人工耳蜗植入术后听觉言语康复效果与影响因素

人工耳蜗植入术是治疗重度及极重度感音神经性聋的有效手段,但其术后听觉言语康复效果却存在差异。本文通过分析和总结相关文献,归纳人工耳蜗植入术后听觉言语康复效果的影响因素。植入年龄和术后康复训练被认为是影响听觉言语康复效果的主要因素。随着基因诊断及分子生物学的发展,探索基因突变与人工耳蜗植入术后效果之间的内在联系成为研究热点。通过基因诊断明确患者分子病因,结合分析其他相关影响因素,为临床医师评估人工耳蜗植入术后听觉言语康复效果提供依据。     

人工耳蜗植入效果的相关因素分析

人工耳蜗植入（cochlear implantation,CI） 是治疗重度或极重度感音神经性聋的有效方法,然而手术效果受到诸多因素影响,这些影响因素一直以来都是关注焦点。在植入前对人工耳蜗植入术后效果进行准确的预测,可为患儿家长、听力师及临床耳外科医师选择治疗方式及时机提供重要的参考依据。     

伴有中枢神经系统疾病的聋儿人工耳蜗植入

随着人工耳蜗植入适应范围的逐步扩大,越来越多伴有中枢神经系统疾病的极重度感音神经性聋患者接受人工耳蜗植入术。这类患者的术后康复效果与疾病的严重程度等因素密切相关,因此需要经过充分的术前评估和全面观察,从而保证实施的人工耳蜗植入可以获得满意的效果。     

人工耳蜗植入术在内耳畸形治疗中的进展

先天性内耳畸形是儿童感音神经性聋的主要病因,临床上多采用配戴助听器及手术进行治疗,而人工耳蜗植入术是目前治疗先天性内耳畸形导致重度感音神经性聋的最佳方法。本文就人工耳蜗植入术在先天性内耳畸形导致的感音神经性聋中的应用及价值做一综述。     

人工耳蜗植入后言语感知能力影响因素

人工耳蜗是治疗双耳重度聋的可靠方法，但是患者植入人工耳蜗后对言语的感知能力却有着天壤之别，甚至耳聋病史相同而且使用相同的人工耳蜗系统的不同患者之间的交流能力差别也相当大。本文就影响人工耳蜗植入后言语感知能力的患者因素和人工耳蜗因素进行综述。     

糖皮质激素在人工耳蜗植入残余听力保护中的应用

随着人工耳蜗植入适用范围的扩大,许多有一定残余听力的重度聋患者已被纳入其列,他们在人工耳蜗植入后对声音的定位、音调感知、回声及噪声下的言语识别率及音乐欣赏能力等方面较全聋患者更具优势.因此,最大限度的保存残余听力成为目前研究热点,而围手术期使用糖皮质激素是保护残余听力的人工耳蜗植入术重要措施之一.     

耳蜗植入在常见类型遗传性耳聋中的应用效果

遗传因素是重度及极重度耳聋的主要病因之一,与人工耳蜗植入后听力言语康复效果密切相关。多种致聋基因常见致聋基因型成功克隆后,致聋基因的致病机理以及其与耳蝸植入效果间的相关性已成为研究热点。目前研究认为耳聋表型可能与致聋病因,螺旋神经节细胞残留数量等有关。通过对耳蜗植入患者的致聋基因突变位点和基因突变方式可阐明影响耳蜗植入效果的相关因素。本文探讨各类遗传性耳聋耳蜗植入效果的当前进展,并着重于耳聋临床表型-基因型的相关性。     

大龄语前聋患者人工耳蜗植入术后的研究进展

大龄语前聋者,指习得语言能力前患重度或极重度耳聋并且人工耳蜗植入时年龄偏大的患者。大龄语前聋患者术后康复效果较适龄幼儿患者差,其术后的评估以及康复效果的影响因素是研究重点。所以,本文就大龄语前聋患者人工耳蜗植入术后康复的评估方法和相关影响因素等方面的研究进展加以综述。     

人工耳蜗植入术后效果影响因素

人工耳蜗是目前重度、极重度感音神经性聋患者重要的治疗方式。本文重点介绍耳聋时间、植入年龄、术前使用助听器、交流方式、病因、伴随耳鸣、双耳听力模式、单侧耳聋、康复等因素对术后效果的影响,以期进一步提高患者的生活质量,使其获得更为满意的术后效果。     

