109例绝经后出血患者B超、针吸术、分段诊刮及宫腔镜检查四种诊断方法的比较

目的　绝经后出血是一种常见的临床主诉 ,造成绝经后出血的原因可能为子宫内膜癌、内膜息肉、黏膜下肌瘤和炎症等。及时地对绝经后出血的患者进行诊断是很重要的。本研究旨在通过比较阴道B超、针吸、诊刮和宫腔镜检查对绝经后出血的诊断 ,分析其各自的优缺点。方法　本试验取 2 0 0 1年 1月～ 2 0 0 3年 8月在我院就诊的绝经后出血的患者共 1 0 9例 ,每位患者均行阴道超声检查和分段诊刮术 ,其中 31名患者在行分段诊刮前行针吸术 ,74名在诊刮的同时行宫腔镜检查。结果　阴道B超提示子宫内膜厚度≤ 4mm ,无内膜癌和增生性疾病发生。针吸给患者带来的痛苦小 ,对子宫内膜癌的检出率与分段诊刮相似 ,均为 6 6 7%。分段诊刮的病理和宫腔镜下诊断完全一致者占 71 6 2 % ,有近 30 %漏诊。宫腔镜诊断子宫内膜癌的敏感性为 1 0 0 % ,特异性为 85 71 %。分段诊刮和宫腔镜结合对子宫内膜的病变检出率最高。结论　对于绝经后出血的患者 ,可先行阴道B超 ,如超声提示内膜厚度≤ 4mm ,在没有高危因素的情况下 ,可免于分段诊刮 ,但应密切随诊。在子宫内膜厚度 >4mm无高危因素下 ,可行针吸术代替分段诊刮。如阴道B超示有异常回声或存在高危因素 ,则应行分段诊刮和 或宫腔镜检查。     

阴道B超检测绝经后子宫出血妇女子宫内膜厚度的临床价值132例分析

为了探索早期发现子宫内膜病变的无创伤性诊断方法 ,我们对 132例绝经后子宫出血妇女诊刮术前用阴道Ｂ超检测子宫内膜厚度 ,并与诊刮术后子宫内膜病理检查结果进行对照性分析 ,以评估阴道Ｂ超检测绝经后子宫出血妇女子宫内膜厚度的临床价值。1　资料与方法1 1　研究对象　选择我院 1996年 10月至 1999年 10月门诊及住院的绝经后子宫出血、无激素替代治疗的妇女132例。年龄 43～ 74岁 ,平均 (5 7 2 0± 6 86 )岁 ,绝经时间1～ 2 9年 ,平均 (8 40± 2 5 1)年。1 2　方法　所有患者在行诊刮术前 1天或当天行阴道Ｂ超检查 ,仪器采用德国生产的…     

乳腺癌术后服用他莫昔芬对子宫内膜的影响研究

目的探讨乳腺癌术后服用他莫昔芬(TAM)对子宫内膜的病理影响。方法收集2011年1月至2017年12月首都医科大学附属北京妇产医院收治的乳腺癌手术治疗患者共622例,术后197例服用TAM,其中59例患者因异常阴道流血或超声子宫内膜异常行宫腔镜诊刮术,将其分为绝经前组及绝经后组,以服药时间3年及5年为界值,分析子宫内膜病理情况。子宫内膜异常增生包括子宫内膜癌、子宫内膜不典型增生,其余为良性子宫内膜病变及正常子宫内膜,根据子宫内膜病理结果分析绝经前及绝经后超声诊断异常子宫内膜增生的标准。结果乳腺癌术后服用TAM患者197例,其中59例行宫腔镜诊刮术,因异常阴道流血就诊者占32.2%(19/59),经病理证实有子宫内膜病变者占76.3%(45/59),其中子宫内膜息肉的发生率最高;绝经前子宫内膜癌发生率为3.4%(1/29),子宫内膜不典型增生发生率为20.7%(6/29);绝经后子宫内膜癌发生率为20.0%(6/30),无子宫内膜不典型增生的发生。TAM服用时间超过3年或5年,子宫内膜癌及不典型增生的发生率均增加(P0.05)。绝经前子宫内膜厚度与子宫内膜异常增生有关(P=0.035),当超声子宫内膜厚度达15mm时可作为诊断绝经前异常子宫内膜增生的最佳超声诊断阈值;而绝经后子宫内膜厚度与子宫内膜异常增生无关(P=0.631)。结论乳腺癌术后服用TAM能够引起子宫内膜息肉及子宫内膜增生,绝经前患者亦有子宫内膜癌及不典型增生的发生,不可忽视对服用TAM绝经前妇女子宫内膜的监测。服用TAM时间超过3年者,需更加警惕子宫内膜病变的发生。绝经前超声子宫内膜厚度15mm可作为诊断异常子宫内膜增生的最佳超声诊断阈值;绝经后仍以超声子宫内膜厚度5mm作为子宫内膜异常增生标准。     

