良乡地区成人住院社区获得性肺炎的病原体分布及其耐药性分析

目的：调查良乡地区成人住院社区获得性肺炎（CAP）的病原菌分布状况,了解细菌的耐药情况,为CAP的经验性治疗提供依据。方法：2008年7月—2010年7月在良乡院住院的CAP患者共182例,分别留取呼吸道分泌物进行细菌学培养和血非典型病原体的检测。结果：在182例CAP患者80例（44.0%）痰细菌学检查阳性,主要病原菌为肺炎链球菌25例（13.7%）、流感嗜血杆菌15例（8.2%）。在行血清学检测的CAP患者中非典型病原体感染29例（15.9%）。肺炎链球菌对青霉素耐药率为44.0%,;流感嗜血杆菌对氨苄青霉素的耐药率为40.0%。结论：肺炎链球菌、流感嗜血杆菌和肺炎支原体是良乡地区成人CAP住院患者的主要致病菌,肺炎链球菌、流感嗜血杆菌对青霉素及大环内酯类耐药率较高。     

江油地区儿童社区获得性肺炎病原学分析

目的了解江油地区社区获得性肺炎病原体分布情况,为经验治疗提供依据。方法对1 995例大于或等于2岁的社区获得性肺炎患儿留取呼吸道分泌物进行细菌培养,同时采用聚合酶链反应检测非典型病原体。结果 1 995例患儿病原学检测阳性426例(21.35%),其中常见细菌阳性324例(16.24%),病原菌中以肺炎链球菌为主,其次为阴沟肠杆菌、肺炎克雷伯菌及肺炎克雷伯菌。非典型病原体102例(5.11%),包括肺炎支原体、细菌合并肺炎支原体感染及肺炎衣原体等。结论肺炎链球菌是江油地区社区获得性肺炎的主要致病菌。     

上海地区社区获得性肺炎的病原学调查

目的：了解上海地区社区获得性肺炎病原的分布情况，为经验治疗提供依据。方法：对244例≥2岁的社区获得性肺炎患留取呼吸道分泌物进行细菌培养，同时采用聚合酶链反应方法、血清学方法和尿抗原测定法检测非典型病原体。结果：244例患病原学检测阳性120例(49．2％)，其中细菌阳性53例(21．7％)，非典型病原体82例(33．6％)，细菌和非典型病原体混合感染15例(6．1％)。病原菌包括嗜血杆菌属26株，肺炎克雷伯菌10株，肺炎链球菌6株，其他链球菌属6株，葡萄球菌属6株和其他革兰阴性杆菌8株，非典型病原包括肺炎支原体65例次，肺炎衣原体17例次和嗜肺军团菌7例次。肺炎链球菌感染多见于2～4岁幼儿，肺炎支原体感染多见于5～14岁和15～44岁年轻患。细菌感染和非典型病原体感染的临床表现和实验室检查差异均无显性。结论：嗜血杆菌属细菌仍是社区获得性肺炎的主要病原菌之一，非典型病原体亦占重要地位．因此经验治疗宜选用对常见细菌和非典型病原体均有效的抗微生物药。     

社区获得性肺炎致病原与幽门螺杆菌的相关性研究

目的探讨幽门螺杆菌(helicobacter pylori,Hp)与社区获得性肺炎不同病原体的相关性。方法随机选取2012年3月—2015年1月我院呼吸内科住院部和门诊部就诊的社区获得性肺炎206例(肺炎组),取患者呼吸道分泌物进行病原菌培养;选取同期我院体检健康的40例作为对照组。两组入院时均采血检测Hp浓度并进行比较分析。结果不同病原体感染所致社区获得性肺炎患者血清Hp抗体阳性率均高于对照组(P0.05),Hp抗体阳性率由高到低依次为流感嗜血杆菌、肺炎链球菌、衣原体、肺炎支原体。肺炎组感染流感嗜血杆菌与肺炎链球菌、衣原体与肺炎支原体间Hp抗体阳性率比较差异均无统计学意义(P0.05),而感染流感嗜血杆菌和肺炎链球菌Hp抗体阳性率均显著高于衣原体与肺炎支原体(P0.05)。结论社区获得性肺炎患者血清Hp抗体阳性率高,提示Hp感染可能增加感染社区获得性肺炎的概率。     

