彩色多普勒超声在诊治股动脉假性动脉瘤中的应用价值

目的评价彩色多普勒超声对股动脉假性动脉瘤的诊断价值及彩超引导下对其压迫修复的疗效。方法对28例股动脉插管术后穿刺部位出现搏动性肿块和（或）血管杂音的患者行彩色多普勒超声检查，并在彩超引导下对股动脉假性动脉瘤进行压迫治疗，治疗后经彩超跟踪复查评价其疗效。结果28例股动脉假性动脉瘤患者全部检出，与临床和MRI、血管造影或手术结果符合率100％（28／28）。彩超引导下25例股动脉假性动脉瘤经压迫治愈，3例压迫后未能完全修复而行手术治疗。结论彩色多普勒超声对股动脉假性动脉瘤有较高的诊断价值，且在引导压迫修复股动脉假性动脉瘤方面简便、安全、可靠，可作为首选的治疗方法，对不适宜压迫修复的患者行手术等治疗。     

Ultrasonographically guided manual compression of femoral artery injuries.

To determine the success and complication rates of ultrasonographically guided manual compression in patients with femoral arterial injuries after femoral arterial catheterization, we performed 53 sonographically guided compression repairs in 51 patients. Ultrasonographically guided compression repair was performed on 40 pseudoaneurysms in non-anticoagulated patients, seven pseudoaneurysms in anticoagulated patients, four arteriovenous fistulas on non-anticoagulated patients, and one pseudoaneurysm combined with an arteriovenous fistula. One pseudoaneurysm underwent two separate ultrasonographically guided compression repairs: once when the patient was anticoagulated and once after anticoagulants were withheld. Ultrasonographically guided compression repair was successful in 37 of 48 pseudoaneurysms (77%). Of the 40 pseudoaneurysms in non-anticoagulated patients, ultrasonographically guided compression repair was successful in 36 (90%). This repair technique failed in all seven pseudoaneurysms in anticoagulated patients. Ultrasonographically guided compression repair was successful in 13 of 16 (81%) multilobulated pseudoaneurysms but failed in all arteriovenous fistulas and the one case of pseudoaneurysm combined with an arteriovenous fistula. Ultrasonographically guided compression repair is a safe and effective alternative to surgery for the repair of pseudoaneurysms, including multilobulated pseudoaneurysms. The procedure does not appear to be effective in the anticoagulated patient or in patients with an arteriovenous fistula.     

彩色多普勒超声在假性动脉瘤诊治中的临床应用

目的 探讨彩色多普勒超声诊治假性动脉瘤的方法和可行性。方法 对40例假性动脉瘤患者的声像图进行总结分析。结果 本组假性动脉瘤的超声诊断与血管造影和手术结果符合率达100％。2例穿刺造影术后股动脉假性动脉瘤患者，经超声引导下压迫治疗获得治愈。结论 彩色多普勒超声检查是诊断假性动脉瘤可靠的有效方法。动脉穿刺所致的医源性假性动脉瘤患者，超声引导下压迫治疗可作为首选的治疗方式。     

彩色多普勒超声诊断腹主动脉、髂动脉假性动脉瘤

目的　探讨应用多普勒超声诊断腹主动脉、髂动脉假性动脉瘤的价值。方法　利用二维超声、彩色和频谱多普勒超声诊断腹主动脉、髂动脉假性动脉瘤 11例 ,9例超声检查结果经手术证实 ,其余病例经MRA检查证实。结果　腹主动脉、髂动脉假性动脉瘤 (横断面 )内彩色血流呈涡流 ;其瘤颈 (纵断面 )内的频谱呈“往复征”。结论　腹主动脉、髂动脉真性动脉瘤一般无突发的腹痛 ,动脉壁上无破口 ,瘤腔内“云雾”状血流回声不明显 ,以上特点有助于腹主动脉、髂动脉真性和假性动脉瘤的鉴别诊断 ;腹主动脉假性动脉瘤有时可以破入下腔静脉 ,形成腹主动脉下腔静脉瘘 ;超声诊断腹主动脉、髂动脉假性动脉瘤具有较高特异性。     

Percutaneous ultrasonographically guided thrombin injection of iatrogenic pseudoaneurysms in unusual sites.

OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the effectiveness and safety of percutaneous ultrasonographically guided thrombin injection as treatment of unusually positioned and unusually large iatrogenic pseudoaneurysms. METHODS: Five patients with iatrogenic pseudoaneurysms were evaluated by color duplex ultrasonography. Two patients had additional digital angiography, and 2 had additional computed tomographic angiography. In 3 of the patients, large, painful iatrogenic pseudoaneurysms located proximal (2 patients) and distal (1 patient) to the arteriovenous hemodialysis fistulas had developed, most likely due to erroneous puncture of the arterial side (brachial artery) or venous side (cephalic vein) of the fistulas. An iatrogenic pseudoaneurysm of the anterior tibial artery had developed in the fourth patient after osteotomy of the fibula, and an iatrogenic pseudoaneurysm of the superficial femoral artery had developed in the fifth patient after erroneous puncture during venous transfemoral angiography. With a sterile technique and color duplex ultrasonographic guidance, a diluted solution of bovine thrombin was slowly injected directly into the iatrogenic pseudoaneurysms until cessation of blood flow was seen. Follow-up color duplex ultrasonography was performed 24 to 48 hours after the ultrasonographically guided thrombin injection. RESULTS: Four iatrogenic pseudoaneurysms were successfully thrombosed during 1 session. Two large iatrogenic pseudoaneurysms necessitated multiple repositions of the injecting needle and several injections of small amounts of thrombin into the residual patent lumen to induce complete thrombosis without an appreciable increase in the total thrombin dosage. Follow-up examinations revealed complete and persistent thrombosis without evidence of distal embolization. One iatrogenic pseudoaneurysm involving the cephalic vein, distal to an arteriovenous hemodialysis fistula, recurred after apparently successful initial thrombosis. CONCLUSIONS: Most iatrogenic pseudoaneurysms are amenable to ultrasonographically guided thrombin injection as long as they are imaged adequately by color duplex ultrasonography.     

Compression repair of ruptured pseudoaneurysms guided by color Doppler ultrasonography: report of two cases.

Noninvasive treatment of ruptured postcatheterization pseudoaneurysms is rare. We report the use of ultrasonographically guided compression repair for the treatment of ruptured pseudoaneurysms in 2 cases. To ensure the immediate stop of bleeding, more compression was applied than for nonruptured pseudoaneurysms, regardless of flow in the femoral artery or vein, thus maximizing the effectiveness of this therapy. With this method, complete thrombosis of the pseudoaneurysm could be achieved in less than 30 minutes. In both cases, ultrasonographically guided compression repair was faster than the time needed to prepare an operating room for surgical treatment. In follow-up examinations, no recurrences or further complications were detected. Ultrasonographically guided compression repair can be used for noninvasive treatment of ruptured pseudoaneurysms in some cases, provided that more compression than indicated for nonruptured pseudoaneurysms is applied. Further clinical experience with more patients will be necessary to determine the exact benefits and possible limitations.     

血管内栓塞治疗外伤性颈内动脉海绵窦段假性动脉瘤

目的 利用电解可脱卸弹簧圈(GDC)或血管内支架结合GDC行血管内治疗外伤性颈内动脉海绵窦段假性动脉瘤。方法 脑血管造影确诊外伤性颈内动脉海绵窦段假性动脉瘤，对于窄颈的直接行GDC栓塞，宽颈的行支架植入结合GDC栓塞治疗。结果 术后3个月脑血管造影复查均有不同程度复发；二次治疗，脑血管造影随访6个月，未见复发。结论 应用GDC或血管内支架联合GDC可能成为治疗外伤性颈内动脉海绵窦段假性动脉瘤的有效方法。     

Pseudoaneurysm of the dorsalis pedis artery: color Doppler sonographic and angiographic findings

Pseudoaneurysm of the dorsalis pedis artery is an uncommon condition that is usually caused by a traumatic injury or an iatrogenic intervention. The patient usually complains of an enlarging painless, pulsatile mass. A tentative diagnosis may be made by palpation of the pulsatile mass and detection of an associated systolic bruit. Color Doppler sonographic and arteriographic examinations can be used to confirm the diagnosis. We report the case of a 17-year-old patient with a posttraumatic pseudoaneurysm of the dorsalis pedis artery. Sonographic examinations revealed pulsatile flow into and out of a cystic structure surrounded by a thick hypoechoic wall and a "to-and-fro" pattern in the neck of the vascular mass; these findings were consistent with the diagnosis of a pseudoaneurysm. Angiography confirmed the diagnosis. The patient was treated with ligation of the artery and resection of the pseudoaneurysm. He recovered well after surgery and remained free of symptoms 3 months postoperatively. We believe that color Doppler sonography should be the procedure of choice for use in diagnosing pseudoaneurysms; arteriography can then be used to evaluate the alternative blood supply before surgery is undertaken.     