宫腔镜7Fr冷刀在绝经后子宫内膜息肉中的临床应用价值

目的:探讨宫腔镜7Fr冷刀在绝经后子宫内膜息肉中的诊断和治疗价值。方法:将2020年3月1日至2022年6月1日湖北省妇幼保健院收治的185例绝经后子宫内膜增生患者分为息肉组(165例)和非息肉组(20例),比较两组患者的临床特点和超声影像学特点。再根据治疗方式将165例息肉组患者分为诊刮组、冷刀组和电刀组,比较3组患者在治疗上耗费的时间、住院总费用和手术效果。结果:(1)子宫内膜息肉在绝经后内膜增生患者中占比为89.19%,内膜恶变患者占比为1.08%。(2)将息肉组和非息肉组患者的临床特征进行比较,患者绝经年数的差异有统计学意义((印)χ(正)~2=-2.27,P<0.05),其他特征比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。(3)宫腔镜诊断绝经后子宫内膜息肉的诊断准确性(敏感度92.70%,特异度70.00%)明显优于超声诊断(敏感度63.60%,特异度45.00%)。(4)宫腔镜7Fr冷刀组患者用对于绝经后子宫内膜息肉的完全切除率达到100%,术中及术后并发症为0,治疗总费用适中。结论:宫腔镜7Fr冷刀对于绝经后的子宫内膜息肉可以完成诊疗同步,且对扩张子宫颈的要求相对较低,从而降低了手术难度和风险,医疗总费用也相对适中,值得在临床上推广使用。     

绝经期子宫内膜增厚患者临床病理分析

目的探讨绝经后无症状子宫内膜增厚患者病理情况及临床处理原则。方法选取2008年1月至2010年11月在上海市长宁区妇幼保健院就诊的绝经后超声提示子宫内膜增厚而无症状者184例(无症状组)行宫腔镜检查,取组织进行病理检查;并与同期伴有阴道出血或阴道排液的绝经后子宫内膜增厚患者99例(出血组)进行比较。结果无症状组子宫内膜增厚患者经宫腔镜检查病理多数为子宫内膜息肉(119例,64.67%)或黏膜下小肌瘤(17例,14.67%),符合绝经后正常表现16例(7.61%),仅有9例(4.89%)为子宫内膜癌患者。出血组子宫内膜增厚患者子宫内膜息肉28例(28.28%),黏膜下小肌瘤4例(4.04%),符合绝经后正常表现18例(18.18%),子宫内膜癌37例(37.37%)。结论绝经后无症状子宫内膜增厚患者经宫腔镜检查病变阳性检出率高(>90%),以子宫内膜息肉为主。宫腔镜检查是探查无症状子宫内膜增厚患者的首选方法。     

