腮腺切除术中面神经的解剖和观测

为了探讨面神经颅外段的走行,对120例由于各种原因进行保留面神经的腮腺腺叶切除术的患者,在术中对其面神经出颅后的走行、分支及其与邻近组织的关系等进行了解剖测量观察。观测包括面神经主干的长度、宽度以及各个分支发出的部位,各个分支的解剖特点。结果表明:颞支位置深在,分支较多;颧支位置深在,较粗大,分支相对较少,位置恒定;颊支分为①上下颊支型;②融为一支型;③一支再分型三种情况;下颌缘支位置较表浅,较细且走行长,分支多为2～3支。对手术时如何利用邻近解剖关系正确地寻找面神经进行了分析。     

腮腺切除术中面神经的解剖和观测

为了探讨面神经颅外段的走行，对１２０例由于各种原因进行保留面神经的腮腺腺叶切除术的患者，在术中对其面神经出颅后的走行、分支及其与邻近组织的关系等进行了解剖测量观察。观测包括面神经主干的长度、宽度以及各个分支发出的部位，各个分支的解剖特点。结果表明：颞支位置深在，分支较多；颧支位置深在，较粗大，分支相对较少，位置恒定；颊支分为①上下颊支型；②融为一支型；③一支再分型三种情况；下颌缘支位置较表浅，较细且走行长，分支多为２～３支。对手术时如何利用邻近解剖关系正确地寻找面神经进行了分析。     

选择性手术显微镜下腮腺切除减少面瘫发生的实验研究

目的探讨保护神经外血管系,减少神经局部缺血造成面神经核细胞逆行性变性所致面瘫的途径.方法选用健康家兔,采用自体对照方法,模拟人腮腺全切术.实验侧在手术显微镜下游离面神经切除腮腺,保护神经外血管系.对照侧镜下完成相同手术,但破坏神经外血管系.15只兔分为三组,术后2、3、4周分别取面神经核光镜下观察.结果实验侧术后面瘫症状轻微,发生率低.对照侧面瘫显著.术后4周对照侧面神经核细胞数少于实验侧(P＜0.05).结论手术显微镜下解剖面神经切除腮腺,保护外血管系,可减少因神经局部缺血造成的面瘫.     

Facial Nerve Function After Parotidectomy for Neoplasms with Deep Localization

PURPOSE: To determine whether the deep location of a parotid gland neoplasm is specific risk factor for facial nerve paralysis after parotidectomy. METHODS: We retrospectively reviewed 88 patients, including 59 with a benign superficial neoplasm of the parotid treated by superficial parotidectomy (group 1); 5 with a benign deep neoplasm treated by total parotidectomy (group 2); 20 with a malignant superficial neoplasm treated by total parotidectomy (group 3); and 4 with a malignant deep neoplasm treated by total parotidectomy (group 4). RESULTS: Temporary facial nerve paralysis developed in 10.3%, 20%, 10%, and 50% of groups, 1, 2, 3, and 4, respectively. Permanent facial nerve paralysis developed in 0%, 0%, 10% and 50% of groups 1, 2, 3, and 4, respectively. CONCLUSION: The risk factor associated with nerve damage resulting from surgery for parotid neoplasms were malignancy and deep localization. However, the deep location of a benign tumor was not a major risk factor for permanent paralysis.     

A prospective, randomized trial for use of prednisolone in patients with facial nerve paralysis after parotidectomy

Background

A high rate of facial nerve paralysis (FNP) develops after parotid surgery, but there have been few clinical trials on treatments to improve recovery times. This study evaluated the efficacy of prednisolone in these patients.

Methods

A total of 123 patients who underwent parotidectomy without injury to the facial nerve were assessed prospectively for postoperative FNP. These patients were assigned randomly to treatment with prednisolone or placebo for 10 days. FNP was evaluated by House-Brackmann grades. Recovery rates and adverse effects were monitored regularly for 6 months after surgery.

