冷冻烤鳗HACCP模型的探讨

目的 探讨冷冻烤鳗的HACCP模型，以保证冷冻烤鳗的安全卫生质量。方法 利用HACCP原理，对冷冻烤鳗生产加工过程的每道工序从生物、化学、物理三方面潜在的危害进行分析（HA）。结果 确立原料验收（潜在药残危害）、蒸者（潜在致病菌危害），金属探测（潜在金属碎片危害）3个加工步骤为关键控制点（CCP），并得到有效控制。结论 建立冷冻烤鳗的HACCP模型是保证冷冻烤鳗安全卫生和进行质量控制的一种有效方法。     

HACCP在生猪屠宰加工中应用的研究

目的 为提高肉食品的卫生质量，减少或消除猪肉产品的危害因素。方法 选取一家大型肉类联合加工厂生猪屠宰加工生产线作为HACCP研究对象，对生猪屠宰加工过程进行危害分析，确定关键控制点，建立消除或降低这些危害的关键限值。结果 通过全面分析，确立接收活猪、头部检验、肉尸检验、内脏检验、旋毛虫检验、复验及冷却7个关键控制点，采取相应预防和控制措施，将危害消除或降低到可接受水平。结论 在生猪屠宰加工过程中应用HACCP，可使肉食品质量明显提高。     

在生猪屠宰加工中的应用

HACCP系统是食品生产中保证食品安全卫生的预防性管理系统。在生猪屠宰加工中，采用HACCP系统，全面进行危害分析(HA)，确定加工过程中关键控制点(CCP)．从而建立消除或降低这些危害的关键限值(CL)，通过监控关键控制点，以有效预防和控制影响肉品安全性的潜在危害，并将危害消除或降低到可接受的水平。     

HACCP系统在瓶（桶）装饮用纯净水生产中的应用

目的探索可能提高瓶（桶）装饮用纯净水卫生质量的方法。方法利用危害分析关键控制点（HACCP）原理。对实施HACCP前、后检测指标进行比较,分析瓶（桶）装饮用纯净水生产过程的危害因素,确定关键控制点（CCP）,制订预防和纠偏措施。结果实施HACCP后纯净水卫生质量有明显提高,实施HACCP前、后一些指标检测结果比较有显著的差异（P〈0．01）。反渗透（RO）膜滤过、紫外线灯（或臭氧）灭菌、桶（盖）消毒、灌装环境和规范操作是纯净水生产的CCP。结论实施HACCP是保证瓶（桶）装饮用纯净水卫生质量最有效的方法。     

凉果加工企业基本卫生状况调查

为了解凉果类食品企业的卫生现状，为制定凉果厂良好卫生规范提供依据，对凉果加工企业进行调查，调查发现，与凉果卫生质量直接相关的加工过程的加工环境都没有有效的卫生控制措施，有明显的生产规范以控制添加剂的加入量的企业不到60％，而即使已经制定生产规范，工人在加入添加剂时使用定量的设备的比例也不超过50％，食品添加剂本身的质量问题也很严重；有41．17％的企业的产品不经任何检测就出厂销售，暴露出卫生学管理上的漏洞，结论认为要确保凉果产品的卫生质量，需从良好生产规范和危害分析与关键控制点两方面下功夫。     

方便面生产企业建立与实施HACCP体系的研究

目的为保证方便面的卫生质量，探讨在方便面生产企业建立和实施HACCP体系的效果。方法参照国际食品法典委员会推荐的《HACCP体系及其应用准则》以及《食品企业通用卫生规范》的要求，运用现场卫生学调查、实验室检验、卫生管理的方法，对所有原料和加工工艺进行危害分析，确定关键控制点和控制措施。结果确定关键控制点，采取控制措施并进行验证，在方便面生产企业建立了HACCP体系。结论建立体系后，产品卫生质量稳定，建立的HACCP体系有效。     

凉果加工过程中的危害及相应控制措施的分析

凉果产品历史悠久 ,其生产加工一直沿袭民间传统工艺 ,至今仍采用手工加工的方式为主 ,为保留传统风味 ,不可避免地带来了一定的卫生问题。目前针对凉果蜜饯类食品的生产加工 ,国家已经制定了《蜜饯厂卫生规范》(ＧＢ895 6-88) ,在规范中规定了生产企业所要达到的基本卫生要求。为提高食品卫生监督部门的规范管理水平 ,改善凉果加工企业产品的卫生质量 ,通过分析凉果的原料加工、包装等生产工艺流程中存在的危害 ,确立“关键控制点” ,利用ＨＡＣＣＰ的原理和方法通过各自相应的控制措施 ,使产品的卫生质量得到明显改善。1　危害分析1 1　…     

