日本血吸虫cAMP磷酸二酯酶的研究

用改进的Dowex-1×2短柱层析法分离底物3H-cAMP及产物3H-AMP测定了日本血吸虫匀浆中cAMP磷酸=酯酶的活力,结果表明血吸虫该酶的最适pH在7.5-8.5之间,虫令10天以上的血吸虫酶活力随虫令而上升,41天时酶活力约为104±3×10~3cpm/对/分,雄虫酶活力略高于雌虫。酶活力主要分布于虫体内,体表酶活力很低仅为匀浆中的1/30,在培养中亦不见释出。CTP及GTP对虫该酶有抑制作用。3.3mM敌百虫抑制酶活力65％,呋喃丙胺、硝唑咪及吡喹酮并不明显抑制虫该酶的活力。     

斯氏狸殖吸虫后尾蚴及童虫扫描电镜观察

本文报告陕西地区斯氏狸殖吸虫7条后尾蚴和12条童虫的扫描电镜观察结果。后尾蚴及童虫体表均有许多褶嵴。后尾蚴体表中线之前及吸盘周围有许多半球形感觉乳突分布。除吸盘周围外,全身布满体棘,前密后稀,呈三角尖刀形或凿形,无纵纹、缺刻及分裂。童虫感觉乳突较后尾蚴显著减少,体棘出现纵纹和缺刻,10～12％的棘已分裂为簇生棘。犬体内童虫与大鼠体内童虫无明显差异。     

黄胸鼠体表寄生吸虱的调查与分析

目的　了解黄胸鼠体表吸虱昆虫寄生状况。　方法　选择云南省 9个县 (市 )作为调查点 ,用鼠笼加食饵诱捕黄胸鼠 ,“全捕法”采集其体表全部吸虱。吸虱群落结构用丰富度 (S)、Shannon Wiener多样性指数 (H′)、均匀度 (J′)及优势指数 (C′)描述。吸虱空间分布格局用分布型指数中的扩散系数 (C)、Cassie指数 (CA)、丛生指数 (I)及聚块指数 (m /m)测定。　结果　在捕获的 45 1只黄胸鼠体表仅采集到 3种吸虱 ,分别为太平洋甲胁虱、棘多板虱和锯多板虱 ,物种丰富度及生物多样性都很低。优势虱种为太平洋甲胁虱和棘多板虱 (相对优势度Dr分别为 77.5 4%和 2 2 .12 % ) ,优势种地位突出。两种优势虱种在黄胸鼠体表的分布均表现为聚集型分布格局 ,其生活史时期中均以雌雄成虫为主 (2 7.64 %～ 5 8.2 9% ) ,若虫比例低 ,雌虫比例均大于其相应的雄虫比例。　结论　黄胸鼠体表吸虱种类单一 ,群落结构简单 ,其在宿主体表的寄生呈高度聚集性。     

齐氏姬鼠体表吸虱寄生状况初步研究

目的初步了解齐氏姬鼠体表吸虱寄生状况、种类组成、优势虱种及其空间分布和性比特征以及吸虱群落结构特点. 方法选择云南省境内9个县(市)作为调查点,用鼠笼加食饵诱捕齐氏姬鼠,用"全捕法"采集其体表全部吸虱.吸虱群落结构用丰富度、Shannon-Wiener多样性指数、均匀度及优势指数描述.吸虱空间分布格局用分布型指数中的扩散系数、Cassie指数、丛生指数及聚块指数测定. 结果所调查的9个县(市)中,仅5个县(市)捕获到齐氏姬鼠,共计捕获604只.604只齐氏姬鼠体表仅仅采获4种吸虱(4 069只),物种丰富度及生物多样性都很低.锯多板虱和相关甲胁虱两种吸虱数量在整个吸虱群落中占绝对优势,合计相对优势度Dr为98.45%,优势种地位突出.两种优势虱种在齐氏姬鼠体表的分布均表现为聚集型分布格局,其生活史时期均以雌雄成虫为主,雌雄合计分别占76.01%和98.50%,若虫比例较低.两种优势吸虱的雌虫比例均大于其相应的雄虫比例. 结论齐氏姬鼠体表吸虱种类比较单一,群落结构简单,锯多板虱和相关甲胁虱两种优势种在宿主体表的寄生呈高度聚集性,雌性高于雄性.     

