冠状动脉旁路移植术后神经系统并发症的危险因素分析

目的：分析冠状动脉旁路移植术后神经系统并发症的危险因素，为临床选择治疗方法和评估预后提供依据。方法：将本院1999年1月1日至1999年12月31日间完成的537例冠状动脉旁路移植术（CABG）患按中枢神经系统并发症117wgq (21.8％),其中表现为精神异常（如烦躁不安、躁狂、神志淡漠）112例（20.9%），表现为脑梗塞5例（0.9%）。单因素显性分析发现年龄、术前合并高血压、糖尿病、外周血管栓塞史、搭桥同期进行其他心脏内手术、体外循环时间、主动脉阻断时间、体重指数与中枢神经系统并发症发生率有相关性。多因素logistic回归分析结果显示：外周血管栓塞史、高血压和糖尿病病史、CABG术同期行其他心脏内手术、高龄、搭桥支数、左室射血分数是独立的相关危险因素。结论：外周血管栓塞史、高血压和糖尿病病史、CABG术同期行其他心脏手术、高龄、搭桥支数、左室射血分数是中枢神经系统并发症的危险因素。     

冠状动脉旁路移植术后早期心律失常与血浆脑钠肽水平关系的临床研究

目的调查冠状动脉旁路移植术后早期心律失常的发生率,探讨其发生与围手术期血浆脑钠肽水平等多因素的关系。方法连续收集130例接受冠状动脉旁路移植术患者,按术后早期是否发生心律失常分为心律失常组42例,非心律失常组88例,回顾性调查两组病人相关临床资料,检测术前及术后各时段血浆脑钠肽水平的变化,进行统计学分析。结果术后心律失常的发生率为32．3％。两组病人术前心肌梗死病史及左室射血分数有显著性差异,心律失常组病人术前、术后24 h、72 h及1周时的血浆BNP水平均明显高于非心律失常组。心律失常的发生与术后血清钾水平有关,而与病人的年龄、性别及桥支数无关。结论冠状动脉旁路移植术后早期心律失常的发生与术前及围术期心功能状态及术后血清钾水平有关。术前高的血浆脑钠肽水平可能是预测术后心律失常发生的重要指标。     

左心室射血分数对冠状动脉内膜剥脱术后心肌梗死发生的预测价值

目的:探讨左心室射血分数对弥漫性冠状动脉病变（DCAD）患者行冠状动脉内膜剥脱术（CE）后发生早期心肌梗死的预测价值及左心室射血分数的影响因素。方法:本研究为前瞻性、观察性研究。选取2018年5月—2020年12月于首都医科大学附属北京安贞医院行CE+冠状动脉旁路移植术（CABG）的DCAD患者。术前收集患者的年龄、性...     

冠状动脉旁路移植术后低氧血症的分析和防治

目的探讨冠状动脉旁路移植术后低氧血症发生的危险因素和防治措施。方法回顾性分析冠状动脉旁路移植术后患者低氧血症的发生与年龄、术前肺功能、左室射血分数（LVEF）、体外循环时间、肺部感染的关系及低氧血症发生后的处理效果和死亡率。结果64例冠状动脉旁路移植术患者,术后发生低氧血症17例,发生率为26．6％。低氧血症组与正常组在年龄、FEV1．0％、LVEF、体外循环时间、肺部感染率等相关危险因素方面比较差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。结论积极防治低氧血症是降低冠状动脉旁路移植术死亡率的重要措施。     

疏血通注射液对STEMI患者直接PCI术心肌灌注和临床预后的影响

目的 探讨应用疏血通注射液对ST段抬高型急性心肌梗死（STEMI）患者直接经皮冠状动脉介入治疗（PCI）术后心肌灌注和临床预后的影响。方法 80例行直接PCI的STEMI患者随机分为疏血通组（40例）和替罗非班组（40例）,比较两组基础临床情况、介入治疗结果、术后30 min ST段回落情况、出血事件、住院期间左室射血分数(LVEF)及6个月内主要心脏不良事件(MACE)（死亡、再次心肌梗死、靶血管的再次血运重建、严重心力衰竭）。结果 共有79例完成试验,两组术前血管开通率、术后TIMI血流、校正的TIMI血流帧数（CTFC）、术后30 min ST段回落>50%的获得率、出血事件、住院和随访期间MACE的发生率均无明显差异。疏血通组和替罗非班组在住院期间各有1例死亡,在6个月随访期间疏血通组有1例死亡,1例复发心肌梗死,替罗非班组有1例行冠状动脉旁路移植术。结论 疏血通注射液联合STEMI直接PCI术在改善PCI术后的心肌灌注和患者的临床预后方面与替罗非班无显著差异。     