北京部分地区成年患者社区获得性肺炎的病原学及耐药性分析

目的调查研究北京部分地区成年患者社区获得性肺炎的病原学分布及耐药性情况。方法收集389例成年社区获得性肺炎患者的痰液及385例血液标本。痰细菌培养阳性及肺炎支原体和衣原体的血清学试验阳性结果作为感染指征;细菌药敏试验采用纸片扩散法。结果 389例痰液标本中共培养分离出171株细菌,其中最主要的是肺炎链球菌（34/171）,其次是肺炎克雷伯菌（29/171）及金黄色葡萄球菌（22/171）。对385例患者进行非典型病原菌的血清学检测,分别检出104例肺炎支原体和32例肺炎衣原体。分离的肺炎链球菌对红霉素及青霉素的耐药率分别为70.6%和41.2%。结论成年CAP患者中感染率居前3位的细菌为肺炎链球菌、肺炎克雷伯菌及金黄色葡萄球菌。同样,也存在着大量的非典型病原菌感染及混合感染。除了肺炎链球菌对大环内酯类的耐药率较高外,主要致病性细菌的耐药率普遍较低。     

基层医院社区获得性肺炎人群的病原学分布及耐药性分析

目的探讨基层医院社区获得性肺炎(CAP)患者的病原学分布情况和常见细菌的耐药性,为基层医院CAP的治疗提供依据。方法选择2010年1月—2013年12月在我院住院治疗的CAP患者360例,对患者的呼吸道分泌物进行病原学培养,分离鉴别细菌,并进行药物敏感性试验;同时检测患者急性期、恢复期肺炎支原体、肺炎衣原体抗体水平。结果 186例(51.67%)CAP患者病原学检测阳性,其中18.82%为混合感染,位于前4位的病原体为肺炎支原体、流感嗜血杆菌、肺炎克雷伯菌、肺炎链球菌及肺炎衣原体。流感嗜血杆菌对氨苄西林的耐药率为42.85%。肺炎克雷伯菌对氨苄西林和部分第三代头孢耐药;青霉素耐药的肺炎链球菌株(PRSP)为29.17%,肺炎链球菌对阿莫西林、头孢曲松等敏感率高。结论流感嗜血杆菌、肺炎克雷伯菌和肺炎链球菌是CAP最常见的致病细菌,但非典型病原体也在CAP中占据重要地位,对各种常用抗菌药物有不同的耐药性。     

多重PCR荧光微球检测支气管肺洗液非典型病原体和病毒的临床意义

目的：了解下呼吸道感染患者非典型病原体和病毒感染情况。方法：采集92例肺炎和急性支气管炎患者支气管肺洗液（BALF）。采用多重PCR技术与Luminexx MAP多重分析技术平台相结合。以荧光微球为载体检测非典型病原体和多种病毒．结果：10种（14个亚型）病原体阳性检出率为50％（46／92）．其中病毒阳性检出率为33．69％（31／92），以流感病毒A为主，其占病毒阳性检出的67．74％（21／31）I非典型病原体阳性检出率为16．30％（15／92）．以MP为多，其占非典型病原体阳性检出的73．33％（11／15）。MP、病毒和细菌混合感染率为13．04％（12／92）．结论。流感病毒A和肺炎支原体是本地区社区获得性肺炎和急性气管-支气管炎重要的病原体，并有相互混合感染或与细菌混合感染，临床应予重视．     

