Deep circumflex iliac artery perforator flap with iliac crest for oromandibular reconstruction

When combined with iliac bone, perforator flaps are more chimeric, and there is increased mobile skin island to reconstruct soft tissue defects in the oral and maxillofacial region. This study examined oromandibular defects reconstructed using deep circumflex iliac artery perforator flap with iliac crest (DCIAPF). We retrospectively reviewed records of 23 patients with mandibular defects received DCIAPFs after oncological resection for oromandibular reconstruction from November 2015 to August 2016. All perforators, identified before surgery by Doppler examination, were terminal perforators of DCIA. DCIAPFs were successfully harvested in all patients. The flap survival rate was 95.6% (22/23); one flap failed due to artery spasm. Three patients developed slight skinedge necrosis in the skin island. Anatomical reconstruction contour of the mandible and sufficient bone length and height were achieved, with no serious donor-site complications during the follow-up period. The results demonstrated that DCIAPF is a favorable single-flap option for oromandibular reconstruction after oncological resection with fewer donor-site complications because of its adequate bone tissue and satisfactory soft tissue, with a constant location of the perforator.     

延长颏下动脉穿支皮瓣血管蒂修复口腔颌面部缺损的临床应用

目的:本研究通过延长颏下动脉穿支皮瓣(submental artery perforator flap,SMAPF)血管蒂的3种方法修复口腔颌面部距供区较远的缺损,并对其可行性及临床效果评价.方法:选取自2019年1月—2021年2月于中国医科大学附属口腔医院颌面头颈肿瘤外科就诊并收治,行同侧颏下动脉穿支皮瓣手术修复口...     

Anterolateral thigh myocutaneous flaps as the preferred flaps for reconstruction of oral and maxillofacial defects

BackgroundThe anterolateral thigh myocutaneous flap is one of the most commonly used flaps in reconstructive procedures, but its application in oral and maxillofacial defects has not been fully determined. Herein, we summarize the application of 1212 anterolateral thigh myocutaneous flaps in the repair of oral and maxillofacial defects and examine their benefits in maxillofacial reconstruction of these defects.MethodsPatients were recruited from February 2002 to June 2013 in the Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery of Central South University. All patients underwent reconstructive surgery employing anterolateral thigh myocutaneous flaps. Patient ages ranged from 6 to 82 years with a mean age of 51.2 years. There are 1015 flaps showing single lobe and 197 flaps showing a multi-island pedicle and one of which carries the iliac bone. The largest area among the single flaps was 28 × 12 cm², and the smallest was 3 × 2 cm².ResultsAmong the 1212 transferred flaps, 1176 survived and 36 showed necrosis, a survival rate of about 97.0%. The common complications at flap donor site were poor wound healing (10.1%), localized paraesthesia (50.1%), and altered quadriceps force (11.0%). No cases presented with local serious complications, and 90% of patients achieved good functional recovery and aesthetically acceptable results after reconstruction of oral and maxillofacial defects at various locations using anterolateral thigh myocutaneous flaps. The time (23–121 min; average 51 min) for anastomosis of one vein and one artery was significantly less than that for two veins and one artery (45–153 min, average 83 min; p = 0.0003), which indicates one vein anastomosis can significantly reduce the operating time.ConclusionThe anterolateral thigh myocutaneous flaps can be easily obtained and can provide a good amount of muscle for filling dead space and fascia lata. These flaps can be prepared into a separate fat flap, multi-island fascia with iliac bone, and other composite pedicle flaps to meet the various requirements of oral and maxillofacial defects. The subcutaneous fat thickness of the anterolateral area can vary considerably and thus can be used to repair defects requiring different flap thickness. Therefore, the anterolateral thigh myocutaneous free flaps are more suitable for oral and maxillofacial defects than other flaps.     

颏下区岛状肌皮瓣在口腔颌面部软组织缺损重建中的应用

目的:探讨颏下区岛状肌皮瓣在口腔颌面部软组织缺损重建中的临床应用效果.方法:以颌外动脉、面前静脉的分支颏下动、静脉为蒂制备颏下区岛状肌皮瓣,修复口腔颌面部软组织缺损.结果:应用该皮瓣修复的14例患者,12例全部成活,1例出现部分坏死,1例失败,成功率92.9%,全部病例切除原发灶同时行同侧颈淋巴结清扫术,术后外观与功能满意.结论:颏下岛状皮瓣具有长而可靠的血管蒂、厚薄适中、成活率高、切口隐蔽、无需血管吻合、操作简单等优点,是口腔颌面部软组织缺损一期重建的理想选择.     