宫腔镜在诊断绝经后妇女子宫内膜病变中的应用价值

目的探讨宫腔镜在诊断绝经后妇女子宫内膜病变中的临床应用价值,从而为绝经妇女的子宫内膜病变提供相应依据。方法选择2013年4月~2014年12月在本院就诊的绝经后超声提示子宫腔内异常回声的患者107例。按随机数字表法分为观察组52例和对照组55例,观察组采用宫腔镜诊断,对照组采用诊刮法诊断,分析两组子宫内膜病变的诊断结果差异。结果观察组对病变组织检出率明显高于对照组,其中子宫内膜息肉观察组检测出11例(91.67%),对照组检测出5例(35.71%);子宫内膜下肌瘤观察组检测出14例(100%),对照组检测出7例(43.75%);子宫内膜炎观察组检测出9例(90%),对照组检测出2例(25%);子宫内膜增生观察组检测出11例(100%),对照组检测出5例(38.46%);子宫内膜癌观察组检测出5例(100%),对照组检测出1例(25%),两组患者子宫内膜病理检查结果比较,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。本研究表明观察组在诊断子宫内膜息肉、子宫内膜下肌瘤、子宫内膜炎、子宫内膜增生、子宫内膜癌与对照组相比检出率更高。结论宫腔镜在诊断绝经后妇女子宫内膜病变中更加有效,更具有应用价值。     

绝经后妇女阴道超声与子宫内膜病变的相关性

阴道超声测量子宫内膜厚度对预测绝经后妇女子宫内膜的病理变化有重要的价值。正常萎缩的子宫内膜很薄,声像法测量为２～３ｍｍ。在未接受雌激素替代疗法的妇女中,超声检查子宫内膜〈５ｍｍ,无行诊刮术必要。子宫内膜≥５ｍｍ应作诊刮术,进一步病理检查明确诊断。绝经后妇女采用雌激素替代治疗,建议子宫内膜〈８ｍｍ为阈值界限,在无症状的妇女中不需作进一步检查。阴道超声测量子宫内膜厚度可作为绝经后妇女子宫内膜病理变化的     

绝经后阴道出血患者诊断性刮宫前B检测子宫内膜的价值

评估绝经后阴道出血患者应用Ｂ超检测子宫内膜，以减少不必要的诊断刮宫术的价值。方法１９２例绝经后阴道出血患者，于诊刮术前行Ｂ超检查，测量子宫大小及子宫内膜厚度，然后进行分段诊刮术，标本送病理检查。结论：高分辨阴道Ｂ超检测，可作为绝经后出血患者进行诊刮术前的一种筛选手段，当超声检测内膜厚度≤４ｍｍ时，可考虑避免诊刮术。     

改良子宫内膜采集器在阴道内镜下的临床应用

目的评价改良子宫内膜采集器联合阴道内镜检查诊断子宫内膜病变的临床应用价值。方法2015年5月至2015年10月对74例可疑宫腔病变患者应用改良子宫内膜采集器(改良采集器组)通过阴道内镜检查评估宫腔状态后采集子宫内膜组织送病理学检查,并与宫腔镜检查定位诊断性刮宫(诊刮组)结果进行比较。结果子宫内膜采集器及宫腔镜定位诊断性刮宫标本满意率均为94.59%(70/74)。74例患者中,改良采集器组确诊为子宫内膜恶性病变7例,其特异度为98.41%(62/63),灵敏度为63.64%(7/11),诊刮组确诊为子宫内膜恶性病变11例,两种方法的符合率为93.24%(69/74),Kappa值为0.699,ROC曲线下面积为0.810。结论使用改良子宫内膜采集器可在阴道内镜检查后直接进行内膜活检,并且可获取较满意标本。     

宫腔超声造影术对诊断宫腔内病变的作用

宫腔内各种病变如:子宫内膜息肉、子宫黏膜下肌瘤、先天性子宫畸形及宫腔粘连是引起阴道不规则出血、不孕及习惯性流产的常见病因。对其治疗主要为经腹、经阴道常规手术及宫腔镜手术。其治疗方式的选择对于手术的成功率,术后症状缓解程度和妊娠结局等有决定性的影响。目前经腹超声(TAS)和经阴道超声 (TVS)是宫内病变诊断的首选方法,但其敏感性、特异性较低,不能辨别病变的细节,不能为治疗提供准确的指导。其他如:子宫输卵管造影术(HSG)、诊刮术 (D&C)及诊断性宫腔镜都有其局限性。本文通过对 61例患者进行宫腔超声造影术 (sonohyst…     

Comparison of transvaginal sonography, saline infusion sonography and hysteroscopy in the evaluation of uterine cavity pathologies

