点及危险因素.方法 总结2007年至2009年我院PICU收治的35例发生侵袭性真菌感染患儿的临床资料,对真菌感染危险因素进行分析,包括危重病例评分、机械通气、导尿管和胃管置入、床旁血液净化治疗等.结果 (1)3年间PICU共收治危重患儿2 116例,其中35例发生真菌感染,发生率为1.65%(35/2 116),其中死亡7例,病死率为20.00%(7/35).(2)发生真菌感染的平均时间为人院后(10.4±8.3)d,主要表现为肺炎21例(60.0%),腹膜炎5例(14.3%),尿路感染4例(11.4%),肠道感染3例(8.6%),败血症1例(2.9%),脑膜炎1例(2.9%).(3)儿童危重病例评分低、机械通气、留置胃管及导尿管、连续性静脉血液透析滤过是引起真菌感染的危险因素.(4)致病菌以白色念珠菌为主.结论 侵袭性真菌感染已成为PICU主要的院内感染,白色念珠菌是主要致病菌.合理利用抗生素、减少不必要的侵入性操作、及时使用抗真菌药,可能是应对侵袭性真菌感染的有效策略.

Abstract：

Objective To analyze the incidence,clinical feature and the risk factors of invasive fungal infection in pediatric intensive care unit (PICU). Methods We retrospectively summaried the invasive fungal infection in our PICU from Jan 2007 to Dec 2009 in order to analyze the incidence, clinical feature and the risk factors of invasive fungal infection in PICU. Multiple clinical data were collected such as pediatric critical illness score, mechanical ventilation, urinary drainage tube, indwelling gastric canal and continuous blood purification. Results ( 1 ) The incidence rate of invasive fungal infection was 1.65 % ( 35/2 116 ). The morbidity was 20. 00% ( 7/35 ). ( 2 ) Mean infected day was ( 10. 4 ±- 8. 3 ) d after admission. The clinical manifestations included fungal pneumonia( 60. 0% ), peritonitis ( 14. 3% ), urinary tract infection ( 11.4% ),intestinal tract infection(8. 6% ) ,sepsis(2. 9% ) and meningitis(2. 9% ). All of the patients had used broad spectrum antibiotic. (3) The risk factors of invasive fungal infection included lower pediatric critical illness score, mechanical ventilation, indwelling gastric tube, urinary drainage tube and continuous blood purification.(4) Candia albicans was the predominant pathogen in invasive fungal infection. Conclusion Invasive fungal infection has become one of the main nosocomial infection in PICU. Lung is most commonly involved and candida albicans is the major pathogen. Using antibiotics appropriately, decreasing unnecessary invasive performance,and rationally using antifungal agent mi.ght be effective strategy for invasive fungal infection in PICU.     

儿童重症监护病房侵袭性真菌感染危险因素分析

Objective To analyze the incidence,clinical feature and the risk factors of invasive fungal infection in pediatric intensive care unit (PICU). Methods We retrospectively summaried the invasive fungal infection in our PICU from Jan 2007 to Dec 2009 in order to analyze the incidence, clinical feature and the risk factors of invasive fungal infection in PICU. Multiple clinical data were collected such as pediatric critical illness score, mechanical ventilation, urinary drainage tube, indwelling gastric canal and continuous blood purification. Results ( 1 ) The incidence rate of invasive fungal infection was 1.65 % ( 35/2 116 ). The morbidity was 20. 00% ( 7/35 ). ( 2 ) Mean infected day was ( 10. 4 ±- 8. 3 ) d after admission. The clinical manifestations included fungal pneumonia( 60. 0% ), peritonitis ( 14. 3% ), urinary tract infection ( 11.4% ),intestinal tract infection(8. 6% ) ,sepsis(2. 9% ) and meningitis(2. 9% ). All of the patients had used broad spectrum antibiotic. (3) The risk factors of invasive fungal infection included lower pediatric critical illness score, mechanical ventilation, indwelling gastric tube, urinary drainage tube and continuous blood purification.(4) Candia albicans was the predominant pathogen in invasive fungal infection. Conclusion Invasive fungal infection has become one of the main nosocomial infection in PICU. Lung is most commonly involved and candida albicans is the major pathogen. Using antibiotics appropriately, decreasing unnecessary invasive performance,and rationally using antifungal agent mi.ght be effective strategy for invasive fungal infection in PICU.     