听神经病患者人工耳蜗植入后听觉言语康复效果分析

目的评价重度或极重度听力损失听神经病(Auditory neuropathy,AN)患者人工耳蜗植入术后的听觉言语康复效果。方法用纯音听阈、听觉行为分级标准(Categorise of Auditory Performance,CAP)、言语可懂度分级标准(speech Intelligibility Rating,SIR)、有意义听觉整合量表(meaningful auditor integration scale,MAIS),对行人工耳蜗植入术的18例重度或极重度听力损失语前聋AN患者、4例重度或极重度听力损失语后聋AN患者进行术后效果调查,并与非综合症且无明显病因的重度或极重度感音神经性聋的人工耳蜗植入患者比较,用SPSS13.0进行统计学分析。结果 11例AN患者术后平均助听听阈(250Hz、500 Hz、1000 Hz、2000 Hz、4000 Hz)为(38.64±6.36)d B HL。AN组语前聋患者术后发声情况得分、对声音的自发性觉察能力得分与对照组语前聋患者术后得分相比,差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05),而对声音的理解能力得分、MAIS总得分与对照组语前聋患者术后得分相比,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05),AN组语前聋患者对声音的理解能力得分、MAIS总得分均低于对照组语前聋患者得分。AN组语后聋患者术后CAP评分、SIR评分与对照组语后聋患者术后评分相比,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论重度或极重度听力损失语前聋AN患者人工耳蜗植入术后的发声情况、对声音的自发性觉察能力与耳蜗形态正常且无任何已知综合症的重度或极重度感音神经性聋语前聋患者术后无明显差异,但是重度或极重度听力损失语前聋AN患者人工耳蜗植入术后对声音的理解能力明显低于耳蜗形态正常且无任何已知综合症的重度或极重度感音神经性聋语前聋患者术后对声音的理解能力。重度或极重度听力损失语后聋AN患者人工耳蜗植入术后听觉言语能力与耳蜗形态正常且无任何已知综合症的重度或极重度感音神经性聋语后聋患者术后无明显差异。     

耳廓开放性外伤的治疗方法探析

目的 探讨耳廓开放性外伤的治疗方法。方法 23耳耳廓开放性外伤经彻底清创，肝素生理盐水冲洗伤口后，对位缝合。术后用抗生素抗感染、丹参扩张血管、罂粟碱改善微循环。结果 23耳中2耳失访，18耳完全成活，1耳部分成活，2耳完全坏死。结论 耳廓撕裂伤、断伤、带有皮蒂的耳廓离断伤，由于断端双侧血管丰富，经对位缝合后容易成活。但耳廓完全离断伤由于缺乏血供，经对位缝合后不易成活，可采用去皮血管植入包埋法，带肌蒂皮瓣移植法或尝试显微外科技术施行血管吻合，以提高耳廓完全离断伤的成活率。     

Effects of time of contact and concentration of caustic agent on generation of injuries

OBJECTIVES: Solid caustic soda (CS) ingestion levels continue high in Brazil. The aggressiveness of a caustic agent depends, among other factors, on its concentration and time of contact with mucosa. However, the interdependence of these factors in the production of caustic lesion in the esophageal mucosa is not known, especially regarding CS as the strongest corrosive agent. We analyze the effects of concentration and time of contact on the aggressiveness of CS to the esophagus of live animals. STUDY DESIGN/METHODS: One milliliter of CS at concentrations between 1.83% and 73.33% was applied to rats. The solution was kept in contact with the mucosa for 10 to 120 minutes. Internal and external organ aspects were analyzed and the epithelium, submucosa, muscle layer, and adventitia were analyzed microscopically RESULTS: Epithelial necrosis was observed at all concentrations. Among the necrotic layers, the submucosa was observed starting at the 7.33% concentration, and the muscular layer and adventitia were observed at 14.66% concentration. Damage to the pulmonary parenchyma and trachea occurred at 33.66% after 10 minutes, and perforation of the esophagus was observed only after 120 minutes. After 10 minutes, important corrosive lesions installed in the esophageal layers, expanding in depth and superficial extension. The use of heparin had no effect on the production of lesions. CONCLUSIONS: Ten minutes were sufficient to provoke necrosis, and longer contact increased the area of necrosis. Solution concentration levels were more important in damage production: 1.83% was sufficient for epithelial necrosis, 7.33% caused submucosal necrosis, and 14.66% muscle and adventitia necrosis; 33.66% solutions caused lung and trachea damage after 10 minutes and esophageal perforation after 120 minutes.     

急性化脓性耳廓软骨膜炎手术疗效分析

目的 探讨能够缩短化脓性耳廓软骨膜炎疗程,降低耳廓畸形发生率且具个体化的局部治疗方法.方法 回顾分析1 989年4月～2010年2月我科诊治的25例化脓性耳廓软骨膜炎的临床资料.除进行抗生素治疗外,局部治疗方法包括清创术后重新行耳甲腔成行术;脓腔穿刺置静脉留置针进行持续负压引流;清创后创腔置管引流.结果 自定义疗效评定...     