非体外循环下冠状动脉旁路移植术疗效分析

目的:分析非体外循环下冠状动脉旁路移植术的临床疗效。方法:回顾性分析2013年2月至2016年10月在上海市第十人民医院心脏外科进行首次单纯非体外循环下冠状动脉旁路移植术的264例患者的临床资料,观察术中桥血管流量情况,对比术前、术后(出院前)、术后1年的超声心动图指标,并探讨左室射血分数变化与术中桥血管流量的关系。结果:术中动脉桥平均每支流量低于静脉桥平均每支流量[(36.7±23.0)m L/min对(42.9±25.2)m L/min],不同移植数量的桥血管总流量之间具有显著性差异(P均0.01)。术后早期左房内径、左室舒张末期内径、左室收缩末期内径均较术前下降(P均0.01);术后1年左室射血分数较术前改善(P0.01),改善程度与术中桥血管的流量存在相关性。结论:非体外循环下冠状动脉旁路移植术中增加移植血管数量及吻合口数量可增加冠状动脉血流量,充分再血管化能够改善术后心脏收缩功能。     

不停跳冠状动脉旁路移植术对糖尿病患者术后早期结果的影响

目的探讨糖尿病对冠状动脉旁路移植术的手术病死率和并发症发生率的影响作用.方法回顾分析1995年10月-2004年1月958例择期行冠状动脉旁路移植术的患者,其中191例并发糖尿病.糖尿病和无糖尿病患者按是否应用体外循环进一步分为四组,对四组患者术前、术后资料进行对比分析.结果糖尿病组应用体外循环患者手术病死率为5.6%,糖尿病组不停跳冠状动脉旁路移植术患者为2.1%.结论糖尿病是影响冠状动脉旁路移植术预后的危险因素,不停跳冠状动脉旁路移植术能显著减少糖尿病患者的手术病死率和并发症发生率.     

冠心病严重左心室功能不全的冠状动脉旁路移植术

本文报告６例冠心病无室壁瘤等心肌梗死并发症而有严重左心室功能不全（左室射血分数≤３０％）的冠状动脉旁路移植术。对手术适应证及围术期处理进行了讨论。     

非体外循环与体外循环下冠状动脉旁路移植术围术期脑损伤的比较研究

目的 :通过测量血浆S10 0蛋白浓度的变化 ,比较非体外循环和体外循环下冠状动脉旁路移植术围术期脑损伤的程度。方法 :首次冠状动脉旁路移植术患者 40例被随机分为两组 :①A组 :非体外循环心脏跳动下冠状动脉旁路移植术 ;②B组 :体外循环心脏停跳下冠状动脉旁路移植术。两组患者年龄、性别、射血分数和吻合口数等无显著性差异 (P >0 .0 5 )。从术前到术后 48h共 8个时间点内测定血浆S10 0蛋白浓度。结果 :两组患者术后均无死亡及明显脑损伤。A组术后血浆S10 0蛋白浓度轻微升高 ,而B组体外循环中血浆S10 0蛋白浓度明显升高 ,直到术后 6h恢复到正常水平。B组血浆S10 0蛋白峰值浓度是A组的 3倍 (2 .17μg/L和 0 .74μg/L ,P <0 .0 1)。结论 :血浆S10 0蛋白浓度变化显示非体外循环下冠状动脉旁路移植术后脑和 (或 )血脑屏障损伤的程度比体外循环下冠状动脉旁路移植术轻微。     

冠心病合并二尖瓣中度关闭不全患者冠状动脉旁路移植术联合二瓣置换术的效果

目的总结冠心病(CAD)合并二尖瓣中度关闭不全患者外科手术治疗病例及手术经验。方法 27例就诊于大庆油田总医院胸心外科的冠心病合并二尖瓣中度关闭不全患者,其中单纯行冠状动脉旁路移植术(CABG)22例,同期行二尖瓣置换(MVR)手术5例。观察患者术前、术中、术后瓣膜反流程度、左室射血分数(LVEF)及左室大小。结果全组患者无死亡,术后瓣膜反流程度、左心室大小较术前均减轻(P<0.05),MVR组较CABG组在左室大小和LVEF方面改善更明显。结论对于CAD合并二尖瓣中度关闭不全的患者,术式的选择需综合考虑瓣膜反流原因、心脏改变情况、反流束情况、心功能以及术中食道超声检查结果。     