老年社区获得性肺炎118例临床诊疗分析

对2008年1月～2010年1月118例住院治疗的老年社区获得性肺炎患者的临床资料进行回顾性分析。结果118例CAP患者中有96例（81.36%）检测到病原体。检出肺炎支原体19例,肺炎衣原体4例,嗜肺军团菌3例。分离出流感嗜血杆菌26例,肺炎链球菌34例,卡他莫拉菌2例,肺炎克雷伯杆菌3例,金黄色葡萄球菌5例。混合感染26例。其中治愈91例（77.12%）,好转24例（20.34%）,死亡3例（2.54%）,总有效率为97.46%。流感嗜血杆菌和肺炎链球菌是CAP的主要致病菌。对老年社区获得性肺炎要掌握其规律,做到早期诊断,联合用药,疗程足够,以提高治愈率。     

小儿社区获得性肺炎62例病例分析

目的为了提高对小儿社区获得性肺炎的病原诊断水平及治疗效果。方法选择自2004年5月～2006年2月本社区14岁以下社区获得性肺炎患儿62例为观察对象。采用咽部分泌物细菌培养，血清支原体IgM检测，2岁以下小儿6例，同时作呼吸道合胞病毒、腺病毒PCR检测。结果病原诊断的阳性率为30／62（48．4％），其中，14例为肺炎链球菌肺炎，11例为支原体肺炎，3例为合胞病毒肺炎，2例为腺病毒肺炎。结论肺炎链球菌肺炎，支原体肺炎是本社区小儿时期最常见的肺炎。细菌性肺炎是重症肺炎的重症病原。     

非典型病原体所致社区获得性肺炎的实验研究

目的 探讨成人社区获得性肺炎(CAP)非典型病原体的构成及有关问题,为临床治疗提供依据.方法 收集121例CAP患者急性期和恢复期血清,采用微量颗粒凝集(MAG)法检测肺炎支原体,微量免疫荧光(MIF)法检测肺炎农原体,间接荧光免疫(IFA)法检测嗜肺军团菌,酶免疫测定(EIA)法检测军团菌尿抗原.结果 121例CAP患者共检出非典型病原体28例,其中肺炎支原体19例,是最常见的非典型病原体,其后依次是肺炎衣原体6例,嗜肺军团菌3例,3例阳性病例中军团菌尿抗原检测也是阴性.121例CAP中绝大多数为单一病原体感染,混合感染仅6例.结论 肺炎支原体是CAP中同时也是非典型病原体中最多的一种病原体,肺炎衣原体所占比例较高,而嗜肺军团菌检出较少.     

Determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum using immunological inhibition of creatine kinase M subunit activity. Activity kinetics and diagnostic significance in myocardial infarction.

This is a new method for the determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum. The method uses direct activity measurement of creatine kinase B subunit activity after blocking of CK-M subunit activity by inhibiting antibodies. The test takes no longer than 15 min. The method yields an intra-serial C.V. of 2.0-12.9%, and a C.V. from day to day of 5.5%. The detection limit is 3.4 U/l creatine kinase MB. In the 95 cases with proven myocardial infarction several types of creatine kinase MB activity kinetics could be determined. The percentage of creatine kinase MB of peak CK-total is 6-25%, with a mean of 11.1%. The amount of creatine kinase MB with respect to total CK activity after reinfarction is higher than the amount after initial infarction.     

俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征患者氧合的影响

目的 探讨俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张术(RM)治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)患者的治疗作用.方法 从海拔2260m的地区医院筛选RM治疗无效的41例ARDS患者[平均氧合指数( PaO2/FiO2)较RM前升高＜20％视为RM无效],依不同病因分为肺内源性ARDS组(ARDSp组)和肺外源性ARDS组(ARDSexp组),每组再按信封法随机分为俯卧位组和仰卧位组,即ARDSp俯卧位组(11例)、ARDSp仰卧位组(9例)、ARDSexp俯卧位组(10例)、ARDSexp仰卧位组(11例).在通气前及通气1、2、3、4h监测动脉血氧分压( PaO2)、PaO2/FiO2、静态顺应性(Cst)、气道阻力(Raw)的变化.结果 通气lh时,ARDSexp俯卧位组PaO2/FiO2( mm Hg,l mm Hg=0.133 kPa)即较通气前显著升高(157.4±40.6比129.3±48.7,P＜0.05),并随通气时间延长呈持续增高趋势,4h达峰值(219.1 ±41.1);且ARDSexp俯卧位组通气3h内PaO2/FiO2较其他3组显著增高,另3组间则差异无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组、ARDSexp俯卧位组通气4h时PaO2/FiO2均较相应仰卧位组显著增高(208.8±39.7比127.4±47.1,219.1±41.1比124.9±50.8,均P＜0.05).4组通气前后Cst无显著改变,各组间差异也无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组通气4h时Raw(cmH2O·L-1·s-1)较通气前显著降低(6.8±1.7比10.7±1.8,P＜0.05),且明显低于其他3组;其他3组各时间点Raw组内及组间比较差异均无统计学意义.结论 俯卧位通气作为ARDS机械通气重要策略之一,可以改善RM无效高原ARDS患者的氧合,为抢救患者赢得宝贵的时间.     