黄胸鼠体表寄生吸虱的调查与分析

目的了解黄胸鼠体表吸虱昆虫寄生状况。方法选择云南省9个县(市)作为调查点，用鼠笼加食饵诱捕黄胸鼠，“全捕法”采集其体表全部吸虱。吸虱群落结构用丰富度(S)、Shannon-Wiener多样性指数(H′)、均匀度(J′)及优势指数(C′)描述。吸虱空间分布格局用分布型指数中的扩散系数(C)、Cassie指数(CA)、丛生指数(I)及聚块指数(m^*／m)测定。结果在捕获的451只黄胸鼠体表仅采集到3种吸虱，分别为太平洋甲胁虱、棘多板虱和锯多板虱，物种丰富度及生物多样性都很低。优势虱种为太平洋甲胁虱和棘多板虱(相对优势度Dr分别为77．54％和22．12％)，优势种地位突出。两种优势虱种在黄胸鼠体表的分布均表现为聚集型分布格局，其生活史时期中均以雌雄成虫为主(27．64％-58．29％)，若虫比例低，雌虫比例均大于其相应的雄虫比例。结论黄胸鼠体表吸虱种类单一，群落结构简单．其在宿主体表的寄生呈高度聚集性。     

吡喹酮治疗剂量与小鼠体内曼氏血吸虫体表变化的关系

本文用扫描电镜观察了不同剂量吡喹酮对小鼠体内两性曼氏血吸虫成虫体表的影响。实验用Tuck株的雌雄小鼠,在感染复性波多黎各株曼氏血吸虫尾蚴后70天,分别皮下注射混悬于Cremophor EL中2%的吡喹酮10、25、50、100、200及500mg/kg。在治后1及4小时取虫,按扫描电镜常规制作成标本。在扫描电镜下观察虫体体表的变化,另用未经药物治疗的正常成虫作对照。结果如下: 雄虫:用吡喹酮10mg/kg时,在给药后1小时,仅在某些雄虫背部体表及体棘结节     

程氏东毕吸虫成虫体表扫描电镜观察

目的：描述程氏东毕吸虫体扫描电镜（SEM）显微结构。方法：成虫虫体采自自然感染的绵羊，经2.5％戊二醛固定、扫描前将虫体用1％锇酸固定、经酒精梯度脱水、溅射喷涂金膜处理，最后以日立JSM－800扫描电镜观察并摄片。结果：雄虫体表满布皮层皱褶及感觉球，雌虫前、中部体表较光滑，后部体表上有一定数量的棘和感觉球，但无带也皮层增厚块。结论：SEM结果分析：雄虫体表感染球为程氏东毕吸虫和土耳其斯坦东毕吸虫的共同体表特征，但感觉球数量及分布不尽相同，雌虫尾部也有棘和感觉球，但无带孔皮层增厚块，支持程氏东毕吸虫为一独立种。     

华支睾吸虫童虫体表发育的扫描电镜观察

利用扫描电镜观察比较了华支睾吸虫５天童虫至３０天成虫的形态及体表的发育变化。５天童虫前１／３部分仍呈筒状，其余部分呈扁平。１０天以上的童虫及成虫，整个虫体呈扁平状。虫体表为网絮状结构且被有一定数量的体棘和乳突。体棘可分为四尖棘、三尖棘、二尖棘和单尖棘。乳突可分为带纤毛的结节状乳突、中央带小结的皮层呈同心圆隆起的乳突、较大的圆丘形乳突、中央带１至２个小结的花瓣样乳突。体棘随童虫的发育逐渐减少，至３０天成虫已完全消失。而乳突随虫体发育逐渐增大且数量增加，尤其是在口腹吸盘唇上及附近体表。     

南京血吸虫扫描电镜观察

目的用扫描电镜观察南京血吸虫体表形态和结构。方法用南京血吸虫的阳性钉螺逸出的尾蚴感染兔,每兔1 200条,感染45-80 d后解剖,获得的血吸虫用4％戊二醛固定。然后按扫描电镜观察要求,清洗、固定、脱水、干燥、镀金,用SX-40扫描电镜进行观察。结果大雄虫背中部体表有粗大的嵴和深的凹陷,腹中部有小棘。小雄虫整个背部和腹部均有小棘。大雌虫体表均有小棘。小雌虫背部和腹面均有小棘,但形状不同,旋转的尾部在同一平面显示出2种体棘;腹吸盘可见轮辐状。雌雄虫体表均可见有纤毛和没有纤毛的感觉乳突。结论南京血吸虫体表存在着与日本血吸虫不同的形态和结构。考虑为一新种血吸虫。     

鞭虫成虫的扫描电镜观察

用扫描电镜观察人鞭虫成虫的体表超微结构，并与前人用光学显微镜所观察的结果作了比较，认为鞭虫体表展现了它的独特性。首次描述了头端口周的唇样结构，围绕着口孔环形排列着８个头孔和一对头感器。发现鞭虫体表散布着表皮孔，认为与排泄有关。对雄虫的交合刺鞘和交合刺的特征也进行了详细的描述。     

