全髋关节置换治疗强直性脊柱炎11例

2000-08/2006-03江苏省兴化市人民医院骨科对11例（19髋）强直性脊柱炎者行人工全髋置换，并进行了22个月~7年的随访。患者均为男性，平均年龄38岁，病程4~31年，单侧3例，双侧8例。手术切口采用改良髋关节前外侧与外侧联合切口，假体使用均为生物型假体（19髋）。以X射线结果评价置换后髋关节假体有无脱位，松动等；以Harris评分进行置换后临床效果评定。至末次随访，Harris评分由置换前平均34.2分提高到85.5分，髋关节活动度明显改善，除1例髋关节置换后出现早期脱位外，X射线检查未见假体松动移位迹象，异位骨化发生率为10.5%（2髋）。提示人工全髋关节置换治疗强直性脊柱炎晚期髋关节病变可以明显缓解髋关节疼痛，改善关节功能，提高生活质量。     

嵌压植骨结合非骨水泥型全髋关节置换治疗强直性脊柱炎17例

摘要：1996-03/2003-03纳入强直性脊柱炎合并股骨侧严重骨质疏松的髋关节病变患者17例(24髋),采用自体骨嵌压植骨结合非骨水泥型全髋关节置换治疗。手术时年龄20~52岁,平均35岁;采用Harris评分方法及X射线片观察进行临床疗效评定。17例患者24髋均获得完整随访,随访时间36~120个月,平均87个月。Harris评分从置换前平均34分提高到置换后平均86.4分,优良率87.5%。X射线片见股骨假体与股骨近段紧密压配;无假体感染及脱位。1髋出现5 mm的假体下沉,发生于置换后1年内,经过5年以上随访观察,假体未进一步下沉,并与骨质接触良好,目前无松动表现。提示骨质量对非骨水泥假体置换的疗效影响较大,采用自体骨嵌压植骨技术进行骨质重建,可为强直性脊柱炎合并严重骨质疏松患者全髋关节置换提供了一种良好的解决方法,临床效果满意。     

全髋关节置换治疗强直性脊柱炎24例

背景：全髋关节置换已经成为改善严重强直性脊柱炎髋关节病变患者关节功能和生活质量的有效选择,但与其他病因的全髋关节置换相比,存在较高的危险因素。 目的：观察全髋关节置换治疗强直性脊柱炎髋关节病变的效果。 方法：对24例(33髋)强直性脊柱炎髋关节病变患者行人工全髋关节置换,置换前患者日常活动均明显受限,其中拄拐9例,轮椅1例;严重疼痛22例;10例(15髋)关节强直。置换前Harris评分平均41.9分,髋关节活动度平均45.4°。所用假体包括生物型18例(24髋)、骨水泥型3例(5髋)、混合型3例(4髋),均为金属合金股骨柄对高分子聚乙烯内衬(摩擦界面)。 结果与结论：全部病例获得随访,随访时间平均23.3个月。最后一次随访,28髋(84.9%)疼痛完全消失;仅有1例仍需单拐辅助行走,其余患者均可不扶拐自由行走,步态正常。Harris评分平均80.1分,其中优10髋,良18髋,可4髋,差1髋,优良率84.8%;髋关节活动度平均159.6°;髋关节Harris评分及关节活动度均显著高于置换前(P < 0.05)。患者的主观满意度为87.5 %。2髋(6.1%)出现异位骨化,分别为Brooker分级Ⅰ,Ⅲ级。无脱位、感染、骨折、神经损伤及假体松动下沉,尚无患者进行翻修。提示全髋关节置换是治疗强直性脊柱炎髋关节病变的有效手段,可以缓解关节疼痛,恢复关节功能,改善患者生活质量。     