Results

Of the 123 patients, 45 had postoperative FNP. All FNPs were grades II to IV, mostly on 1 or 2 facial areas. The incidence of FNP was increased significantly with malignant pathology, increased parotidectomy extent, and neck dissection (P < .01). Of 44 evaluable patients, 43 showed full recovery of FNP after 6 months, whereas 1 patient had permanent FNP. Recovery rates were equal in both groups, and there was no evidence of major adverse effects.

Conclusions

Prednisolone was ineffective in early recovery from postparotidectomy FNP.     

Anatomic variation of the relation between the facial nerve and the retromandibular vein during superficial parotidectomy: A rare case report

IntroductionIdentification and preservation of the facial nerve (FN) is a major challenge when performing parotidectomy. Anatomic variations of the relation between the FN and the retromandibular vein (RMV) pose a high risk of nerve injury and bleeding during the operation.Presentation of caseAn unusual anatomic variation of the relation between the FN and the RMV was unexpectedly detected during superficial parotidectomy. The operation was uneventful. A meticulous review of the recent literature was conducted as well.DiscussionVariations of the relation between the FN and the RMV are mainly identified during the operation, since when performing parotidectomy, surgeons typically detect all the FN branches by locating the RMV. Such kind of variations, are not as rare as considered and their presence complicates parotid surgery and increases the potentiality of nerve injury and hemorrhage.ConclusionSurgeons’ deep knowledge and perpetual awareness concerning the probable anatomic variations of the relation between the FN and the RMV combined with detailed exposure of the operative field and of the relationship between these adjacent anatomical structures lead to safe parotid surgery.     

带耳大神经的胸锁乳突肌肌瓣在腮腺癌手术修复中的应用

目的探讨腮腺深叶癌根治手术切除后,面部凹陷畸形及面神经缺损进行功能性修复的新方法,并评价临床疗效。方法对12例腮腺深叶癌侵袭周围骨质的患者,采取开放面神经管,将癌瘤、腮腺、受累面神经及周围骨质(包括乳突、茎乳孔、茎突及下颌升支后缘)扩大切除,利用面神经管内段正常的神经干断端与胸锁乳突肌肌瓣相连的耳大神经进行吻合,同时利用胸锁乳突肌肌瓣填充凹陷畸形。结果开放面神经管利用耳大神经胸锁乳突肌肌瓣功能性修复的方法,9例腮腺区凹陷畸形明显恢复常态,2例因肿瘤复发再次手术切除留有明显凹陷畸形,1例因局部感染,组织液化,肌肉萎缩,出现凹陷。面神经功能完全恢复,恢复时间最短为12周,最长20周,平均163周。同时提高了肿瘤的局部控制率。结论开放面神经管腮腺癌根治术,用耳大神经-胸锁乳突肌肌瓣即时修复,既达到了面部凹陷畸形的整复,又实现了面神经的功能性修复,同时减少肿瘤的局部复发,符合功能外科修复的发展要求,是一种临床应用效果比较理想的方法。     

耳屏周小切口在腮腺良性肿瘤切除中的应用

【摘要】目的评估耳屏周小切口在腮腺良性肿瘤切除术中应用的临床价值。方法30例腮腺良性肿瘤患者,应用耳屏周小切口行浅叶部分切除、保留面神经和耳大神经的腮腺良性肿瘤切除术。术后随访3～24个月,观察耳屏周小切口的美观度及临床疗效。结果所有患者均临床Ⅰ期愈合,术后腮腺功能良好,无涎瘘发生。随访,患者双侧外形对称,无凹陷等畸形,手术切口隐蔽,患者对耳周切口美学效果满意。本研究中出现术后暂时性面瘫患者2例,皮质激素并配合神经营养药物综合治疗后3个月均恢复正常;出现术后耳垂麻木不适患者4例,手术后3～10个月均逐渐恢复。本研究中所有患者均未出现味觉出汗综合征,无肿瘤复发。结论耳屏周小切口隐蔽、瘢痕小、并发症低,术后美容效果理想。     