游离腓肠内侧动脉穿支皮瓣修复头颈部缺损的初步研究

目的 探讨游离腓肠内侧动脉穿支皮瓣在头颈部缺损修复中的应用.方法 2010年4月至2011年1月16例患者头颈部肿瘤切除后拟用游离腓肠内侧动脉穿支皮瓣修复组织缺损,术前采用超声多普勒血流仪或彩色多普勒超声检测穿支血管,设计皮瓣,术中记录皮瓣大小、穿支血管的数目和血管蒂长度,术后观察游离瓣成活情况,随访记录供区愈合情况及评价术后并发症.结果 最终完成游离腓肠内侧动脉穿支皮瓣修复16例,15例皮瓣术后成活,1例术后因静脉危象手术探查后皮瓣部分存活.供区15例直接缝合,1例植皮.15例供区Ⅰ期愈合,1例因术后供区肌肉坏死行清创手术后愈合.14例术后随访3～ 12个月,所有患者供区除因瘢痕致远端皮肤触觉异常外,远期无明显功能障碍.结论 游离腓肠内侧动脉穿支皮瓣供区并发症轻微,适用头颈部中小型缺损修复.     

穿支皮瓣修复口腔颌面-头颈部缺损专家共识

穿支皮瓣由皮肤穿支血管供血,是常用的组织缺损修复形式,但头颈部解剖复杂、缺损形式多样以及穿支血管解剖变异等,阻碍了穿支皮瓣在口腔颌面-头颈部缺损修复中的进一步应用。迄今为止,国内外对于穿支皮瓣修复口腔颌面-头颈部缺损临床应用缺少相关治疗指南,穿支血管的术前评价缺乏统一标准,穿支皮瓣的应用设计缺乏科学的规范,穿支皮瓣修复术后缺少客观的监测和评价体系。为进一步统一和规范穿支皮瓣在口腔颌面-头颈部缺损修复中的应用,提高重建效果,本共识总结全国多家著名医学院校及附属医院口腔颌面外科专家团队的实践经验,供临床医师参考。     

口腔颌面部缺损游离皮瓣修复中血管吻合的技巧及关键点

血管吻合的质量是决定游离皮瓣移植修复术是否成功最为关键的因素。游离皮瓣在修复口腔颌面部缺损的应用中存在血管选择、受区血管相关术中表现和血管吻合技术等方面的诸多特点及技巧。同时,术后对皮瓣危象、并发症进行判断和处理时也有较多的关键点。笔者的团队在近年来开展了大量的口腔颌面缺损游离皮瓣修复,在口腔颌面颈部的血管吻合方面积累了大量的经验。本文针对口腔颌面缺损游离皮瓣修复中动静脉吻合的技巧、血管选择、血管危象的判断及处理等问题进行评述。     

���˵�����ƽ��ù������沿Ѫ�ܻ�����������Χ�񾭱��������ٴ��о�

??The lateral femoral circumflex artery system perforator flaps include anterolateral thigh perforator flap supplied by the lateral descending branch and oblique branch of lateral femoral circumflex artery??anteromedial thigh perforator flap supplied by the medial descending branch of lateral femoral circumflex artery??and tensor fascia lata perforator flap by the ascending branch of lateral femoral circumflex artery. The advantages of these flaps include the low donor site morbidity?? the convenient donor site??the good vascular quality??the large soft tissue volume??the ability to be harvested as a chimeric flap with multiple various tissue components??and being far from the head and neck region which is fit for two-team approach. The lateral femoral circumflex artery system perforator flaps can be flexibly chosen according to the different defects??so as to obtain the best effect in oral and maxillofacial reconstruction.     

带蒂肌(皮)瓣修复口腔颌面部组织缺损123例临床分析

目的 :探讨几种带蒂肌 (皮 )瓣移植在口腔颌面部组织缺损修复中的临床效果和适应症。方法 :对1995 .1.-2 0 0 3 .9.间采用带蒂肌 (皮 )瓣移植修复口腔颌面部组织缺损的 12 3例临床资料做回顾性分析 ,包括受区缺损情况、组织瓣的类型、成活情况及术后并发症等多方面。结果 :12 3例中 12 0例为肿瘤切除术后缺损的同期修复 ,3例为放射性颌骨坏死缺损的修复。 12 2例患者安全度过围手术期 ,1例在术后第 2d死于消化道应激性溃疡导致的失血性休克。胸大肌皮瓣 ( 4 0例 )、胸锁乳突肌皮瓣 ( 3 7例 )和颈阔肌皮瓣 ( 3 5例 )为最多采用的组织瓣 ,占全部带蒂组织瓣的 91% ( 112 /12 3 )。移植成功率为 92 .6% ( 113 /12 2 ) ,受区和供区总的并发症发生率为 2 1%。结论 :带蒂肌 (皮 )瓣可以较好地修复口腔颌面部的组织缺损 ,应根据缺损的组织量、部位、缺损范围和全身情况选用不同的带蒂组织瓣     