Risk factors associated with pediatric intensive care unit admission and mortality after pediatric stem cell transplant: possible role of renal involvement

Background

Hematopoietic stem-cell transplant (HSCT) is associated with many risk factors for life-threatening complications. Post-transplant critical illness often requires admission to the pediatric intensive care unit (PICU).

Methods

A retrospective analysis was made on the risk factors associated with PICU admission and mortality of all HSCT patients at Helen DeVos Children’s Hospital from October 1998 to November 2008.

Results

One hundred and twenty-four patients underwent HSCT, with 19 (15.3%) requiring 29 PICU admissions. Fifty patients received autologous, 38 matched sibling, and 36 matched un-related donor HSCT, with 10%, 13% and 25% of these patients requiring PICU admission, respectively (P=0.01). Among the HSCT patients, those who were admitted to the PICU were more likely to have renal involvement by either malignancy requiring nephrectomy or a post transplant complication increasing the likelihood of decreased renal function (21.1% vs. 4.8%, P=0.03). PICU admissions were also more likely to receive pre-transplant total body irradiation (52.6% vs. 27.6%, P=0.03). Among 29 patients with PICU admission, 3 died on day 1 after admission, and 5 within 30 days (a mortality rate of 17%). Thirty days after PICU admission, non-survivors had a higher incidence of respiratory failure and septic shock on admission compared with survivors (80% vs. 16.7%, P=0.01 and 80% vs. 4.2%, respectively, P=0.001). Two survivors with chronic renal failure underwent renal transplantation successfully.

Conclusions

Total body irradiation and renal involvement are associated with higher risk for PICU admissions after HSCT in pediatric patients, while septic shock upon admission and post-admission respiratory failure are associated with mortality.     

Sedation analgesia in pediatric intensive care

Provision of optimum comfort control to a critically ill child, in Pediatric Intensive Care Unit (PICU) requires a great degree of skill and planning and should be a prime concern for all practising paediatricians. Failure to provide adequate sedation and analgesia to control the stress response has been seen to be associated with increased complications and mortality. Sedation/analgesia in PICU is required both for, short term procedure and as an adjunct to pediatric intensive care. One has to identify the requirement whether sedation, analgesia or both. The ideal approach should be a sedative/hypnotic for sedation, an anxiolytic for anxiety, and an analgesic for pain. Threfore, it is essential, to provide the right drug for the problem at the right time in the right dosage. The drugs commonly used for sedation analgesia in PICU and their side effects have been described here.     

Non-invasive ventilation in pediatric intensive care

The aims of this paper are: to examine the physiological rationale for noninvasive respiratory support (NRS) in children with acute respiratory failure (ARF); to review clinical available data and to give some practical recommendations to its safe application. NRS is the delivery of ventilatory support without the need of an invasive airway. Two types of NRS are commonly used in the pediatric population: non-invasive continuous positive airway pressure (nCPAP) and non-invasive positive pressure ventilation (nPPV). In general, the evidence to promote the use of NRS in children with ARF is scarce. However, two randomized studies have been recently published suggesting that nPPV ameliorates clinical signs and gas exchange while reducing the need for endotracheal intubation. Moreover, nCPAP and heliox may improve clinical scores and CO2 washout in infants with severe bronchiolitis, without major complications. Data from non controlled studies show that NRS unloads the respiratory muscles and that the helmet can be a valid alternative to facial and/or nasal mask when nCPAP is administered to children in the early stage of ARF.