Influence of diabetes mellitus and complications on long-term outcome of coronary artery bypass surgery

The influence of diabetes mellitus and complications on the long-term outcome of coronary artery bypass graft surgery (CABG) was investigated in 192 consecutive patients who underwent elective CABG between January 1992 and March 1996. Of these, 102 patients were diabetic and 90 were nondiabetic. Preoperative and postoperative left ventricular ejection fraction, number of grafts, use of arterial conduit, and frequency of perioperative infarction were all similar in the 2 groups. During a mean follow-up of 3.2 years, diabetics showed higher cardiac mortality than nondiabetics (15% vs 3%, p = 0.01). Cardiac event-free survival was also low in diabetics, and this difference increased throughout the period (91% vs 99% at 2 years, 74% vs 90% at 4 years in diabetics and nondiabetics, respectively, by Kaplan-Meier analysis, p = 0.008). Multivariate Cox regression analysis revealed postoperative low ejection fraction and diabetes mellitus as independent predictors of late cardiac death. Major causes of cardiac death in diabetics were sudden death, pump failure and acute myocardial infarction. Additionally, subgroup analysis in diabetics using the Cox regression model identified postoperative low ejection fraction, female gender and diabetic nephropathy as independent predictors of late cardiac death. Thus, patients with diabetes have a worse clinical outcome after CABG, especially when associated with low ejection fraction, female gender and diabetic nephropathy. Intensive management of heart failure, prevention of myocardial infarction and specific strategy for female patients are all essential to improve the long-term outcome of diabetics after CABG.     

Therapeutic approaches to postoperative ischemia

Previous attempts to identify predictors of cardiac complications, an important cause of postoperative morbidity and mortality following noncardiac surgery, have focused mainly on the patient's preoperative state. Our research group, however, has found that adverse cardiac outcome correlates most highly with the appearance of at least 1 ischemic episode determined by continuous ambulatory electrocardiographic monitoring (AEM) in the early postoperative period. Such early postoperative ischemia conferred (1) a greater than 9-fold increased risk of experiencing in-hospital cardiac death, nonfatal myocardial infarction, or postoperative unstable angina, and (2) a greater than 2-fold increased long-term (2-year) risk of cardiac death, myocardial infarction, or angina requiring coronary angioplasty or coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG). Additionally, 5 predictors of such postoperative ischemia were identified: left ventricular hypertrophy, diabetes mellitus, hypertension, definite coronary artery disease, and preoperative digoxin use. These findings suggest that patients who are at high risk for postoperative myocardial ischemia warrant more intensive postoperative monitoring. Moreover, since such ischemia is potentially reversible, the testing of strategies designed to prevent or manage postoperative ischemia appears warranted and is discussed. Our group also has established the usefulness of AEM for identifying ischemic episodes in patients undergoing CABG. However, patients who require cardiopulmonary bypass present unique problems regarding the interpretation of AEM recordings. We describe guidelines for the interpretation of AEM results obtained under these conditions and suggest criteria based on the degree of interpretability for patient inclusion in future studies.     

冠心病患者介入治疗失败后行急诊冠状动脉旁路移植术的预后

目的 探讨冠心病患者经皮冠状动脉介入治疗失败后行急诊冠状动脉旁路移植术(CABG)的预后.方法回顾性分析2002年1月至2010年12月阜外心血管病医院11例经皮冠状动脉介入治疗失败后行急诊CABG患者的临床资料,并进行随访.院内随访内容包括心脏性死亡、Q波心肌梗死、肾功能不全、神经系统事件;院外随访的研究终点为主要心血管不良事件,包括死亡、心肌梗死和靶病变血管重建.结果 患者年龄(61±5)岁.冠状动脉造影显示三支病变患者5例(45.5％).在介入治疗的靶血管病变中,9例(81.8％)位于左前降支,中、重度钙化、慢性完全闭塞及弥漫性长病变分别为3例(27.3％)、4例(36.4％)和4例(36.4％).11例患者均有行急诊CABG的指征,其中冠状动脉夹层5例(45.5％)、冠状动脉穿孔 3例(27.3％)、病变无法充分扩张1例(9.1％)、血管急性闭塞1例(9.1％)和支架脱载1例(9.1％).CABG术后随访(47±33)个月.院内随访期间,发生心脏性死亡1例(9.1％),Q波心肌梗死2例(18.2％).院外随访期间,1例(9.1％)患者死于肾功能衰竭,无因心原性事件再次住院的患者.结论经皮冠状动脉介入治疗失败后行急诊CABG多见于复杂冠状动脉病变,术后患者的长期预后良好.     