游离组织瓣修复头颈部缺损手术后的管理

目的 :探讨头颈部游离组织瓣移植围手术期的管理 ,形成临床常规。方法 :3 3例游离组织瓣显微血管吻合修复面颈部缺损 ,对其围手术期所发生的问题进行分类 ,分析可能影响组织瓣成活的各种因素、围手术期用药及处理。结果 :3 3例游离组织瓣 3 2例成功 ,1例失败 ,成功率为 97.0 %。 2例出现静脉血栓 ,组织瓣血栓的发生率为 6.1% ,重新手术探查吻合 ,1例成功 ,另 1例坏死 ,抢救成功率为50 %。术后并发症的发生率为 3 6.4%。结论 :游离组织瓣移植最易出现的并发症是血管危象和血肿 ,及时处理可防止组织瓣坏死     

腓肠内侧动脉穿支皮瓣的应用解剖及临床研究

目的: 通过对腓肠内侧动脉穿支皮瓣的解剖学研究,探讨制备腓肠内侧动脉穿支皮瓣的合理性及稳定性;并对临床上应用腓肠内侧动脉穿支皮瓣修复的患者的供区及受区术后恢复情况等进行随访,评价其在口腔颌面部缺损修复重建中的应用价值。方法: 选取 6 例中国成人下肢标本,解剖并记录腓肠内侧动脉穿支的数目、分布、部分层面血管外径及各段血管长度;同时对16 例口腔鳞癌术后缺损患者采用腓肠内侧动脉穿支皮瓣进行修复重建,皮瓣面积 3 cm×4 cm~6 cm×8 cm。术后随访12 个月,观察皮瓣存活情况,受区臃肿度,供区功能恢复,术后吞咽及语言功能情况。结果: 6 例下肢标本共测量记录到腓肠内侧动脉穿支14 条,平均 2.3 条。小腿腓肠内侧动脉穿支平均距腘皱褶下缘（9.15±4.05）cm, 距后正中线（2.82±0.91）cm,源动脉起始处外径平均为（2.11±0.17）mm。血管蒂总长度平均为（12.61±3.15）cm;16 例腓肠内侧动脉穿支皮瓣,2 例发生血管危象并部分坏死,2 例失访（术后随访 10~47 个月,平均 24 个月）。2例皮瓣移植发生血管危象伴部分坏死病例未纳入随访。腓肠内侧动脉穿支皮瓣存活率较高,供区影响小,组织量适中,受区外形不臃肿,质地、弹性良好,吞咽、语言功能均无明显影响。结论: 腓肠内侧动脉穿支皮瓣穿支数目及分布稳定,血管蒂长度及管径完全满足游离皮瓣移植要求,供区影响小,组织量适中,皮瓣受区不臃肿。结合其解剖稳定性,是口腔颌面部软组织中小型缺损修复重建的理想选择。     

游离腹壁下深动脉穿支皮辦修复头颈肿瘤术后缺损

目的:探索供区功能损伤更小的腹壁下深动脉穿支(DIEAP)皮瓣,用于头颈部肿瘤术后缺损修复。方法:2004年1月～2006年12月,应用DIEAP皮瓣修复头颈部手术缺损患者共12例。手术缺损部位分别为全舌或近全舌缺损6例,面中部缺损3例,颊黏膜洞穿缺损2例,颅底合并头皮缺损1例。结果:11例DIEAP皮瓣修复成功(92%),1例因吻合侧的颈内静脉血栓形成导致皮瓣坏死。供区一期愈合,未发现腹壁疝和腹壁隆起等手术并发症。结论:游离DIEAP皮瓣保留了腹直肌和前鞘,将供区并发症降到最低限度,是头颈部缺损修复新的可靠技术。     

