Treatment of acute type B aortic dissection with organ ischemia

Nine patients, who suffered from acute type B aortic dissection with organ ischemia, were treated at our hospital from 2004 to 2006. Their mean age was 60.3 (range 37-73) years. Eight of them required surgical intervention. Two patients with mesenteric-ischemia underwent superior mesenteric artery (SMA) bypass surgery and their conditions were relieved. However, 1 of them died of aortic rupture 6 months later. One patient with celiac artery occlusion was at first treated nonsurgically, but was subjected to resection of the small intestine 3 weeks later because of ulcer perforation induced by ischemia. The other 5 patients with lower extremity ischemia underwent bypass surgery and were discharged. Bypass surgery is a reliable procedure for the treatment of acute type B aortic dissection with organ ischemia, allowing prompt resolution of ischemia.     

Surgical strategy for acute type A aortic dissection with cerebral ischemia due to acute occlusion of aortic arch branches

In the treatment of acute type A aortic dissection, it is important to cope effectively with cerebral ischemia due to preoperative acute occlusion of arch branches and intraoperative cerebral malperfusion under extracorporeal circulation. The validity of our surgical strategy for such cases was evaluated. Our surgical strategies are as follow; for cases with preoperative cerebral infarction and disturbance of consciousness total aortic arch replacement is performed after the improvement of brain edema, and for cases of transient cerebral ischemia, emergency operation is performed. In the emergency operation, selective cerebral perfusion through the carotid artery of the diseased side is initiated as soon as possible. In conclusion, our surgical strategy for acute type A aortic dissection with cerebral ischemia due to acute occlusion of aortic arch branches is acceptable. There was no significant difference between the cerebral ischemia group and the control group concerning hospital mortality, cerebral complication and the 5-year survival rate.     

Preoperative fenestration for type A acute aortic dissection with mesenteric malperfusion

We report a case of a 71-year-old man presenting with acute type A aortic dissection and mesenteric ischemia due to extension of the intimal flap to the mesenteric artery. Because of the severity of the abdominal symptoms, surgical correction of the ascending aorta was delayed. Preoperative percutaneous fenestration was performed successfully, allowing ascending aortic replacement 6 days later. Transverse colon stenosis secondary to preoperative ischemia occurred in the postoperative course. The patient was discharged from hospital with normal intestinal transit 72 days later.     

Management of acute type B aortic dissections and acute limb ischemia

AIM: The aim of this study was to review the management of acute type B aortic dissection (TBAD) with acute limb ischemia. A search using the "Pubmed" resulted in 254 records by combining the Medical Subject Heading keywords (listed separately). The articles were assessed for their validity, correct pathology and patient cohort. Inclusion criteria included all patients with complicated acute TBAD who were candidates for open of thoracic endovascular aortic repair (TEVAR). The exclusion criteria included type A, asymptomatic acute or chronic TBAD, penetrating ulcer or intramural hematoma. TBAD with limb ischemia has a poor prognosis if not diagnosed, triaged and treated promptly. Clinical presentation and diagnostic strategy as well as various imaging are reviewed. Early mortality rate for complicated acute TBAD (with malperfusion to lower extremity) is 12%. The management has moved from open operation to primary TEVAR. In cases with anatomic obstruction, open surgical techniques such as femoral-femoral bypass, axillo-femoral bypass or surgical fenestration can be successful in relief of malperfusion to the affected limb. One-year-survival rates are 85%. A complete to partial reverse aortic remodeling occurred in 78% of survivors of acute TBAD, if primary TEVAR is applied. Acute TBAD with limb ischemia remains a clinical challenge that requires prompt diagnosis and treatment. TEVAR of acute TBAD is associated with relatively low morbidity and mortality, and is more often used as primary approach for patients with limb ischemia. The outcomes with TEVAR compare favorably to the open repair, and initiate reverse aortic remodeling in majority of the survivors.     