AIMS: To determine whether performing transvaginal sonography (TVS) and saline infusion sonography (SIS) before hysteroscopy could reduce the number of diagnostic hysteroscopies performed for the evaluation of uterine cavity abnormalities. METHODS: Two hundred and twenty three women with suspected uterine cavity abnormalities were prospectively evaluated by TVS, SIS and hysteroscopy, and had histological evaluation of the endometrium with hysteroscopic biopsy or dilatation and curettage (D&C). One hundred and sixty five patients (74%) were premenopausal and 58 patients (26%) were postmenopausal. RESULTS: The positive predictive value (PPV) for endometrial polyps was 69% for TVS, 78% for SIS and 81% for hysteroscopy in premenopausal patients. In the postmenopausal group, TVS and SIS could detect only 24% of endometrial polyps, whereas 70% were diagnosed by hysteroscopy. The PPV for submucous fibroids was 47% for TVS, 81% for SIS and 77% for hysteroscopy in the premenopausal group. CONCLUSIONS: In premenopausal patients, SIS and hysteroscopy are equally accurate in the diagnosis of endometrial polyps and submucous fibroids. Hysteroscopy is the most accurate test for polypoid lesions in the postmenopausal group. Performing TVS, SIS and D&C could reduce the number of diagnostic hysteroscopies performed for the evaluation of uterine cavity abnormalities by 71.5% in premenopausal patients. However, this rate decreases to 40% in the postmenopausal group.     

Diagnostic value of hysteroscopy and hysterosonography in endometrial abnormalities in asymptomatic postmenopausal women

Objective  To estimate the diagnostic value of hysteroscopy and hysterosonography in endometrial pathologies in asymptomatic postmenopausal women. Materials and methods  In this prospective study, 77 asymptomatic postmenopausal women that had a suspicion of endometrial abnormalities based upon transvaginal ultrasonography were studied. The patients underwent transvaginal ultrasonography and hysterosonography. All patients then had office diagnostic hysteroscopy or operative hysteroscopy. The final diagnosis was made by operative hysteroscopy with resection and excision of the lesions or endometrial biopsy with vacuum curettage. Sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value and negative predictive value of transvaginal ultrasonography, hysterosonography and diagnostic hysteroscopy were calculated. Results  The patients’ age ranged from 45 to 80. The most common frequent abnormalities were endometrial hyperplasia in transvaginal ultrasonography (62.33%), endometrial polyp in sonohisterography (57.14%), and also endometrial polyp in diagnostic hysteroscopy (51.94%). Transvaginal ultrasonography revealed a sensitivity of 59.7% and a specificity of 35.5%. Sonohysterography revealed a sensitivity of 88.8% and a specificity of 84.4%. Diagnostic hysteroscopy revealed a sensitivity of 91% and a specificity of 82%. Conclusion  Hysterosonography showed very good agreement with hysteroscopy for the diagnosis of endometrial abnormalities in asymptomatic postmenopausal women. In asymptomatic postmenopausal women that had a suspicion of endometrial abnormalities based upon transvaginal ultrasonography should undergo both hysterosonography and hysteroscopy.     

Hysteroscopy and transvaginal ultrasonography in postmenopausal women with uterine bleeding.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the accuracy of hysteroscopy and transvaginal ultrasonography (TU), based on a histopathological report from endometrial specimens, in diagnosing endometrial pathology in menopausal women with uterine bleeding. METHODS: Four-hundred and nineteen postmenopausal women with uterine bleeding underwent TU, hysteroscopy and endometrial biopsy. Hysteroscopic and sonographic findings have been evaluated on the basis of the final diagnosis established by histologic examination. Sensitivity, specificity and positive predictive value of TU at an endometrial thickness cut-off point of 4 and 8 mm (double layer technique) and of panoramic hysteroscopy have been detected. RESULTS: Normal and abnormal endometrium was found in 222 and in 197 women, respectively. TU showed sensitivity of 95.1%, specificity of 54.8% and positive predictive value of 63.7% at a cut-off limit of 4 mm. With a cut-off limit of 8 mm the corresponding figures were 83.8%, 81.3% and 79.4%. Hysteroscopy demonstrated a sensitivity of 96.5%, specificity of 93.6% and positive predictive value of 92.6%. The combination of the two diagnostic tools showed a 100% sensitivity, 94.8% specificity and 93.3% positive predictive value. CONCLUSIONS: With cut-off limit of 4 mm, TU can be considered the first choice modality of endometrial investigation in women with postmenopausal uterine bleeding to select patients at risk to carry endometrial pathology. Hysteroscopy is a more accurate technique than TU because of better specificity and must be indicated for all patients showing an endometrial strip more than 4 mm. When an endometrial thickness below 4 mm is detected by ultrasound, hysteroscopy may be indicated on clinical background because of the possibility to miss infrequent (2.5% in our series), but relevant endometrial pathologies. Endometrial sampling should follow hysteroscopic view in all cases showing abnormal or suspicious lesions as well as in all cases with irregularly shaped endometrial lining and/or suboptimal endoscopic vision.     