两种血管吻合方式对游离组织瓣修复口腔颌面部缺损中皮瓣成活的影响

目的比较国产73-Ⅱ型血管套接器与普通血管缝合两种血管吻合方式对游离组织瓣修复口腔颌面部缺损中皮瓣成活的影响。方法根据不同的血管吻合方式将2005年10月至2012年1月间本院63例应用游离组织瓣修复口腔颌面部缺损的患者分为两组,血管套接组（n=32）修复时采用国产73-Ⅱ型血管套接器吻合动脉及静脉,普通血管缝合组（n=31）采用血管缝线吻合血管,比较两组病例血管吻合时间,术后皮瓣危象发生率、皮瓣成活率,以及患者面部外形、面部功能恢复情况。结果血管套接组、普通血管缝合组血管吻合时间分别为（15.66±8.76）分钟、（65.55±15.14）分钟,两组吻合时间有统计学差异（P〈0.05）。两组共移植组织瓣63例,术后发生皮瓣危象3例,成活61例,皮瓣危象发生率4.76%,总成活率为96.83%。血管套接组移植游离组织瓣32例,术后发生皮瓣危象1例、成活31例,皮瓣危象发生率3.13%、成活率96.88%;普通血管缝合组移植游离组织瓣31例,术后发生皮瓣危象2例、成活30例,皮瓣危象发生率6.45%、成活率96.77%。两组术后皮瓣危象发生率、皮瓣成活率均无显著差异（P〉0.05）。所有患者的创口均一期愈合。所有患者面部外形恢复良好、舌体运动、咬合关系及吞咽功能基本正常。结论游离组织瓣移植修复口腔颌面部缺损安全有效,患者面部外形、功能恢复满意。术中血管套接和普通缝合吻合血管的方法,术后皮瓣危象发生率和皮瓣成活率基本相同,但血管套接法吻合速度快、易于掌握,临床上需根据具体病情,结合患者自身经济条件进行选择。     

口腔颌面部43例吻合血管的游离组织瓣应用分析

目的　探讨吻合血管的游离组织瓣移植在口腔颌面部缺损修复中的应用价值。方法　对中山大学附属第二医院口腔颌面外科 2 0 0 0年 12月～ 2 0 0 3年 9月完成的 4 3例吻合血管的游离组织瓣移植患者的临床资料进行分析 ,包括临床病理诊断、手术后的缺损情况、所采用组织瓣的类型、受区血管和吻合方式、组织瓣成活情况及术后并发症等。结果　移植成活率为 97.7% (42 / 4 3)。出现血管危象 6例 ,5例抢救成功 ,1例失败。术后口腔和颈部创面均Ⅰ期愈合 ,无涎瘘、乳糜漏、口底颌下瘘和感染等并发症发生。组织瓣移植后外形和功能恢复良好。结论　吻合血管的游离组织瓣的运用拓宽了口腔颌面部缺损修复方式的选择范围 ,运用得当可以获得较高成功率。     

Use of the lateral circumflex femoral artery perforator flap in the reconstruction of gunshot wounds to the face.

PURPOSE: The reconstruction of large avulsive tissue loss in the head and neck region is one of the most difficult tasks faced by reconstructive surgeons. The advent of free tissue transfer has improved our ability to predictably reconstruct these patients. One of the most recent advances in the field of microvascular surgery is the use of perforator flaps. We have used the lateral circumflex femoral artery perforator (LCFAP) flap for reconstructions in patients who have suffered severe gunshot wounds (GSWs) to the maxillofacial area. METHOD: A retrospective chart review was conducted of patients treated with a LCFAP flap in our division for large defects of the face resulting from GSWs between July 2005 and July 2006. The patient's age and gender, site and size of defect, and degree of bone and soft tissue loss were recorded. Flap survival and donor site morbidity were noted as outcomes of the reconstruction. RESULTS: Four patients who met the inclusion criteria were identified. The success rate for the flaps was 100%. There was no partial necrosis of the flaps. The size of the defect ranged from 20 x 10 cm to 10 x 10 cm. None of the patients had donor site complications, and all donor sites were closed primarily. CONCLUSIONS: Use of the LCFAP flap for the reconstruction of large defects secondary to GSWs to the face is a reliable option for the immediate reconstruction of this patient population. The lateral circumflex femoral artery perforator (LCFAP) flap is at a site not involved in the immediate resuscitation of trauma patients, thus ensuring an intact vascular system. This fact makes the LCFAP flap a reliable source for small to large soft tissues for reconstructing avulsive soft tissue losses in the head and neck.     