冠心病合并2型糖尿病患者冠状动脉多支病变PCI与CABG术后5年随访

目的比较冠状动脉粥样硬化性心脏病(冠心病)合并2型糖尿病冠状动脉多支病变患者经皮冠状动脉介入治疗(PCI)置入药物涂层支架(DES)与冠状动脉旁路移植术(CABG)后远期疗效。方法连续入选2002年12月至2008年12月住院期间的冠心病合并2型糖尿病患者,并成功行择期血运重建的多支冠状动脉病变患者,分为CABG组(n=270),DES组(n=285)。随访5年,从术后30 d开始到5年止结束,随访包括全因死亡、心源性死亡、非致死性卒中、非致死性心肌梗死、心绞痛复发和再次血运重建的主要不良心脑血管事件(MACE)。结果入选患者随访率100%。CABG组与DES组两组间5年全因死亡率(1.11%vs.1.40%)、心源性死亡率(0%vs.0%)、非致死性卒中发生率(2.22%vs.2.81%)无统计学差异(P0.05)。DES组非致死性心肌梗死发生率(3.15%)、心绞痛复发率(17.89%)、再次血运重建率(12.28%)均高于CABG组(分别为1.11,5.56%,0.74%),差异均有统计学意义(P0.05~0.01)。结论多支冠状动脉病变合并2型糖尿病患者CABG与PCI治疗5年生存率无明显差异,但多支冠状动脉病变合并2型糖尿病患者DES支架置入远期心绞痛复发率、再次血运重建率,非致死性心肌梗死发生率高于CABG组。     

女性冠心病合并糖尿病患者冠状动脉病变特点

目的:探讨冠心病合并糖尿病患者冠状动脉病变特点及其相关危险因素,以及糖尿病对冠状动脉病变的作用机制。方法:2000年7月至2003年12月行冠状动脉造影术(CAG)确诊为冠心病的女性患者162例,年龄45～81岁,平均(60.63±8.41)岁。按有无糖尿病(DM)分为DM组41例,非DM组121例,2组之间比较其相关临床因素及造影情况、治疗情况,进行卡方检验或t检验,分析其差异有无显著性。结果:1.DM组与非DM组比较,胆固醇(TC)、甘油三酯(TG)、高密度脂蛋白(HDL)、低密度脂蛋白(LDL)、体重指数(BMI)均差异有显著性,除HDL外,余指标均为DM组高。DM组高血压、心肌梗死、冠心病发生率高于非DM组(P<0.05);2.DM组病变血管支/人、多支病变、弥散病变、血管中重度狭窄病变数及百分比均高于非DM组(P<0.05);3.DM组需经皮冠状动脉介入治疗(PCI)和冠状动脉旁路移植术(CABG)人数及百分比也高于非DM组(P<0.05)。结论:糖尿病是发生冠心病的独立危险因素,并常与高血压、脂代谢紊乱/或肥胖等因素同时存在。女性冠心病伴发糖尿病者,其冠状动脉病变程度加重,多支病变、弥散病变多、心肌梗死等危险心脏事件发生率高。     

Risk analysis of urgent coronary artery bypass grafting

We analyzed the risk factors of morbidity and mortality associated with urgent coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) for impending myocardial infarcton. Among 1,428 consecutive patients who underwent isolated on-pump CABG between 1992 and 1998, a total of 126 were urgent cases. Their inhospital and long-term data were analyzed by the Kaplan-Meier method or logistic model. The mean number of grafts performed during urgent CABG was 3.2, and arterial reconstruction was performed in 117 (93.9%) cases. Major postoperative complicatons occurred in 64 cases (50.8%), and there were 9 inhospital deaths (7.1%). Significant predictor of inhospital death, identified by multivariate analysis, was a history of cerebral vascular accident. During a mean follow-up period of 3.1 years, there was a total of 7 remote deaths giving an actuarial 5-year survival rate of 93.5% (excluding inhospital deaths). Remote cardiac events occurred in 23 patients, giving an actuarial 5-year event-free rate of 74.8%. Multivariate logistic regression analysis found that risk factors influencing cardiac events were poor left ventricular function, preoperative renal dysfunction, postoperative use of intra-aortic balloon pumping, and postoperative induction of dialysis, while those influencing survival were previous myocardial infarction. Comparing elective CABG performed in the same period, the inhospital mortality of urgent cases was 33.8 times higher. Among hospital-survivors, patients after urgent CABG demonstrated fair long-term survival and future development of cardiac events. All efforts to achieve complete revascularization and frequent use of the internal mammary artery may contribute to improving the long-term results; however, careful management is necessary for patients with poor cardiac function.The paper was presented in part at the 41st Annual World Congress, International College of Angiology, Sapporo, Japan, July 3–10, 1999.     