宫腔镜在子宫恶性肿瘤诊治中的应用与思考

宫腔镜检查加直视下活检诊断子宫内膜癌较超声、诊断性刮宫等方法可靠,对萎缩性子宫内膜的诊断更具优越性。宫腔镜手术治疗子宫恶性肿瘤正在探索中。宫腔镜检查有促使瘤细胞腹腔内扩散的可能,是否影响患者预后尚无定论。     

Effect of Menopausal Status on the Diagnosis of Endometrial Polyp

ObjectiveThis study sought to compare the value of transvaginal ultrasonography (TVUS) and hysteroscopy in premenopausal and postmenopausal women in the diagnosis of endometrial polyp.MethodsThe records of 694 women with an ultrasonographic diagnosis of suspected endometrial polyp who underwent hysteroscopy were studied. Patients were divided into two groups according to menopausal status, and a comparison was made between two groups.ResultsThere were 299 postmenopausal and 395 premenopausal women in the study. Hysteroscopy confirmed the ultrasonographic diagnosis of endometrial polyp in 212 (71%) and 212 (53%) patients in the postmenopausal and premenopausal groups, respectively (P = 0.001). In postmenopausal patients, 94% of the polyps observed by hysteroscopy were confirmed by histology, whereas in premenopausal patients, the percentage was 85% (P = 0.004).ConclusionIn premenopausal patients, the diagnostic value of TVUS and hysteroscopy is lower than in postmenopausal patients. The appropriate time for TVUS and hysteroscopy should be scheduled in premenopausal women, especially in women with abnormal uterine bleeding.     

Investigation of abnormal uterine bleeding in perimenopausal women by hysteroscopy and endometrial biopsy

The causes of abnormal uterine bleeding (AUB) during the perimenopausal period in women receiving hormone replacement therapy (HRT) were investigated, along with the causes of postmenopausal bleeding, the efficacy of hysteroscopy in the diagnosis of endometrial pathology was investigated. The patients studied were referred to our academic gynaecological clinic during the period 1999–2003. 145 cases that had undergone hysteroscopy and endometrial biopsy for AUB during the perimenopausal period over the last four years were reviewed retrospectively. The main group (76 patients) presented AUB while they were taking sequential or continuous HRT for menopausal symptoms and to prevent osteoporosis. The control group (69 patients) presented postmenopausal bleeding. There was an increased incidence of endometrial pathology in the group receiving HRT in comparison with the control group (52.6% vs. 40.4%), but this difference was not significant. The main findings were functional endometrium (38.1%) in the group receiving HRT and atrophic endometrium (40.6%) in the control group, respectively. These differences were statistically significant between the two groups. Diagnostic hysteroscopy was performed successfully with no serious complications and was performed without anesthesia in over 30% of the patients in both groups. The incidence rates of the structural endometrial causes of AUB in perimenopausal period are similar in women taking HRT and those presenting postmenopausal bleeding. Hysteroscopy is a safe and efficient method of investigating women with AUB during the perimenopausal period. In addition, the increasing use of outpatient hysteroscopy will simplify assessments of patients presenting with AUB during the perimenopausal period.     