Clinical anatomical study and evaluation of the use of the free anteromedial thigh perforator flaps in reconstructions of the head and neck

The anteromedial thigh (AMT) perforator flap is usually thin, pliable, and nearly hairless, making it particularly suitable to repair defects of the head and neck. We studied the topography and outcomes of AMT perforator flaps in such defects after excision of tumours. We retrospectively reviewed the casenotes of 11 consecutive patients who had had reconstructions of the head and neck with the initial intent of using an AMT perforator flap from January 2010 to July 2011. For each patient we recorded the size and thickness of the flap; the length of the pedicle; and the number, external diameters, anatomical types, source vessels, and sites of the sizeable perforators. Of the 11 patients, 10 had successful reconstruction using AMT perforator flaps, but one had no AMT perforator big enough. The mean (range) number of sizeable perforators/flap was 1.3 (1–2), length of pedicle 10.6 (7–13) cm, and diameter of the artery 1.1(1.0–1.5) mm. Of the 13 sizeable perforators, 3 were direct and septocutaneous. The remaining ones were all musculocutaneous. Most of them were located in the middle third of the thigh. Primary closure of the donor site was achieved in all patients. One flap was successfully revised after compression of the perforator. All flaps survived with good functional and aesthetic outcomes. The free AMT perforator flap is suitable for reconstructions of the head and neck if a sizeable perforator can be found. The AMT flap may be used as a primary flap rather than as an alternative to the anterolateral thigh flap or a component of a chimeric flap.     

多种组织瓣在口腔颌面部组织缺损中的应用

目的：总结12种组织瓣整复口腔颌面部软组织缺损的临床应用价值、技术特点及适应症。方法：对68例口腔颌面部大、中型组织缺损的患者，立即用带蒂肌皮瓣和游离组织瓣进行舌、口底、面颊部、腮腺区等部位的修复重建，并对效果进行观察。结果：54块带蒂肌皮瓣成功率为96．3％（52／54），使用最多的是胸大肌皮瓣；17块游离组织瓣成功率为88．3％（15／17），使用最多的是前臂游离皮瓣。所用各类组织瓣修复效果良好。结论：用组织瓣立即整复口腔颌面部组织缺损，可及时恢复口腔颌面部功能，对提高患者生存质量起到积极作用。     

1 212块股前外侧肌皮瓣在口腔颌面缺损修复中的应用

目的 探讨游离股前外侧肌皮瓣在口腔颌面部修复重建的价值。方法 收集2002年2月-2013年6月间在中南大学湘雅二医院口腔颌面外科住院,进行了股前外侧肌皮瓣修复的患者1 185例（1 212块皮瓣）。记录并统计患者的基本资料、缺损部位、皮瓣的面积及类型、受区血管的处理方法、供区并发症、患者术后生存质量等情况。结果 1 212块皮瓣成活1 176块,坏死36块,成活率97.0%。皮瓣供区无严重并发症出现。股前外侧肌皮瓣重建口腔颌面部各个部位的缺损后,90%以上的患者得到了良好的功能恢复及美观效果。吻合1根静脉与吻合2根静脉相比,可以显著地缩短显微操作时间（P=0.000 3）。2组的静脉危象发生率、抢救成功率及静脉危象导致的皮瓣坏死率均无统计学差异（P>0.05）。结论 股前外侧肌皮瓣组织供应量大,可满足口腔颌面部各个部位缺损的修复要求。股前外侧肌皮瓣比其他游离皮瓣,更适合用于口腔颌面部缺损修复,应作为首选皮瓣。     

Application of a new classification of chimeric anterolateral thigh free flaps

BackgroundThe anterolateral thigh free flap is one of the most commonly used flaps in reconstructive procedures. The purpose of this study was to assess this new classification of chimeric anterolateral thigh free flaps.MethodsSixty-five patients underwent free anterolateral thigh chimeric free flap reconstruction of defects in the head and neck region. We summarized the anatomic features of perforators, including the number and origin of the perforators.ResultsSixty-five cases of femoral anterolateral double island flaps were divided into 3 types: trunk type (type I), 11 cases (16.9%), in which the perforators of two flaps originated in the descending branch and the transverse branch of the lateral femoral circumflex artery; branch type (type II), 45 cases (69.3%), in which both the perforators originated in the descending branch or the transverse branch of the lateral femoral circumflex artery; and bifurcation type (type III), 9 cases (13.8%), in which two perforators originated in the bifurcation of one perforator that originated in the descending branch or the transverse branch of the lateral femoral circumflex artery. All 65 flaps survived and none showed partial necrosis.ConclusionsThe anterolateral thigh chimeric flap can be divided into 3 types: trunk type (I type), branch type (II type) and bifurcation type (III type).