HACCP在生猪屠宰加工中的应用

HACCP系统是食品生产中保证食品安全卫生的预防性管理系统。在生猪屠宰加工中,采用HACCP系统,全面进行危害分析(HA),确定加工过程中关键控制点(CCP),从而建立消除或降低这些危害的关键限值(CL),通过监控关键控制点,以有效预防和控制影响肉品安全性的潜在危害,并将危害消除或降低到可接受的水平。     

熟肉制品生产加工过程中的危害分析

危害分析与关键控制点（HACCP）系统是科学、经济、实用的预防性食品安全质量控制体系，危害分析是HACCP系统的基本内容和关键步骤，确认熟肉制品生产加工过程中可能存在的危害，才能针对每一种危害，提出预防和控制危害措施，提高熟肉制品的卫生质量。     

青岛市重大会议食品卫生保障中HACCP管理

HACCP（危害分析关键控制点）是对食品生产过程中各种潜在的食品安全危害进行预防性评估，确定针对危害的预防控制措施。HACCP体系是安全食品的一种控制手段，对原料、关键生产工序及影响产品安全的人为因素进行分析，确定加工过程中的关键环节，建立完善监控程序和监控标准，采取规范的纠正措施，是食品生产经营企业保障食品安全的有效、可靠的管理方法。青岛市卫生监督所在承担重大会议食品卫生保障工作中，运用HACCP管理模式对接待单位的食品生产加工经营过程，进行潜在危害因素分析，确定重点监控环节，制定干预措施，起到了很好的效果。     

Calcium intake in the elderly: validation of a dietary questionnaire

Epidemiological studies of calcium and osteoporosis have been hampered by the lack of a suitable tool for assessing calcium intake. This report describes a new frequency and amount questionnaire for measuring present and past calcium intake in the elderly. The validity of the questionnaire was tested against two commonly used standards of dietary assessment, five-day duplicate diets and seven-day weighed dietary inventories. The resulting correlation coefficients were, respectively, r = 0.76 and r = 0.69, while that for repeatability was r = 0.84. Furthermore, the questionnaire categorized subjects into thirds of the distribution of intake with almost no gross misclassification. It is suggested that the present findings may be extended to the majority of normal, healthy elderly subjects, implying wide application for the questionnaire in the assessment of calcium intake in the elderly.     

The occurrence of antimicrobial substances in toilet,sink and shower drainpipes of clinical units: A neglected source of antibiotic residues

Antibiotics represent one of the most important drug groups used in the management of bacterial infections in humans and animals. Due to the increasing problem of antibiotic resistance, assurance of the antibacterial effectiveness of these substances has moved into the focus of public health. The reduction in antibiotic residues in wastewater and the environment may play a decisive role in the development of increasing rates of antibiotic resistance. The present study examines the wastewater of 31 patient rooms of various German clinics for possible residues of antibiotics, as well as the wastewater of five private households as a reference.To the best of our knowledge, this study shows for the first time that in hospitals with high antibiotic consumption rates, residues of these drugs can be regularly detected in toilets, sink siphons and shower drains at concentrations ranging from 0.02?μg·L^?1 to a maximum of 79?mg·L^?1. After complete flushing of the wastewater siphons, antibiotics are no longer detectable, but after temporal stagnation, the concentration of the active substances in the water phases of respective siphons increases again, suggesting that antibiotics persist through the washing process in biofilms. This study demonstrates that clinical wastewater systems offer further possibilities for the optimization of antibiotic resistance surveillance.     

Self-reported health problems among Swedish miners one year after unemployment

Unemployment is considered to be a public health concern sincedeterioration in the health of the unemployed is often anticipated.However, for some groups, such as miners, unemployment mightimprove health due to a cessation of potentially harmful occupationalexposures. This study evaluates the health of 79 miners in oneSwedish iron-ore mine, and 226 age-matched controls from thegeneral population, during one year after the closure of themine. The participants received a questionnaire regarding medicalhistory and subjective symptoms at the beginning of the studyperiod, and after one year. Statistically significant negativeeffects on self-reported health attributable to unemploymentwere not found, although neuropsychiatric symptoms were morecommon among the unemployed miners. The miners reported a statisticallysignificant improvement in grip force (p=0.031). They had asignificantly higher prevalence of symptoms associated withmining related exposures when compared with the population controls;pain in the upper extremities [relative risk (RR)=2.27, 95%confidence interval (Cl)=1.44–3.59), back pain (RR=1.84;Cl=1.237–2.75), vasospastic disease of the fingers (RR=2.05;Cl=1.18–3.57) and obstructive respiratory symptoms (attacksof dyspnea and wheezing: RR=3.67; Cl=1.167–11.6).     

Excès de cas humains et animaux de tularémie en France au cours de l’hiver 2007–2008 : émergence ou phénomène isolé ?