Significance of endometrial polyps detected hysteroscopically in eumenorrheic infertile women

AIM: To determine if the incidence of small endometrial polyps detected hysteroscopically in an infertile eumenorrheic population differed from that in an apparently fertile eumenorrheic population. Evidence was sought to determine whether removal of such lesions would enhance reproductive performance. METHODS: In a prospective study, 266 consecutive infertile women had undergone complete fertility evaluation. None of the women had experienced any change in their menstrual cycle. They were divided into two groups; 235 infertile patients (group 1) and 31 requesting a reversal of a previous tubal sterilization (group 2). All patients were examined by simultaneous combined laparoscopy and hysteroscopy as part of their routine infertility evaluation. When endometrial polyps were noted they were removed by hysteroscopy and histopathologically examined. Patients in whom the only apparent finding was endometrial polyps were followed up to determine their reproductive outcomes subsequent to removal of the polyps. RESULTS: Of the 224 uterine cavities successfully visualized in the infertile group, 134 were judged to be normal (60%) and 90 were abnormal (40%). Endometrial polyps were noted in 35 patients of group 1 and in one patient of group 2 (P < 0.01). Most polyps were located in the region of the utero-tubal junction and proved to be functional. A 50% pregnancy rate was achieved by hysteroscopic polypectomy. Fertility-related factors in women whose only apparent finding was endometrial polyps before and after hysteroscopy were comparable. CONCLUSION: Diagnostic hysteroscopy should be used routinely in the work-up of infertile woman, even in the presence of eumenorrhea. Persistent functional endometrial polyps, even if small, are likely to impair fertility in this select patient group. Removal of such lesions may improve subsequent reproductive performance.     

Transvaginal ultrasonography and hysteroscopy in postmenopausal bleeding: a prospective study

OBJECTIVE: To determine the diagnostic value of transvaginal ultrasonography and hysteroscopy in patients with postmenopausal bleeding. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Between January 1, 1998 and June 30, 1999, 88 outpatient women with postmenopausal bleeding were enrolled in a prospective study. They underwent transvaginal ultrasonography and hysteroscopy, and were submitted to directed biopsy during hysteroscopy. Findings were classified as normal endometrium, suggestive of atrophy, focal abnormality (benign or suspicious), and diffuse thickness (benign or suspicious). Data was compared with the final diagnosis, established by histological examination, as atrophy, benign pathology, atypical hyperplasia and endometrial carcinoma. RESULTS: Among 88 women enrolled, 15 were excluded because hysteroscopy was impossible, and four had abandoned the study. The histological findings were scanty material in 12 (17.4%), atrophy in 24 (34.8%), cystic atrophy in one (1.4%), normal endometrium in five (7.2%), tuberculous endometritis in one (1.4%), polyps in 12 (17.4%), leiomyoma in one (1.4%), non-atypical hyperplasia in three (4.3%), atypical hyperplasia in one (1.4%) and endometrial carcinoma in nine cases (13.0%). For the assessment of endometrial carcinoma, ultrasonography revealed sensitivity 77.8%, specificity 93.3%, positive predictive value 63.6%, negative predictive value 96.6%; and hysteroscopy revealed sensitivity of 88.9%, specificity 98.3%, positive predictive value 88.9%, negative predictive value 98.3%. The combined use of both methods revealed sensitivity 100%, specificity 91.7%, positive predictive value 64.3%, negative predictive value 100%. CONCLUSIONS: Both imagiological methods were found to be useful screening tests for endometrial carcinoma. Hysteroscopy was a superior diagnostic procedure.     

子宫内膜结核的宫腔镜检查和组织病理学诊断分析

目的：评价宫腔镜检查与组织病理学诊断子宫内膜结核的符合率与相关性。方法：回顾性分析2012年7月-2016年8月于首都医科大学附属复兴医院宫腔镜诊治中心就诊的有结核病史的99例不孕女性的病历资料,调取宫腔镜检查和子宫内膜病理结果,进行比较分析。结果：99例女性均行宫腔镜检查并同时行组织病理学检查,两者诊断符合率为46.7%,其中7例为宫腔镜检查与组织病理学检查一致检出子宫内膜结核,1例增殖期子宫内膜经宫腔镜识别存在结核但组织病理学检查未证实,8例组织病理学检查证实存在子宫内膜结核但宫腔镜下未检出;宫腔镜下检出不同程度宫腔粘连68例。结论：宫腔镜检查识别检出的子宫内膜结核必须经组织病理学证实方可诊断,宫腔镜检查有助于发现宫腔粘连。