非骨水泥型髋关节假体用于老龄初次全髋关节置换：2年随访

背景：目前普遍认为非骨水泥型假体适用于年龄< 65岁的患者,骨水泥假体适用高龄、骨质情况欠佳的患者。但没有明确证据表明非骨水泥假体不适用于年龄> 70岁、既往身体健康、日常活动量满意、无骨质疏松或有轻度骨质疏松的患者。 目的：观察非骨水泥型髋关节假体用于老龄初次全髋关节置换患者的效果。 方法：纳入行非骨水泥假体初次全髋关节置换、年龄> 70岁的老龄患者57例65髋,平均年龄86.3岁;其中股骨颈骨折33例33髋,股骨头缺血性坏死18例25髋,髋关节发育不良6例7髋。记录置换时间、手术出血量、住院时间、置换后初次下床活动的时间、置换前及置换后3,6,12,24个月的髋关节Harris评分、X射线片结果、置换后并发症。 结果与结论：随访6~40个月,平均19.6个月。53例完成随访,4例失访,未发现假体松动和需翻修手术病例。Harris评分由置换前的平均(40.7±18.9)分提高到置换后的(89.2±5.5)分,优良率为93.7%。置换后并发症包括术口血肿1例、脑血管意外1例几泌尿系感染1例。提示老龄患者用非骨水泥型髋关节假体行初次全髋关节置换治疗能达到满意的近期效果。     

股骨颈保留型人工髋关节置换42例：5年同一机构治疗者≥12个月结果随访

背景：继往的人工髋关节置换切除股骨颈,将严重改变压应力系统和张应力系统之间的受力平衡。而保留股骨颈则保留了股骨颈健康骨结构,使假体应力沿股骨近端生理状况分布,亦可防止股骨近端骨质疏松导致假体松动。 目的：评价股骨颈保留型人工髋关节在髋关节置换中的应用效果。 方法：2003-03/2008-04施行股骨颈保留型人工髋关节置换42例52髋,均应用S-ROM假体(Depuy,美国),假体分为髋臼部分和股骨部分。记录髋关节置换时间、术中出血量、置换后住院天数、Harris评分及围手术期并发症。置换后摄标准髋关节正侧位X射线片,并测量髋臼外展角和前倾角。 结果与结论：全部病例随访12~61个月,平均39个月。全髋关节置换时间30~70 min,平均45 min。术中出血70~200 mL,平均110 mL。置换后X射线片测量髋臼外展角平均44.1°,前倾角平均21°。置换后第5天髋关节摄片确认置入假体正常后即要求扶助行器下地活动。置换前髋关节功能Harris评分平均(32.7±6.3)分,置换后3个月Harris评分平均(93.2±4.1)分。提示股骨颈保留型人工髋关节置换具有创伤小、出血少、符合人体生物力学、假体稳定、假体磨损小的特点,可以作为传统股骨柄的替代治疗。     

全髋关节置换治疗成人髋关节发育不良继发严重骨关节炎26例

回顾性分析2008-08/2007-02湘南学院附属医院骨科与岳阳职业技术学院附属医院骨科收治的成人髋关节发育不良继发骨性关节炎患者26例(29髋),男11例,女15例;年龄46~78岁,平均53岁;其中3例为双髋。按Crowe分型分类：Ⅰ型3髋,Ⅱ型11髋,Ⅲ型12髋,Ⅳ型3髋。置换前按Harris评分标准平均(47.1±4.6)分。全部患髋均行全髋关节置换,骨水泥型3例,混合型5例,生物型21例。所有患者置换顺利进行,置换后伤口均Ⅰ期愈合。置换后5个月,患者均能下地行走,生活自理且恢复日常工作。全部患者获得随访,末次随访时Harris评分平均(84.5±6.4)分,与置换前Harris评分平均(47.1±4.6)分相比,差异有显著性意义(t=16.732 4,P < 0.05)。26例患者置换后关节脱位1例,精神症状2例。随访X射线检查示假体位置良好,未见无菌性松动和假体下沉等征象。无肺栓塞、深静脉血栓形成、感染等并发症发生。提示全髋关节置换是治疗成人先天性髋关节脱位伴骨性关节炎的一种有效方法。     