诊治7例鼻腔嗅神经母细胞瘤的体会

目的：提高临床对鼻腔嗅神经母细胞瘤的认识及治疗效果。方法：７例患者按Ｋａｄｉｓｈ分期，Ｂ期２例，Ｃ期５例，单纯放疗３例，术前放疗４例，放射剂量为５０００￣７０００ｃＧｙ。均随访至１９９７年１２月，结果：存活５例，存活时间分别为２０，２２，２３，２９及７６个月；结论：放疗对该肿瘤有效；放疗与化疗结合的方法值得探讨，该瘤病理上可能存在不同的亚型。     

Scales of degree of facial paralysis: analysis of agreement

IntroductionIt has become common to use scales to measure the degree of involvement of facial paralysis in phonoaudiological clinics.ObjectiveTo analyze the inter- and intra-rater agreement of the scales of degree of facial paralysis and to elicit point of view of the appraisers regarding their use.MethodsCross-sectional observational clinical study of the Chevalier and House & Brackmann scales performed by five speech therapists with clinical experience, who analyzed the facial expression of 30 adult subjects with impaired facial movements two times, with a one week interval between evaluations. The kappa analysis was employed.ResultsThere was excellent inter-rater agreement for both scales (kappa > 0.80), and on the Chevalier scale a substantial intra-rater agreement in the first assessment (kappa = 0.792) and an excellent agreement in the second assessment (kappa = 0.928). The House & Brackmann scale showed excellent agreement at both assessments (kappa = 0.850 and 0.857). As for the appraisers’ point of view, one appraiser thought prior training is necessary for the Chevalier scale and, four appraisers felt that training is important for the House & Brackmann scale.ConclusionBoth scales have good inter- and intra-rater agreement and most of the appraisers agree on the ease and relevance of the application of these scales.     

CT对鼻腔鼻窦内翻性乳头状瘤起源的探讨

目的 探讨鼻腔鼻窦内翻性乳头状瘤起源的CT影像学特点。 方法 回顾性分析47例经鼻内镜手术及术后病理组织学确诊的鼻腔鼻窦内翻性乳头状瘤患者的CT影像学资料。对肿瘤病变在CT上的骨质变化进行分析,并与术中发现的肿瘤起源根蒂部位进行对比,分析CT影像中骨质改变与肿瘤起源之间的关系。 结果 47例患者中,39例有骨质增生影像表现,其中37例骨质增生部位与肿瘤起源的根蒂部位一致,一致性达78.7%,提示可根据骨质增生部位推测肿瘤起源位置。 结论 CT影像中的骨质增生与鼻腔鼻窦内翻性乳头状瘤的根蒂起源部位有较高的一致性,有助于术前评估肿瘤起源和指导术前制定合理的手术方案。     

术前使用布地奈德对声带息肉手术疗效的影响

目的 研究术前使用布地奈德雾化吸入治疗对手术疗效的影响。方法 按病程将3个月以内和1年以上患者随机分为两组,一组术前给予布地奈德雾化治疗,一组没有,术后两周复诊。分别于初诊、手术前和复诊时使用嗓音测试仪对病人进行测试并记录参数。结果 病程3个月以内患者术前给予雾化治疗后,其术后声学参数明显改善。结论 病程3个月以内患者术前给予雾化治疗能缩短术后恢复时间。     

中耳癌20例报告

目的：提高临床对中耳癌的认识，做到及时诊断与治疗。方法：20例均先行手术治疗，其中14例采用扩大的乳突根治术，3例行侧颞骨切除术，3例行颞骨次全切除术；有颈淋巴结转移的3例同时行根治性颈淋巴结廓清术。术后均辅以放疗。结果：随访5～13年，3、5年生存率分别为55．0％(11／20)，45．0％(9／20)。结论：中耳癌手术治疗应根据其侵及中耳乳突的范围，以及有助于放射治疗发挥作用而选择不同的术式。     

10例耳部原发性横纹肌肉瘤的临床病理分析

目的分析耳部原发性横纹肌肉瘤的临床病理特征及其免疫组织化学特点，为该肿瘤的诊断提供依据。方法对10例耳部原发性横纹肌肉瘤采用光学显微镜和免疫组织化学染色方法观察。所用抗体有：波形蛋白（Vimentin），结蛋白（Desmin），平滑肌肌动蛋白（SMA），肌红蛋白（Myoglobin）。结果10例中男性8例，女性2例，平均年龄8．6岁，其中胚胎性横纹肌肉瘤9例，葡萄型横纹肌肉瘤1例；免疫组织化学：Vimentin及Myoglobin染色10例均呈阳性，Desmin染色7例阳性。SMA染色8例阳性。结论耳部原发性横纹肌肉瘤缺乏特异性临床表现。故诊断困难，对可疑病例及时做活检进行HE染色和免疫组织化学检查方可对该病作出诊断。     

Experimental Analysis of Behavior of Homing Pigeons as a Result of Functional Disorders of their Lagena

Behavioral experiments concerning the homing abilities of pigeons were done by sectioning their lagenal nerves or interfering with the function of the lagena using a magnet. Twenty-one birds were treated in this way and 30 birds from the same loft of racing pigeons were used as controls. The results of homing tests clearly revealed a magnetic influence on the function of the lagena in terms of the navigation ability of pigeons: the treated birds were either lost or significantly delayed while the controls returned within 30 min of release. The lagena of birds is a unique organ and it is concluded that it is a key element in the magnetic sensory system of birds.