80岁以上冠状动脉旁路移植术的临床观察

目的:总结80岁以上超高龄患者冠状动脉旁路移植术(CABG)的临床特点和结果。方法:对阜外心血管病医院2003年8月至2013年7月期间,112例行CABG的80岁以上患者的临床资料进行回顾性分析。记录术前一般情况、冠状动脉病变、合并疾病、治疗情况、术中手术方式、术后恢复情况以及并发症和病死率。结果:术前3支病变或合并左主干病变的患者占72%,66%的患者合并高血压,52%高血脂,22%心律失常,31%糖尿病,19%呼吸功能不全,58%不稳定心绞痛,9.8%急性心肌梗死,23%陈旧性心肌梗死,22%脑卒中史。70例患者常温下行CABG术,42例体外循环下行CABG术,其中3例为CABG+室壁瘤切除术。平均旁路移植数量为(2.7±0.6)支。全组死亡3例,围术期心肌梗死2例,延迟苏醒5例,肺部感染8例,机械通气时间延长13例,新发生脑卒中2例,肾替代治疗4例,出血需二次手术6例。结论:80岁以上的超高龄冠心病患者,体外循环和非体外循环CABG均可提供安全有效的治疗效果,对于术前冠状动脉病变程度较重,术中需要再血管化搭桥数量较多、合并室壁瘤切除或其他心脏直视手术的患者,采用体外循环下手术。对于冠状动脉病变适合不停跳条件下就可以充分再血管化的患者,采用非体外循环CABG是适宜的手术方式。     

Influence of peripheral vascular occlusive disease on the morbidity and mortality of coronary artery bypass grafting

The impact of peripheral vascular occlusive disease (PVD) on outcome for patients who have undergone coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) was assessed by comparing preoperative and intraoperative patient characteristics and outcome in 2 groups of patients who underwent CABG (patients with PVD, n=96; patients without PVD, n=593). Patients with PVD were significantly older (69+/-8.4 vs 63+/-8.7; p<0.0001), and had a higher incidence of diabetes mellitus (48% vs 32%; p<0.01), hypertension (62% vs 46%; p<0.01), preoperative cerebral infarction (26% vs 12%; p<0.001) and chronic renal dysfunction (11% vs 4.4%; p<0.01) than those without PVD. Postoperative morbidity and mortality were assessed, after those risk factors were adjusted, using multivariate logistic regression analysis. The perioperative myocardial infarction (PMI) rate and in-hospital mortality rate were significantly higher in patients with PVD than in patients without PVD (9.4% vs 3.0%; p=0.0108, 17% vs 2.7%; p=0.0003, respectively). The odds ratio of PMI and in-hospital mortality were 3.4 (95% confidence intervals (CI): 1.3-8.6) and 4.3 (95% CI: 2.0-9.5), respectively. Although the excess mortality rate was mainly the result of cardiac problems, such as low output syndrome or arrhythmia, in most of the cases, PVD, which may frequently prevent the use of the intraaortic balloon pump, also seemed to have a strong relation to postoperative morbidity and mortality.     

Early and late results of coronary artery bypass grafting in the elderly

This study is a review of our experience with elderly patients, who have undergone coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG). Of 357 patients who underwent elective CABG from April 1982 to May 1986, 50 patients (14.0%) were 65 years old or older. The incidence of preoperative cardiac conditions in the elderly was almost the same as that in patients less than 65 years of age. The incidence of noncardiac preoperative conditions in the older patients, such as diabetes mellitus, renal dysfunction, concomitant malignant disease, atherosclerotic lesion of the ascending aorta, was significantly higher than that in the younger age group. Early surgical mortality was 4.0% (2 cases) in the older group, and 1.3% (4 cases) in the younger group. There was no significant difference in statistics. The incidence of major postoperative complications was not significantly different between the two age groups, except that of cerebral infarction, which was significantly higher in the elderly group (6.0% vs 0.3%, p less than 0.001). The rate of a long postoperative hospital stay was also significantly higher in the older group (43.8% vs 30.0%, p less than 0.05). Long-term results, such as late mortality, symptom-free rate and graft patency, showed no significant differences between the two age groups. It is concluded that CABG can be performed in selected older patients with relatively low mortality and morbidity. Special attention should be paid to prevent perioperative cerebral infarction.