不同材质人工全髋关节置换重建成人大骨节病性髋关节功能的比较*

背景：既往对Ⅱ、Ⅲ度大骨节病患者行关节清理等来矫正畸形,但常不能收到满意效果。 目的：比较不同材质人工全髋关节置换治疗成人大骨节病性髋关节骨性关节炎的疗效。 方法：回顾性分析2006-03/2010-05哈尔滨医科大学附属第四医院骨科收治的大骨节病性髋关节骨性关节炎患者13例(20髋),均进行人工全髋关节置换治疗,5髋采用骨水泥型假体,15髋采用非骨水泥型假体。 结果与结论：13例患者均获随访,随访时间8~48个月。两组患者置换后第14天和末次随访Harris评分较置换前显著提高,差异有显著性意义(P < 0.05),骨水泥型假体与非骨水泥型假体患者置换后Harris评分相比差异无显著性意义(P > 0.05)。随访期内X射线平片未见异位骨化、假体松动、下沉等现象,无翻修病例。置换后髋痛消失,步态正常,无严重并发症。提示使用不同材质的人工全髋关节置换治疗大骨节病性髋关节骨性关节炎,均可明显缓解疼痛,改善髋关节功能,矫正畸形,提高患者生活质量。     

强直性脊柱炎非骨水泥型全髋关节置换27例

探讨强直性脊柱炎患者行人工非骨水泥型全髋关节置换的手术时机、手术方法及疗效分析。 方法：选择2000/2005湘雅医院收治强直性脊柱炎后髋关节强直患者27例33髋，均经Gibson入路行人工非骨水泥型全髋关节置换，全部采用Link公司Ribbed非骨水泥型人工全髋关节。比较髋关节置换前后Merle D’Aubigne评分及髋关节活动范围。 结果：27例33髋均获得随访，随访时间≥5个月，平均21个月。X射线平片示假体位置良好，无脱位，髋关节疼痛消失。各向运动良好。患者术后Merle D'Aubigne评分平均17.3分(16~18分)。 结论：对强直性脊柱炎进行人工非骨水泥型全髋关节置换可放宽手术年龄限制，根据患者的不同情况，在术中采取恰当的关节置换技术，均可恢复髋关节功能。     

糖尿病患者行髋关节置换73例

背景：糖尿病患者并发关节疾患逐渐增多,但糖尿病患者行人工关节置换的报道较少。 目的：分析糖尿病患者行人工髋关节置换的效果。 方法：共收治572例行初次全髋关节置换治疗患者,从中筛选出2型糖尿病患者73例(80髋),男50例,女23例,年龄49~81岁,平均(62.6±5.4)岁。55例患者入院前经饮食和口服降糖药物控制血糖,18例患者经胰岛素控制血糖。57例62髋用生物固定型髋关节假体,16例18髋用骨水泥固定髋关节假体。 结果与结论：置换前Harris评分平均为55.4分,置换后为84.2分,优良率96.5%。随访3个月~9年后Harris评分平均为77.6分,优良率为80.2%。52例患者复查X射线片,均未发现迟发感染,未发现假体明显松动。复查X射线片与出院时X射片对照,40例假体位置未改变,髋关节间隙无狭窄,11例假体轻度下沉(平均下沉为2 mm),7例有轻微髋关节疼痛。另外有5例出现髋臼缘骨质增生。全部患者未行假体翻修。作者认为,糖尿病患者如无严重并发症,经过周密正确的围手术期处理和良好的血糖控制等内科治疗后接受人工关节置换,可获得良好的疗效。     

改良人工全髋关节置换外侧入路小切口43例

回顾性分析2004-03/2005-03抚顺市中心医院骨外科收治的行小切口人工全髋关节置换患者43例(49髋),男22例,女21例;年龄22~79岁;均使用非骨水泥型假体,置换前Harris评分(46.2±5.3)分。同期采用常规外侧入路行人工全髋关节置换患者35例43髋,男22例,女13例;年龄31~78岁;16例使用混合型假体(髋臼非骨水泥型,股骨骨水泥型),其余病例均使用非骨水泥型假体,置换前Harris评分(43.4±4.6)分。比较两组患者的围置换期出血量、置换时间、切口长度、置换后早中期功能恢复情况及假体位置。结果显示两组患者置换均顺利完成,并获得随访,平均13.1个月。小切口人工全髋关节置换组患者围置换期出血量、引流量、输血量和切口长度均比常规人工全髋关节置换组减少,差异有显著性意义(P < 0.05);置换后6个月Harris评分分别为(89.0±6.1)分和(88.1±7.4)分,两组假体位置均良好。常规人工全髋关节置换组中1例置换后脱位,切开复位,经2周牵引开始功能锻炼,恢复良好;小切口人工全髋关节置换组未发生脱位。提示小切口微创技术可选择性用于部分病例的人工全髋关节置换,创伤小,围置换期出血少,切口小且不影响假体位置,置换后早期功能恢复快,但应严格选择手术适应证。     