Thoracic endovascular repair for complicated type B acute aortic dissection with distal malperfusion

Successful thoracic endovascular repair for complicated Stanford type B acute aortic dissection in two patients is herein reported. The true lumen flow was immediately restored following stent graft deployment in the descending thoracic aorta with subsequent resolution of the distal malperfusion syndrome. One patient is doing well more than 15 months after surgery and another patient who was treated more recently is also doing well 7 months postoperatively.     

Extra-anatomic aorto-femoral graft for acute limb ischemia after type a aortic dissection repair

We report an alternative approach to revascularization of the leg in a patient with acute type A aortic dissection, where other options were not feasible. An aorto-femoral extra-anatomic conduit was used to salvage the leg after major aortic surgery where further surgery or endovascular grafting would have lead to increased morbidity.     

Acute limb ischemia associated with type B aortic dissection: clinical relevance and therapy

BACKGROUND: The goal of the current study is to characterize the presentation, therapy, and outcomes of acute limb ischemia (ALI) associated with type B aortic dissection (AoD). METHODS: The prospective/retrospective International Registry for Acute Aortic Dissection (IRAD) database and a single institutional database were queried for all patients with type B AoD from 1996 to 2002. Univariate and multivariate statistics were used to delineate factors associated with morbidity and mortality outcomes. RESULTS: According to the IRAD data (n = 458), the mean age of patients was 64 years, and 70% were men. The overall mortality was 12%; of these, 6% had ALI. Pulse (3-fold) and neurologic deficits (5-fold) were more common in those with ALI (P < .001). Endovascular, but not surgical therapy, was more commonly performed in patients with ALI compared with those without ALI (31% vs 10%, P = .004). No difference in age, race, gender, or origin of dissection was observed. ALI was associated with acute renal failure (odds ratio [OR] = 2.7; 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.1-7.1; P = .048) and acute mesenteric ischemia/infarction (OR = 6.9; 95% CI 2.5-20; P < .001). Adjusting for patient characteristics, ALI was associated with death (3.5; 95% CI 1.1-10; P = .02). The single institution analysis revealed similar patient demographics and mortality in 93 AoD patients, of whom 28 had ALI. Aortic fenestration or aorto-iliac stenting was the primary therapy in 93%; surgical bypass was used in 7%. Limb salvage was 93% in those with ALI at a mean of 18 months follow-up. The number of organ systems with malperfusion was 2-fold higher at aortography than suspected preprocedure (P = .002). By stepwise regression modeling, mortality was greater in those not taking a beta-blocker (OR = 19; 95% CI 3.1-111; P = .001). CONCLUSIONS: ALI secondary to AoD is predictive of death and visceral ischemia. Endovascular therapy confers excellent limb salvage and allows diagnosis of unsuspected visceral ischemia.     

Aortic fenestration for chronic aortic dissection type B complicated by transient ischemic attacks of spinal cord

Spinal cord injury is a rare complication in patients with aortic dissection. The extrinsic arterial supply to the spinal cord, diminishing caudally, often becomes critically dependent on the great radicular artery (GRA) of Adamkiewicz at the thoracolumbar spine. There are no prior reports of spinal injury or ischemia caused by chronic aortic dissection. We report on a 51-year-old patient with chronic type B dissection of the aorta from below the subclavian takeoff through the iliac arteries, presented with multiple episodes of transient (1 to 5 minutes) spinal ischemic attacks, entailing sudden loss of motor and sensory functions in both legs, with collapse of the patient on the ground. GRA imaging acquired with 64-channel computed tomography angiography enabled aortic fenestration from T11 to L1, performed with supraceliac aortic cross-clamping (T8 to L2) via thoracoabdominal access. We critically appraise the pertinent literature.     

Early entry closure for acute type B aortic dissection by open stent grafting

Purpose  

We describe the long-term efficacy of early entry closure for acute type B aortic dissection by open stent grafting based on long-term results and changes in the false lumen on enhanced computed tomography (CT).     