Digital imaging among medical facilities

The Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) in the USA operates a network of 172 medical centres which all utilize a hospital information system (HIS) which has been developed and is currently maintained by the VA. During the past several years, an image management and communication module has been developed, installed and clinically utilized at the Washington DC and Maryland VA Medical Centres. This image management and communication system, referred to as the decentralized hospital computer program (DHCP) imaging system, is fully integrated with a commercial picture archiving and communication system (PACS). The system is utilized to capture, archive, and display all images generated within the hospital including radiology, nuclear medicine, pathology, endoscopy, bronchoscopy, and dermatology, intraoperative photographs, ECG data, and a limited number of paper documents. The ultimate goal of the project is to have all patient text and image data available at any clinical workstation to any authorized user anywhere within the network of medical centres. Clinical requirements for an imaging workstation include ease of use, rapid and reliable access to the complete set of patient information, and images which are of acceptable quality to meet the requirements of the user and the subspecialty. Patient confidentiality and data security must be safeguarded at all times. Integration of the images with the remainder of the patient's database was found to be critical to the success of the project. The experience at the Washington and Maryland facilities suggests that an imaging system that is successfully integrated with a hospital information system can provide substantial clinical and economic benefits both within and among medical centres. Clinical acceptance and utilization of the system has been excellent, particularly in diagnostic radiology where DHCP Imaging has been interfaced to a commercial PAC system. Based upon this initial experience, the VA has begun to deploy the system throughout its large network of medical centres.     

Myocardial elastography at both high temporal and spatial resolution for the detection of infarcts

Myocardial elastography is a novel method for noninvasively assessing regional myocardial function, with the advantages of high spatial and temporal resolution and high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). In this paper, in-vivo experiments were performed in anesthetized normal and infarcted mice (one day after left anterior descending coronary artery [LAD] ligation) using a high-resolution (30 MHz) ultrasound system (Vevo 770, VisualSonics Inc., Toronto, ON, Canada). Radiofrequency (RF) signals of the left ventricle (LV) in longitudinal (long-axis) view and the associated electrocardiogram (ECG) were simultaneously acquired. Using a retrospective ECG gating technique, 2-D full field-of-view RF frames were acquired at an extremely high frame rate (8 kHz) that resulted in high-quality incremental displacement and strain estimation of the myocardium. The incremental results were further accumulated to obtain the cumulative displacements and strains. Two-dimensional and M-mode displacement images and strain images (elastograms), as well as displacement and strain profiles as a function of time, were compared between normal and infarcted mice. Incremental results clearly depicted cardiac events including LV contraction, LV relaxation and isovolumetric phases in both normal and infarcted mice, and also evidently indicated reduced motion and deformation in the infarcted myocardium. The elastograms indicated that the infarcted regions underwent thinning during systole rather than thickening, as in the normal case. The cumulative elastograms were found to have higher elastographic SNR (SNR(e)) than the incremental elastograms (e.g., 10.6 vs. 4.7 in a normal myocardium, and 6.0 vs. 2.4 in an infarcted myocardium). Finally, preliminary statistical results from nine normal (m = 9) and seven infarcted (n = 7) mice indicated the capability of the cumulative strain in differentiating infracted from normal myocardia. In conclusion, myocardial elastography could provide regional strain information at simultaneously high temporal (>/=0.125 ms) and spatial ( approximately 55 microm) resolution as well as high precision ( approximately 0.05 microm displacement). This technique was thus capable of accurately characterizing normal myocardial function throughout an entire cardiac cycle, at the same high resolution, and detecting and localizing myocardial infarction in vivo.     