Epilepsy and anomalies of neuronal migration: MRI and clinical aspects

Neuronal migration disorders are the result of disturbed brain development. In such disorders, neurons are abnormally located. In diagnosing these conditions, magnetic resonance imaging is superior to any other imaging technique. This enables us to improve our knowledge of the clinical correlates of neuronal migration. With reference to migrational disorder, a retrospective study of all 303 patients with epileptic seizures referred for magnetic resonance imaging during a 3-year period was performed, 13 patients (aged 12-41, mean age 27) were identified. They represent 4.3% of the entire study group. Of the patients with known epilepsy, 6.7% and of the mentally retarded, 13.7% had migrational disorders. Four patients had schizencephaly as the dominant finding, one was classified as hemimegalencephaly, 2 had isolated heterotopias, and 6 had localized pachy- and/or poly-microgyria. The clinical pictures are complex. Ectopias of grey matter are recognised foci of epilepsy, but from an epileptological and a clinical viewpoint little attention has been given to these disorders. The present study shows that malmigration is not rare in epilepsy patients, especially not in the mentally retarded.     

Hepatic Considerations in the Use of Antiepileptic Drugs

Summary: Virtually all of the major antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) can cause hepatotoxicity, although fatal hepatic reactions are rare. The mechanisms, incidences, and risk profiles for such reactions differ from drug to drug. With carbamazepine and phenytoin, hepatotoxicity may be due to drug hypersensitivity. Although the profiles of patients at risk have not been well-defined for these two antiepileptic drugs, it would appear from reports in the literature that older adolescents and adults are at higher risk than children of developing serious or fatal hepatotoxicity. Once hepatotoxicity develops, mortality rates are 10–38% with phenytoin and 25% for carbamazepine. The risk profile for valproate fatal hepatotoxicity has been more clearly defined. Those at primary risk of fatal hepatic dysfunction are children under the age of 2 years who are receiving multiple anticonvulsants and also have significant medical problems in addition to severe epilepsy. The risk is considerably lower for patients over the age of 2 years on valproate monotherapy. In contrast to the risk profile with other AEDs, adults receiving valproate as monotherapy have the lowest risk of hepatotoxicity. Fatal hepatic dysfunction coincident with valproate may be the result of aberrant drug metabolism. Concomitant use of AEDs that induce microsomal P450 enzymes (e.g., phenytoin and phenobarbital) may enhance the production of a toxic metabolite, and hence the greater risk of hepatotoxicity with polypharmacy.     

Vascular Malformations and Epilepsy: Clinical Considerations and Basic Mechanisms

Summary: Vascular malformations (VMs) are associated with epilepsy. The natural history of the various VMs, clinical presentation, and tendency to provoke epilepsy determine treatment strategies. Investigations have probed the mechanisms of epileptogenesis associated with these lesions. Electrophysiologic changes are associated with epileptogenic cortex adjacent to VMs. Putative pathophysiologic mechanisms of epileptogenesis include neuronal cell loss, glial proliferation and abnormal glial physiology, altered neurotransmitter levels, free radical formation, and aberrant second messenger physiology.     

Classification of methods in transcranial Electrical Stimulation (tES) and evolving strategy from historical approaches to contemporary innovations

Transcranial Electrical Stimulation (tES) encompasses all methods of non-invasive current application to the brain used in research and clinical practice. We present the first comprehensive and technical review, explaining the evolution of tES in both terminology and dosage over the past 100 years of research to present day. Current transcranial Pulsed Current Stimulation (tPCS) approaches such as Cranial Electrotherapy Stimulation (CES) descended from Electrosleep (ES) through Cranial Electro-stimulation Therapy (CET), Transcerebral Electrotherapy (TCET), and NeuroElectric Therapy (NET) while others like Transcutaneous Cranial Electrical Stimulation (TCES) descended from Electroanesthesia (EA) through Limoge, and Interferential Stimulation. Prior to a contemporary resurgence in interest, variations of transcranial Direct Current Stimulation were explored intermittently, including Polarizing current, Galvanic Vestibular Stimulation (GVS), and Transcranial Micropolarization. The development of these approaches alongside Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT) and pharmacological developments are considered. Both the roots and unique features of contemporary approaches such as transcranial Alternating Current Stimulation (tACS) and transcranial Random Noise Stimulation (tRNS) are discussed. Trends and incremental developments in electrode montage and waveform spanning decades are presented leading to the present day. Commercial devices, seminal conferences, and regulatory decisions are noted. We conclude with six rules on how increasing medical and technological sophistication may now be leveraged for broader success and adoption of tES.     