腮腺手术中耳大神经后支保留的临床意义

目的 探讨腮腺手术中耳大神经后支保留的可行性、方法及临床价值。方法 我们对48例腮腺肿瘤患者，按常规隐蔽切口腮腺手术方法进行治疗，保留或不保留耳大神经后支。分别于术后10d及1、6、12个月进行随访，检测耳廓上部、耳垂、耳下区、耳前区和耳后区的触觉、痛觉，并观察其感觉变化情况。结果 48例中35例耳大神经后支保留，耳廓上部及耳后区感觉无减退。术后早期耳前、耳垂及耳下区感觉有不同程度的减退，以耳前区最明显，随着时间延长症状逐步好转，6个月时感觉接近正常。另13例耳大神经切断患者感觉减退症状更加明显，恢复时间延长。结论 腮腺手术中耳大神经后支保留是可行的，所采用的方法可靠，可减轻局部麻木感，提高患者术后早期生活质量，降低神经切断后产生局部永久性麻木的可能性。     

用带胸锁乳突肌瓣的耳大神经重建腮腺癌根治术缺损的面神经

目的探讨腮腺癌根治术造成面神经缺损的修复方法和临床效果。方法对腮腺癌根治术并造成面神经缺损的病例，应用带蒂胸锁乳突肌瓣的耳大神经移植修复，肌瓣修复创面同时在手术显微镜下进行面神经与耳大神经吻合，即刻修复面神经。结果临床修复8例，术后随访3～6个月，面瘫症状均有改善，面神经功能恢复达Ⅱ级6例，Ⅲ级2例。结论带胸锁乳突肌瓣的耳大神经瓣移植修复面神经，为神经修复提供了良好的血运，能有效的恢复面神经的功能。     

Electrophysiologic facial nerve monitoring during parotidectomy

Facial nerve monitoring is an adjunctive method available to a surgeon during parotid surgery to assist with the functional preservation of the facial nerve. This review describes the goals, applications, technique, and benefits of electrophysiologic facial nerve monitoring during parotid surgery. A review and analysis of the relevant medical literature related to electrophysiologic facial nerve monitoring during parotid surgery are included. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck, 2010     

A prospective controlled double-blind trial of great auricular nerve preservation at parotidectomy

BACKGROUND: Earlier reports of the advantages of preservating the posterior branches of the great auricular nerve (GAN) at parotidectomy were conflicting. This prospective study was aimed at clarifying the controversy. METHODS: Eighty-one patients in a university otolaryngology department were recruited. The posterior branches were preserved whenever initial dissection showed that tumor clearance would not be compromised. Touch-pressure sensation was monitored in predefined territories supplied by the GAN using a Semmes-Weinstein aesthesiometer, preoperatively and postoperatively. Minimal pressure thresholds obtained were compared between the two groups. RESULTS: Preservation of the GAN was achievable in 69% of patients; sensory deficit was transient. With the GAN divided, measurable sensory depression occurred up to 2 years after surgery. The difference is statistically significant. Patients' subjective assessment of numbness also conformed to these trends. Additional time taken for preservation of the GAN was about 10 minutes. CONCLUSIONS: The posterior branches should always be preserved if tumor clearance is not compromised.     

腮腺及面神经急性损伤的急诊治疗体会

目的探讨腮腺及面神经急性损伤的诊断和治疗。方法 2012年6月至2013年6月,对21例腮腺及面神经急性损伤患者进行急诊处理。充分术前准备后,针对腮腺、腮腺导管、面神经主干及各分支损伤,采取不同判断方法,即时行破裂修补及吻合术。术后随访并统计疗效。结果 93%腮腺破裂及导管断裂的患者完全治愈,7%患者出现腮腺漏,经换药、抑制腺体分泌药物和加压包扎等治疗后康复;66%面神经吻合的患者基本恢复,24%的患者部分恢复,10%的患者未恢复。结论应对腮腺及面神经急性创伤进行严格检查,并对腮腺及面神经急性损伤进行及时诊断和治疗。     

Modified partial superficial parotidectomy versus conventional superficial parotidectomy improves treatment of pleomorphic adenoma of the parotid gland

Background

Surgical treatment of pleomorphic adenoma of the parotid gland remains a subject of major debate. The investigators compared postoperative complications and surgical parameters between modified partial superficial parotidectomy and conventional superficial parotidectomy.