Diagnosis of a Facial Artery Pseudoaneurysm Using Emergency Bedside Ultrasound

Background: Pseudoaneurysms of the extracranial arterial system are rare. We report a case of a facial artery pseudoaneurysm initially mistaken for an abscess. With bedside ultrasound performed in the Emergency Department (ED) by the treating physician, the mass was identified as a pseudoaneurysm. Objectives: In this report we review the anatomy of the extracranial arterial system of the head and neck, discuss the pathogenesis and clinical presentation of pseudoaneuryms, and present diagnostic imaging and treatment options for pseudoaneurysms of the face. Case Report: A 51-year-old man presented with facial swelling and pain at the site of a laceration that he had sustained 1 month previously. Before incision and drainage, bedside ultrasound was performed in the ED by the treating physician to confirm the presumptive diagnosis of abscess with possible foreign body. The ultrasound revealed the mass to be a pseudoaneurysm. Conclusions: Although pseudoaneurysms of the head and neck are rare, a history of trauma should prompt the consideration of a vascular injury with the need for imaging before drainage procedures of a presumed abscess. To our knowledge, the use of clinician-performed bedside ultrasound to detect facial artery pseudoaneurysms has never been reported.     

Ultrasound examination of extracardiac chest masses in children. Doppler diagnosis of a vascular etiology

The purpose of this paper is to describe the use of two-dimensional and Doppler ultrasound techniques in the evaluation of chest masses of unknown etiology. We reviewed the diagnosis of chest masses in 12 children seen over 3 years, all confirmed by surgery or pathology. The masses were vascular in three patients (pseudoaneurysm) and nonvascular in nine. Ultrasound yielded a correct differential diagnosis of the masses. Doppler sampling diagnosed the vascular etiology of the three pseudoaneurysms. We conclude that Doppler techniques can identify the vascular nature of chest masses, and that ultrasonography is valuable in the assessment of chest masses in children.     

彩色多普勒超声对假性动脉瘤的诊断和治疗

目的：本文旨在总结假性动脉瘤的彩色多普勒超声表现，并介绍彩色多普勒超声引导下的压迫治疗方法。方法：对１９９５～１９９８年我院经彩色多普勒超声诊断的１３例假性动脉瘤进行分析。在彩色多普勒超声引导下压迫治疗２例假性动脉瘤。结果：１３例假性动脉瘤病人中１１例经手术证实。另２例压迫治疗成功。结论：彩色多普勒超声对假性动脉瘤诊断准确率较高。彩色多普勒超声引导下压迫治疗假性动脉瘤是一种安全、有效的非介入性方法     

超声指导下冠状动脉介入术后股动脉假性动脉瘤的诊断和治疗

目的探讨超声指导下冠状动脉介入术后股动脉假性动脉瘤的发生原因、临床表现、诊断及治疗方法。方法采用超声引导下压迫修复的方法,失败的病例选择超声引导下注射凝血酶。结果经超声检查确诊冠状动脉介入术后股动脉假性动脉瘤的39例患者中有18例经压迫修复治愈,平均压迫时间（36．78±1．71）rain。21例经压迫修复失败后采用瘤腔内注射凝血酶治愈,平均瘤内血栓形成时间（0．33±0．06）min。所有患者均于修复后24h复查超声,证实假性动脉瘤已闭合。术后随诊半年,未见假性动脉瘤复发。结论冠状动脉介入术后引发股动脉假性动脉瘤,在超声引导下压迫修复和超声引导下行腔内注入凝血酶是安全有效的治疗方法。     

Color duplex sonographically guided obliteration of pseudoaneurysm

Over a 21 month period, 112 patients were seen in the vascular laboratory for evaluation and therapy of possible pseudoaneurysm. Pseudoaneurysm was confirmed by color flow sonographic imaging in 31 patients. Twenty-eight of these patients underwent sonographically monitored extrinsic manual compression to induce thrombosis and subsequent obliteration. Complete manual thrombosis was achieved in 17 patients while partial thrombosis with subsequent spontaneous closure developed in three patients, for a total success rate of 71% (20/28). In eight patients attempts to thrombose the pseudoaneurysm failed (29%). Induction of thrombosis by manual compression was successful in the presence of oral and intravenous anticoagulants. No therapeutic complications were encountered. Under proper sonographic guidance, the technique of manual obliteration of pseudoaneurysms provides a safe and effective alternative to surgical intervention.     