Synergistic action of cyclosporin A and polyspecific rabbit anti-sera against murine Schistosoma mansoni

The efficacy of cyclosporin A (CsA) treatment against Schistosoma mansoni in mice was compared with treatments that included co-administration of one of two anti-sera (infected rabbit serum (IRS) obtained by repeated infection and a worm membrane antigen anti-serum (WSS) obtained by immunization with worm surface supernatants). These two sera recognized a number of worm antigens but differed in precise detail. Administration of CsA alone to mice harbouring mature infections of S. mansoni reduced worm burdens and preferentially targeted female worms. Sera administered alone had no effect on worm burdens. Co-administration of worm membrane antigen anti-serum (WSS) with CsA reduced worm burden significantly compared with drug treatment alone. Male worms were more susceptible to this combined treatment regime. Anti-infection serum (IRS) had a lesser stimulatory activity in combination with CsA which was not statistically different from the effects of CsA alone on worm burdens. The data suggest that CsA-induced surface damage to the parasite may reveal specific antigens that were previously unavailable for host attack.     

在体外培养系统中中性粒细胞对日本血吸虫童虫的作用

3小时童虫在含病兔血清、补体和中性粒细胞的培养系统(ISCN)中培养48小时后,约60％的童虫体表有中性粒细胞附着,其中50.8％的童虫已死亡,含病兔血清不含补体(ISCN)、含正常小鼠血清及补体(NSCN)或含正常血清不含补体(NSN)的培养系统中,中性粒细胞粘附童虫体表较少,童虫的死亡率亦低。24小时童虫在ISCN中培养48小时后,中性粒细胞对童虫的附着及童虫死亡率均逊于3小时童虫。在ISCN中,中性粒细胞对72小时童虫几不附着。以中性粒细胞介导的杀死3小时童虫的作用依赖于抗体的存在,但不完全依赖于补体。     

Iodide autoregulation of functional and morphological differentiation events in the FRTL-5 rat thyroid cell strain

The role of cyclic AMP (cAMP) attenuation in mediating the autoregulatory actions of iodide on thyroid cell iodide uptake and surface morphological responses to TSH was investigated in the rat thyroid cell strain FRTL-5. Preincubation of cells for 6 h with up to 1 mmol sodium iodide/l led to a progressive reduction in both accumulation of cAMP and iodide uptake responses to TSH. Forskolin-mediated accumulation of cAMP and iodide uptake responses were similarly reduced after preincubation with iodide, whilst the iodide accumulation response to dibutyryl cAMP (dbcAMP) was unaffected. The inhibitory effects of iodide on TSH or forskolin-responsive iodide accumulation were not seen if preincubation was limited to 3 h, and were also abolished by the thionamide drug methimazole (1 mmol/l). Medium containing 1 mumol iodide/l prevented the appearance of the surface microvilli and pseudopodia normally observed after re-addition of TSH or forskolin, although cytoplasmic retraction was still apparent under such conditions. In contrast, iodide was without effect on the ability of dbcAMP (1 mmol/l) to induce cytoplasmic retraction and the formation of microvilli and pseudopodia. Inclusion of 1 mmol sodium perchlorate/l together with iodide during preincubation failed to prevent or reduce the suppression by iodide of either iodide uptake or surface morphological differentiation, suggesting that both aspects of autoregulation may involve surface actions of organified iodide. These observations indicate that in FRTL-5 cells, autoregulation by iodide of both the functional and surface morphological actions of TSH principally reflects the attenuating activities of organified iodide on intracellular cAMP generation.     

Variable species and stage specificity of schistosomulum surface epitopes recognized by mice vaccinated with highly irradiated cercariae

Antibodies from mice vaccinated with highly irradiated Schistosoma mansoni or S. haematobium cercariae were used to characterize schistosomulum surface epitopes which were found to be diverse in their species and stage specificities. The epitopes recognized on the Mr greater than 200,000 and 15,000 schistosomulum surface antigens of S. mansoni and the Mr greater than 200,000 schistosomulum surface antigen of S. haematobium were found to be cross-specific whereas those on the Mr 38,000, 32,000 and 20,000 schistosomulum surface antigens of S. mansoni and the Mr 35,000, 30,000 and 24,000 schistosomulum surface antigens of S. haematobium were only immunoprecipitated by homologous antibody and are thus possible targets of the protective species-specific immunity stimulated by highly irradiated cercariae. The epitopes recognized on the Mr greater than 200,000 and 38,000 antigens of S. mansoni were shown to cross-react with both the egg and the adult worm whereas those on the Mr 32,000 and 20,000 antigens only cross-reacted with the adult worm, and those on the Mr 15,000 antigen cross-reacted with neither the adult worm nor the egg. In addition the epitopes on the Mr 38,000 and 32,000 antigens were demonstrated to be polypeptide in nature. Those on the Mr greater than 200,000, 20,000 and 15,000 antigens, on the other hand, could not be conclusively defined.     