Clinical Pharmacokinetics of Morphine

Morphine, the most widely used mu-opioid analgesic for acute and chronic pain, is the standard against which new analgesics are measured. A thorough understanding of the pharmacokinetics of morphine is required in order to safely and effectively use this analgesic in a wide variety of patients with different levels of organ function. A MEDLINE search was conducted to identify literature published between 1966 and January 2002 relevant to the pharmacokinetics of morphine. These publications were reviewed and the literature summarized regarding unique and clinically important elements of morphine disposition relative to its parenteral administration (including intravenous, intramuscular, subcutaneous, epidural and intrathecal administration), absorption profile (immediate release, controlled release, and sublingual/buccal, and rectal administration), distribution, and its metabolism/ excretion. Special populations, including infants, elderly, and those with renal/liver failure, have a unique morphine pharmacokinetic profile that must be taken into account in order to maximize analgesic efficacy and reduce the risk of adverse events.     

Evidence-Based Pain Management and Palliative Care in Issue Four for 2009 of The Cochrane Library

ABSTRACT

The Cochrane Library of Systematic Reviews is published quarterly. Issue 4 for 2009 contains 4027 complete reviews, 1906 protocols for reviews in production, and 11447 one-page summaries of systematic reviews published in the general medical literature. In addition, there are citations of 600,000 randomized controlled trials, and 12,200 cited papers in the Cochrane methodology register. The health technology assessment database contains over 7500 citations. This edition of the Library contains 90 new reviews, of which 19 have potential relevance for practitioners in pain and palliative medicine.     

Molecular characterization of virulence and antimicrobial resistance profile of Shigella species isolated from children with moderate to severe diarrhea in northeastern Brazil

Molecular characterization of virulence and antimicrobial resistance profiles were determined for Shigella species isolated from children with diarrhea in Fortaleza, Brazil. Fecal specimens were collected along with socioeconomic and clinical data from children with moderate to severe diarrhea requiring emergency care. Shigella spp. were isolated by standard microbiological techniques, and we developed 4 multiplex polymerase chain reaction assays to detect 16 virulence-related genes (VRGs). Antimicrobial susceptibility tests were performed using disk diffusion assays. S. flexneri and S. sonnei were the predominant serogroups. S. flexneri was associated with low monthly incomes; more severe disease; higher number of VRGs; and presence of pic, set, and sepA genes. The SepA gene was associated with more intense abdominal pain. S. flexneri was correlated with resistance to ampicillin and chloramphenicol, whereas S. sonnei was associated with resistance to azithromycin. Strains harboring higher numbers of VRGs were associated with resistance to more antimicrobials. We highlight the correlation between presence of S. flexneri and sepA, and increased virulence and suggest a link to socioeconomic change in northeastern Brazil. Additionally, antimicrobial resistance was associated with serogroup specificity in Shigella spp. and increased bacterial VRGs.     

护理干预对面部中重度寻常型痤疮的临床疗效影响分析

目的研究护理干预对面部中重度寻常型痤疮的临床疗效影响。方法选取本院在2014年4月~2016年7月诊治的136例面部中重度寻常型痤疮患者,随机分为研究组与对照组,每组68例;所有患者均依据其情况给予对应的治疗,其中对照组在治疗期间给予常规护理,研究组在对照组的基础上再给予综合性护理干预,比较两组的治疗效果及护理满意度情况等。结果患者在接受治疗和护理后,研究组中度与重度患者的治疗效果较对照组均明显提高(P0.05),研究组护理满意度较对照组明显增高(P0.05)。结论对面部中重度寻常型痤疮患者在其治疗期间给予综合性护理干预,具有良好的效果。