Doppler sonographic demonstration of the progressive spontaneous thrombosis of pseudoaneurysms

In three patients with diagnosed pseudoaneurysms, surgical intervention was delayed because of the patients' clinical condition. In successive follow-up examinations in one patient, development of a new lobe to the previously single-lobed pseudoaneurysm was noted with progressive centripetal thrombus formation in each lobe leading to the eventual complete thrombosis of the pseudoaneurysm without surgical intervention. The sequence of steps leading to the complete thrombosis of the pseudoaneurysm as seen by color Doppler and pulsed Doppler examination is described. In two other patients with a single-lobed and a multilobed pseudoaneurysm, respectively, follow-up examinations without surgical management revealed complete thrombosis of the pseudoaneurysms. Whereas traditional teaching holds that pseudoaneurysms require surgical repair, this short series of cases suggests that, when progressive centripetal thrombus formation is observed, the pseudoaneurysms can go on to complete thrombosis. Follow-up for up to 4 months reveals no sonographic evidence of rebleeding or other evidence of weakness in the arterial wall at the site of the previous pseudoaneurysms.     

Duplex-guided thrombin injection for the treatment of iatrogenic pseudoaneurysms

This study compares duplex-guided thrombin injection (DGTI) with duplex-guided compression (DGC) for the treatment of iatrogenic pseudoaneurysms. A nonrandomized prospective study, approved by the institutional review board, was performed to evaluate the success rate in DGTI versus DGC (with the use of historical data) in patients who arrive at the vascular surgery service for the treatment of iatrogenic pseudoaneurysm as identified by ultrasound examination. DGTI has been shown to have major advantages over DGC, such as improved patient and operator acceptance, shorter pseudoaneurysm thrombosis times, broader patient applications, and higher success rate.     

Treatment of a radial artery pseudoaneurysm with ultrasound-guided percutaneous thrombin injection in a patient with Behçet's syndrome

A 57‐year‐old man with Behçet's syndrome and recurrent deep vein thrombosis of the lower limbs presented with a painful, pulsating mass on the volar aspect of the radial edge of his left wrist. One month before this visit, he had had venous blood drawn from the same site. Using color Doppler sonography, we diagnosed an iatrogenic pseudoaneurysm of the left radial artery, which was then treated with an ultrasound‐guided percutaneous injection of thrombin. A follow‐up examination 6 months after the treatment revealed complete resolution of the pseudoaneurysm. To our knowledge, this is the first case report to demonstrate the use of this technique for thrombosis of a pseudoaneurysm in a patient with Behçet's syndrome. We believe that the safety, efficiency, speed, and minimal invasiveness of this procedure make it feasible for use as a treatment for peripheral pseudoaneurysms in such patients. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Clin Ultrasound 31:440–444, 2003     

Traumatic pseudoaneurysms of the superficial temporal artery.

Persistent scalp swelling following blunt head injury may be the presenting feature of a pseudoaneurysm of the temporal artery. This paper describes three patients who sustained injuries to the temporal region, which resulted in the formation of pseudoaneurysms. All patients had a delayed presentation to the Emergency Department. We describe their clinical presentations, subsequent management and pitfalls encountered when dealing with this condition.     

Giant pseudoaneurysm of the external carotid artery causing stroke: A case report

We report a patient in whom mechanical compression of the internal carotid artery by a giant external carotid artery pseudoaneurysm caused a stroke. This was a case of vascular Eagle syndrome due to the impingement of an elongated styloid process on the external carotid artery with subsequent dissection and formation of a pseudoaneurysm. Carotid ultrasonographic examination allowed distinguishing the pseudoaneurysm from other vascular and solid masses of the neck.     

Femoral arterial injury following catheterization. Duplex evaluation

Over a 24-month period, 21 patients underwent duplex Doppler evaluation for arterial injury secondary to catheterization. There were seven pseudoaneurysms, one arteriovenous fistula, eight hematomas, and one true aneurysm. Duplex ultrasound was 100% sensitive and specific for detection of pseudoaneurysms and arteriovenous fistulas. The real-time examination alone was unreliable. The only necessary criterion for diagnosis of a femoral pseudoaneurysm was the presence of pulsatile flow in a cystic collection separate from the common femoral artery. This could be determined rapidly. Arterial flow in the femoral vein confirmed the presence of an arteriovenous fistula.     

Ruptured femoral pseudoaneurysm presenting as a lateral abdominal wall hematoma

Lateral abdominal wall hematomas are rare. We describe a patient with a delayed rupture of a femoral artery pseudoaneurysm, who presented with such a hematoma. In contrast to other types of abdominal wall hematomas, which are often managed conservatively, a ruptured femoral artery pseudoaneurysm frequently requires emergent surgical intervention. Rupture of a pseudoaneurysm can be catastrophic. Due to the rising incidence of femoral artery pseudoaneurysms and shorter hospital stays, it is useful for the emergency physician to be familiar with the diagnosis and management of femoral artery pseudoaneurysms and their potentially life-threatening complications.