Methods

Clinical records of 129 patients were reviewed and analyzed for clinical characteristics.

Results

Compared with the conventional superficial parotidectomy group, the modified partial superficial parotidectomy group had significantly lower rates of auricular numbness, Frey's syndrome, and obvious facial asymmetry (all P values <.05). The distance between the primary tumor capsule and satellite nodules ranged from .06 to 8.48 mm, and the greatest distance between the primary tumor capsule and satellite nodules was observed in tumors >4 cm. Furthermore, satellite nodules were more common in tumors >4 cm than in tumors <2 cm or tumors between 2 and 4 cm (all P values <.05).

Conclusions

Modified partial superficial parotidectomy compares favorably surgically and clinically with conventional superficial parotidectomy in certain patients.     

Benign intraparotid neurilemoma of the facial nerve

Parotid gland tumors are uncommon in children and intraparotid tumors of the facial nerve are even less so. It thus seems worthwhile to record this case of a neurilemoma of the right facial nerve within the parotid gland of a 14 yr old boy.     

Adenoid cystic carcinoma of the parotid gland: Anastamosis of the facial nerve with the great auricular nerve after radical parotidectomy

Adenoid cystic carcinoma of the parotid gland is a rare and slowly growing, but highly malignant tumor. Surgical resection of a malignant parotid tumor should include resection of the facial nerve when the nerve is involved in the tumor. Facial nerve reconstruction is required after nerve resection. A 14 year-old female presented with complaints of painless enlargement of the right parotid gland and facial asymmetry. Physical examination revealed a firm mass in the region of the parotid gland as well as right facial paralysis. Biopsy obtained from the mass showed an adenoid cystic carcinoma of the parotid gland. A radical parotidectomy with a modified radical neck dissection was carried out. Grafting material for the facial reconstruction was harvested from the great auricular nerve. The proximal main trunk and each distal branch of the facial nerve were coapted with the greater auricular nerve. The patient received radiotherapy after surgery and was seen to achieve grade IV facial function one year after surgery. Thus, the great auricular nerve is appropriate grafting material for coaptation of each distal branch of the facial nerve.     

Reversible facial nerve palsy due to parotid abscess

INTRODUCTIONA facial nerve palsy combined with parotid enlargement usually suggests malignancy. It is highly unusual for facial nerve palsy to result from a benign situation such as inflammation or infection of the gland.PRESENTATION OF CASEWe present a rare case of facial nerve palsy due to parotid abscess.DISCUSSIONA literature search retrieved thirty-two cases of facial nerve palsy due to benign parotid lesions since 1969. Only nine reported the presence of a parotid abscess. The etiology of paralysis remains unknown although certain factors such as the virulence of the offending organisms or perineuritis, have been suggested. Best diagnostic evaluation and management are discussed.CONCLUSIONIn clinical practice, exclusion of malignancy is mandatory, as it represents the most common cause of facial palsy in the presence of a parotid lump.     

下颌舌骨神经与面神经吻合的应用解剖

目的　为确保面神经与下颌舌骨神经顺利吻合提供参考。方法　在 2 5具 (5 0例 )尸头上解剖观察了下颌舌骨神经在颌下的走行、分支及双侧分支吻合情况。结果　下颌舌骨神经从下齿槽神经分出后在下颌舌骨沟内至下颌骨下缘处为第一段。从下颌骨下缘向前行至第一次分支为第二段 ,其长度为 13.6 1± 3.0 9mm ,直径为 1.2 1± 0 .14mm。从第一次分支后分别至二腹肌前腹与下颌舌骨肌的各分支为第三段 ,其中至二腹肌前腹支长度为 13.0 7±2 .49mm ,直径为 1.0 3± 0 .12mm ,至下颌舌骨肌支长度为 11.2 1± 1.75mm ,直径为 1.0 4± 0 .11mm。两侧之间有吻合。结论　该神经易于暴露 ,走行及分支均较恒定。适合于进行神经吻合。