Carbamazepine Efficacy and Utilization in Children

Summary: Carbamazepine is effective for preventing partial and generalized tonic-clonic seizures in children. Although absence epilepsies are more common in children than adults, an estimated 80% of children with epilepsy have seizure types or epilepsies that are potentially responsive to carbamazepine. The differential diagnosis of ictal staring is an especially important issue in children because absence and atypical absence seizures are more prevalent in children than adults. Age-related pharmacokinetic differences and drug interactions are major considerations in children. On average, children have higher clearance rates of carbamazepine, shorter half-lives, and higher ratios of carbamazepine-10, 11-epoxide to carbamazepine than adults. In addition, children with severe epilepsy are more likely to require multiple-drug therapy, which can lead to complex drug interactions. When carbamazepine is administered along with valproate, drug protein binding interactions can cause intermittent side effects.     

Neonatal Seizures: Problems in Diagnosis and Classification

Summary: The clinical identification of neonatal seizures is critical for the recognition of brain dysfunction; however, diagnosis is often difficult because of the poorly organized and varied nature of these behaviors. Current classification systems are limited in their ability to communicate motor, autonomic, and electroencephalo-graphic features of seizures precisely and to provide a basis for uniform effective diagnosis, therapy, and determination of prognosis. Recent investigations of neonates, utilizing bedside electroencephalographic/polygraphic/ video monitoring techniques, have provided the basis for improved diagnosis and classification of seizures in the newborn. These studies have demonstrated that not all clinical phenomena currently considered to be seizures require electrocortical epileptiform activity for their initiation or elaboration. In addition, the specific clinical character of the phenomena considered to be seizures, the clinical state of the infant, and the character of the EEG indicate the probable pathophysiological mechanisms involved and suggest probable etiologies, prognosis, and therapy. Similarities between animal models that demonstrate reflex physiology and neonates with motor automatisms and tonic posturing suggest that these clinical behaviors may not be epileptic in origin but, rather, primitive movements of progression and posture mediated by brainstem mechanisms. Although not all clinical behaviors currently considered to be neonatal seizures may have similar pathophysiological mechanisms, they are clinically significant because they all indicate brain dysfunction.     

Valproate Monotherapy in the Management of Generalized and Partial Seizures

Summary: For decades, therapeutic tradition has promoted the concept of polypharmacy in the management of epilepsy. In recent years, however, studies have shown that, for most patients, monotherapy can provide comparable or better seizure control than administration of multiple anticonvulsants, while diminishing the potential for adverse reactions, drug interactions, and poor compliance. Valproate is an important monotherapeutic agent that is highly effective in the control of idiopathic primary and secondarily generalized epilepsies, and partial seizures that do not generalize. Comparative studies have found that valproate is at least as effective as phenytoin and carbamazepine in the treatment of generalized and partial seizures. Given the similar efficacy, other factors such as pharmacokinetics and side effects may therefore determine anticonvulsant selection for monotherapy.     

Un nouveau cadre conceptuel de travail pour la psychiatrie

In an attempt to place psychiatric thinking and the training of future psychiatrists more centrally into the context of modern biology, the author outlines the beginnings of a new intellectual framework for psychiatry that derives from current biological thinking about the relationship of mind to brain. The purpose of this framework is twofold. First, it is designed to emphasize that the professional requirements for future psychiatrists will demand a greater knowledge of the structure and functioning of the brain than is currently available in most training programs. Second, it is designed to illustrate that the unique domain which psychiatry occupies within academic medicine, the analysis of the interaction between social and biological determinants of behavior, can best be studied by also having a full understanding of the biological components of behavior.