Context

Tularemia is a zoonosis affecting humans and hares in France. We describe the results of surveillance in both species, in 2007 and 2008.

Methods

Human tularemia cases are mandatorily notifiable in France since 2003. In hares, surveillance relies on volunteer hunter associations in all districts of the country. Data from mandatory reports and volunteer surveillance in 2007/2008 were analyzed and compared with previous results.

Results

In 2007/2008, 144 cases were reported in humans and 117 cases in hares. This was a 100% increase compared to previous years. Human cases differed from those of previous years only by the frequency of contact with breeding animals. Human cases without any documented risk exposure were also more frequent.

Conclusion

An increase of tularemia cases occurred in 2007/2008 in both species. Complementary studies are needed to identify the species reservoir in France to understand the causes of this peak of cases.     

Occupational health hazards in mining: an overview

This review article outlines the physical, chemical, biological, ergonomic and psychosocial occupational health hazards of mining and associated metallurgical processes. Mining remains an important industrial sector in many parts of the world and although substantial progress has been made in the control of occupational health hazards, there remains room for further risk reduction. This applies particularly to traumatic injury hazards, ergonomic hazards and noise. Vigilance is also required to ensure exposures to coal dust and crystalline silica remain effectively controlled.     

Manufacture and use of nanomaterials: current status in the UK and global trends

This paper provides an overview of the production and use of nanomaterials (NMs), particularly in the UK. Currently, relatively few companies in the UK are identifiable as NM manufacturers, the main emphasis being the bulk markets in metals and metal oxides, and some niche markets such as carbon nanotubes and quantum dots. NM manufacturing in the UK does not reflect the global emphasis on fullerenes, nanotubes and fibres. Some assumptions have been made about the types of NM that are likely to be imported into the UK, which currently include fullerenes, modified fullerenes and other carbon-based NMs including nanotubes. Many university departments, spin-offs and private companies have developed processes for the manufacture of NMs but may only be producing small quantities for research and development (R&D) purposes. However, some have the potential to scale up to produce large quantities. The nanotechnology industry in the UK has strong R&D backup from universities and related institutions. This review has covered R&D trends at such institutions, and appropriate information has been added to a searchable database. While several companies are including NMs in their products, only a few (e.g. manufacturers of paints, coatings, cosmetics, catalysts, polymer composites) are using nanoparticles (NPs) in any significant quantities. However, this situation is likely to change rapidly. There is a need to collect more information about exposure to NPs in both manufacturing and user scenarios. As the market grows, and as manufacturers switch from the micro- to the nanoscale, the potential for exposure will increase. More research is required to quantify any risks to workers and consumers.     

深圳公立医院管理体制改革制度设计

深圳公立医院管理体制改革实行政事分开、管办分开,在理事会架构下按法定机构模式组建市医管中心,落实公立医院运营管理自主权.作者从当前公立医院管理体制的弊端入手,介绍了深圳市进行公立医院管理体制改革的基本思路及改革方案设计的主要举措,深入剖析了的改革方案的特点,并对改革效果进行了预测.     

Effects of nitrogen dioxide on red blood cells of rats: Changes in components of red cell membranes during in vivo exposure to NO2

Red cell membranes, prepared from red blood cells of rats exposed to 4, 10, or 20 ppm nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) for 1 to 10 days, were examined for evidence of changes in membrane components. Appreciable changes were not found in contents of phospholipid and cholesterol during exposure to 10 ppm NO₂. By contrast, protein content altered with the time of exposure. Moreover, changes in protein composition were observed by employing sodium dodecyl sulfate — polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Twenty-four-hour exposure to NO₂ at the concentration above 10 ppm resulted in a marked increase in the percentage of lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LysoPE) to the total phospholipids. The prolonged exposure to 10 ppm NO₂ gave rise to a further increase in LysoPE, whereas the percentage of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) showed a gradual decrease. A 1-day exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂ also caused an increase in sialic acid content and decreases in those of PE and hexose. In addition to contents of these components the percentage of LysoPE increased 5 days after exposure and the elevated values were maintained up to the end of exposure period. These results demonstrate that red blood cells in circulation exhibit different membrane properties in terms of lipid and carbohydrate composition during 10 days of exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂.     

Investigating clusters in the workplace and beyond

Clusters of disease are common and occur in the workplace and in the general community. They often arouse considerable concern among the population. Investigations have sometimes lead to exciting new knowledge, but in general the investigation of clusters is difficult and often unrewarding, especially for community clusters. In the workplace, investigations are more likely to find associations and even new causes, but still many clusters remain enigmatic. Despite this, there are many reasons for investigating clusters, including allaying community concern and identifying uncontrolled exposures. A structure for investigating clusters in the workplace is suggested.