Endovascular treatment of complicated versus uncomplicated acute type B aortic dissection

ObjectiveThe study objective was to analyze the outcomes of thoracic endovascular aortic repair performed for complicated and uncomplicated acute type B aortic dissections.MethodsPatients from WL Gore's Global Registry for Endovascular Aortic Treatment who underwent thoracic endovascular aortic repair for acute type B aortic dissections were included, and data were retrospectively analyzed.ResultsOf 5014 patients enrolled in the Global Registry for Endovascular Aortic Treatment, 172 underwent thoracic endovascular aortic repair for acute type B aortic dissections. Of these repairs, 102 were for complicated acute type B aortic dissections and 70 were for uncomplicated acute type B aortic dissections. There were 46 (45.1%) procedures related to aortic branch vessels versus 15 (21.4%) in complicated type B aortic dissections and uncomplicated type B aortic dissections (P = .002). The mean length of stay was 14.3 ± 10.6 days (median, 11; range, 2-75) versus 9.8 ± 7.9 days (median, 8; range, 0-42) in those with complicated type B aortic dissections versus those with uncomplicated acute type B aortic dissections (P < .001). Thirty-day mortality was not different between groups (complicated type B aortic dissections 2.9% vs uncomplicated acute type B aortic dissections 1.4%, P = .647), as well as aortic complications (8.8% vs 5.7%, P = .449). Aortic event-free survival was 62.9% ± 37.1% versus 70.6% ± 29.3% at 3 years (P = .696).ConclusionsIn the Global Registry for Endovascular Aortic Treatment, thoracic endovascular aortic repair results for complicated type B aortic dissections versus uncomplicated acute type B aortic dissections showed that 30-day mortality and perioperative complications were equally low for both. The midterm outcome was positive. These data confirm that thoracic endovascular aortic repair as the first-line strategy for treating complicated type B dissections is associated with a low risk of complications. Further studies with longer follow-up are necessary to define the role of thoracic endovascular aortic repair in uncomplicated acute type B dissections compared with medical therapy. However, in the absence of level A evidence from randomized trials, results of the uncomplicated acute type B aortic dissection patient cohort treated with thoracic endovascular aortic repair from registries are important to understand the related risk and benefit.     

合并大量胸腔积液的急性Standford B型主动脉夹层的腔内修复

目的 探讨合并大量胸腔积液的急性Standford B型主动脉夹层的腔内修复及围手术期处理.方法 回顾性分析27例合并大量胸腔积液的急性Standford B型主动脉夹层患者的临床资料.男性23例,女性4例,年龄分布为35～70岁,平均年龄(47±9)岁,双侧胸腔积液11例(40.7%),单纯左侧胸腔积液13例(48.1%),单纯右侧胸腔积液3例(11.1%),其中合并心包积液2例(7.4%),术前血氧饱和度均低于90%.所有患者均行急诊支架型人工血管腔内修复,术后处理包括控制血压、心率和控制性抽吸、引流胸腔积液等方法.结果 全组27例患者均接受急诊腔内修复术治疗,手术成功率100%,围手术期死亡率为0%.22例术后假腔立即消失.3例出现I型内漏,1例移植物渗血.术后需呼吸机辅助呼吸8例(29.6%),所有患者的胸腔积液于术后28 d至3个月完全吸收,其中术后胸腔积液进行性增加的6例(22.2%)进行了穿刺抽液(5例,18.5%)和置管引流(1例,3.7%),胸水最终消失.随访时间6～78个月,平均(30±20)个月,CTA示内漏均于3个月内消失,术后并发症包括胸膜增厚(6例,22.2%)、左肺不张(2例,7.4%)、左侧胸腔实变并胸廓塌陷(2例,7.4%).结论 腔内修复对于合并大量胸腔积液的急性Standford B型主动脉夹层安全、有效,对于合并大量胸腔积液的患者应及早手术,对合并严重呼衰的患者术后应进行合理的胸水抽吸或引流.     

Temporary perfusion for mesenteric ischemia with acute type A aortic dissection

We report advantages of a temporary mesenteric perfusion method for bowel ischemia with acute type A aortic dissection. The perfusion catheter was inserted from the branch of the superior mesenteric artery. This technique was found to be useful in certain cases that require prompt visceral organ perfusion and proximal aortic repair, which enabled a simultaneous treatment for both lesions and a blood pressure evaluation.