Immunization of mice with surface antigens from the muscle larvae of Trichinella spiralis

Surface antigens of muscle larvae of Trichinella spiralis were stripped from the cuticle of live worms by the cationic detergent cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB). Such antigen preparations were shown to contain surface antigens of approximate molecular weights 100,000, 90,000, 69,000, 55,000, 46,000 and 35,000. Immunoprecipitation experiments confirmed that the surface of muscle larvae share antigenic epitopes with antigens contained within and secreted by the stichosome. CTAB antigen preparations were shown to be protective in NIH mice against a challenge infection as assessed by reduction in intestinal worm burden, worm fecundity, worm length and muscle larvae burden. The role of surface antigens in protective immunity to T. spiralis is discussed.     

Antigenicity and immunogenicity of the tegumental outer membrane of adult Schistosoma mansoni

The tegumental membranes of adult Schistosoma mansoni have been isolated and purified and shown to function as potent immunogens; they elicit an essentially identical immune response in rabbits, rats and mice. Anti-membrane antisera harvested from these animals consistently recognized common antigens, of relative molecular weight (mol. wt) 32 000 and 20 000, on the surface of young schistosomula, 5 day old lung worms and adult worm purified membranes. An additional molecule of 25 000 mol. wt was present on the surface of lung worms and adult worm membranes and was specifically recognised by serum from chronically infected mice and by serum from rabbits inoculated with adult worm purified membranes. The concept of antigenic identity between developmental stages that parasitize the mammalian host was further substantiated by the observation that anti-membrane antiserum bound to live schistosomula, lung worms and adult parasites as measured by indirect immunofluorescence. In complement-mediated in vitro cytotoxicity assays, the sera from rabbits inoculated with either adult worm purified membranes, or the 32 000 mol. wt antigen partially purified from adult worm membranes, mediated levels of schistosomula killing as high as those obtained with sera from chronically infected mice. These rabbit antisera also promoted eosinophil adherence and killing of newly transformed schistosomula, but lung stage parasites, despite binding the anti-membrane antiserum, were refractory to both humoral and cellular cytotoxicity. The significance of antigenic identity is discussed in relation to the concept of concomitant immunity.     

旋毛虫成虫抗原的免疫保护性研究

目的 比较旋毛虫成虫虫体抗原、排泄分泌抗原和表面抗原对小鼠产生的免疫保护作用。 方法 检查免疫鼠和对照鼠肠道成虫、肌幼虫和血液中的嗜酸性粒细胞数;用ELISA测血清中抗旋毛虫肌幼虫IgG抗体滴度。 结果旋毛虫成虫虫体抗原、排泄分泌抗原和表面抗原免疫组的成虫减虫率分别为84.48％、89.98％和85.16％;肌幼虫减虫率分别为69.82％、78.80％和73.94％。3种抗原免疫组小鼠血中的嗜酸性粒细胞(EOS)数明显增多,血清中IgG抗体滴度明显升高,IgG抗体的几何平均倒数滴度(GMRT)分别是未免疫组的6.96、7.99和6.06倍。 结论 旋毛虫成虫虫体抗原、排泄分泌抗原和表面抗原均能诱导宿主产生较强的抗攻击感染保护力,且可激发特异性体液免疫和细胞免疫。成虫的排泄分泌抗原显示出更强的免疫原性。     

Effects of forskolin on the morphology and function of the rat thyroid cell strain, FRTL-5: comparison with the effects of thyrotrophin

The effect of diterpene forskolin, a potent stimulator of cyclic AMP (cAMP) in the rat thyroid cell strain FRTL-5, was compared with that of TSH. Forskolin stimulated both the release of cAMP into the culture medium and the accumulation of cAMP in the cytoplasm in a dose-dependent manner, within the range of 0.1-1000 mumol/l. Maximum cAMP concentrations were reached within 15 min of stimulation with forskolin. This is comparable with the effects of TSH. Forskolin also induced morphological changes in cultures of FRTL-5 cells, producing conspicuous cell retraction with arborization and numerous microvilli on the cell surface, specific reorganization of the microfilaments and modulation of the distribution of tubulin and fibronectin. Morphological changes induced by forskolin were always observed 20 to 30 min earlier, and in a higher percentage of cells, than the changes induced by TSH. Cell proliferation, however, was stimulated more effectively by TSH than by forskolin. These observations suggest that TSH might exert its effect on the morphology and growth of FRTL-5 cells, at least in part, through cAMP. The control of morphology and growth might not, however, be regulated solely by the adenylate cyclase and cAMP system.