彩色多普勒超声对原发性肝癌肝动-静脉瘘诊断的临床应用

目的探讨原发性肝癌患者肝动-静脉瘘(HAVF)的超声图像特征,评价超声对该病的诊断价值,建立超声诊断HAVF标准值.方法二维及多普勒超声观察临床确诊的51例原发性肝癌患者的门静脉、肝静脉、肝动脉以及肝周、肿瘤周围及瘤体内部血管走行及血流形态,测定相关形态及血流动力学指标 .以数字减影血管造影(DSA)作为金标准,确定HAVF存在的真实性.结果本组51例原发性肝癌患者超声检出HAVF 15例,其中中央型肝动脉-门静脉瘘11例,周围型肝动脉-门静脉瘘3例,肝动脉-肝静脉瘘1例.中央型肝动脉-门静脉瘘超声表现为:(1)与本组36例无HAVF患者肝动脉比较,其内径增宽[(0.43±0.08)cm vs(0.36±0.08)cm,t=2.847,P＝0.006 4];(2)彩色多普勒超声见发生瘘的静脉内出现五彩镶嵌血流束;(3)脉冲多普勒于发生瘘的静脉内可测得"高速低阻"型反向脉动样血流频谱,Vmax为(94.67±34.40)cm/s;肝动脉阻力指数减低[(0.42±0.05) vs (0.77±0.07),t=17.544,P＝0.000],搏动指数明显减低[(0.59±0.10)vs(1.68±0.42),t=9.881,P＝0.000].结论 HAVF患者肝动脉的内径、发生瘘的静脉腔内彩色及频谱多普勒指标呈特征性变化,可作为超声检测原发性肝癌HAVF标准值,以便于该病的临床诊断、治疗及治疗后随访.     

彩色多普勒超声对肝癌患者肝动-静脉瘘的诊断价值

目的评价彩色多普勒血流显像(CDFI)对原发性肝癌患者肝动-静脉瘘(HAVF)的诊断价值.方法对51例临床确诊原发性肝癌疑合并HAVF的患者进行CDFI检测,观察门静脉、肝静脉、肝动脉血流,观察并记录肿瘤周围及瘤体内部血流走行、形态,确定HAVF形成情况,并与DSA结果进行盲法对照.结果 CDFI诊断HAVF的敏感性、特异性、准确性、假阳性率、假阴性率、阳性预测值、阴性预测值、阳性似然比、阴性似然比、约登指数及卡帕值分别为81.25%、 94.29%、 90.20%、 5.71%、 18.75%、 86.67%、 91.67%、 14.23、 0.20、0.76及0.79.结论 CDFI诊断原发性肝癌HAVF的特异性及准确性较高,是对原发性肝癌患者HAVF早期筛选的较理想的影像学方法.     

肝癌合并肝动静脉瘘多层螺旋CT诊断

目的评价多层螺旋CT(MSCT)对肝癌(HCC)合并肝动静脉瘘(HAVF)的诊断价值。方法回顾性分析20例HCC并HAVF患者的MSCT扫描及三维重建表现。结果 20例HCC并HAVF患者MSCT动态增强扫描时均显示了相关阳性征象。20例中,肝动脉肝静脉瘘1例,肝动脉门静脉瘘19例(中央型13例,周围型6例)。中重度HAVF三维重建表现效果较佳,多平面重组对略细小血管如肝动脉、门静脉的分支显示效果较好。结论 MSCT对HCC合并HAVF的诊断及发生机制的研究与治疗的选择具有重要的意义。     

原发性肝癌肝外侧支血供的介入治疗

目的：探讨原发性肝癌肝外侧支血供的特点和介入治疗。方法：回顾性分析因原发性肝癌多次行经皮肝动脉化疗栓塞术的患者343例,对存在肝外侧支供血的病例,采用选择性插管或应用微导管超选择性插管进行肿瘤的介入栓塞治疗。结果：71例患者共有83条肝外侧支动脉,发生率为20.7%（71/343）。包括右膈下动脉（41.0%）、胃十二指肠及网膜动脉（18.1%）、右肾上腺或肾包膜动脉（12.1%）、胆囊动脉（8.4%）、肋间动脉（6.0%）、肠系膜上动脉分支（4.8%）、腰动脉（3.6%）、胃左动脉（3.6%）和右内乳动脉（2.4%）。对这些动脉的选择性插管成功率为92.8%（77/83）。所有插管成功的动脉均进行了化疗栓塞或单纯的碘化油栓塞。结论：原发性肝癌多次化疗栓塞后,需要重视肝外侧支血供的存在并给予超选择性栓塞治疗,对于提高肝癌的介入治疗效果具有十分重要的临床意义。     

彩色多普勒超声在肝脏占位性病变中的诊断价值

目的探讨彩色多普勒超声在肝脏占位性病变诊断中的临床价值。方法对62例经CT或者病理检查证实的肝脏占位性病变患者（其中原发性肝癌的18例,转移性肝癌14例,肝血管瘤22例,肝硬化增生结节8例）采用彩色多普勒超声进行检查。结果原发性和转移性肝癌患者血流灌注指数（DPI）、阻力比（RR）值均显著高于肝血管瘤以及肝硬化增生结节患者（P〈0.05）,肝硬化增生结节患者门静脉充血指数（PCI）、肝总血流量（TLBF）值均显著高于其他肝脏占位性病变患者（P〈0.05）。结论彩色多普勒超声可提供多个血流参数指标,显著提高对肝脏占位性病变的诊断和鉴别水平。     

原发性肝癌的迷走肝外营养血供与介入治疗（附23例报告）

目的 探讨原发性肝癌的迷走肝外营养血供及其对肝癌介入治疗的意义。方法 本组23例原发性肝癌患者行常规腹腔动脉造影及肝外营养血管探查，并对其行超选择性插管及化疗栓塞治疗（TACE）。结果 23例患者共见24条肝外营养血管，其中肠系膜上动脉（8／24）和膈动脉（7／24）占多数。4条肝外营养血管因未能成功行超选择性插管而只予化疗药灌注治疗，其余20条肝外营养血管均行超选性插管和化疗栓塞治疗。结论 原发性肝癌的迷走肝外营养血供较为常见和多变，对肝癌的经导管介入治疗具有重要的意义。     

彩超在早期肝癌鉴别诊断中的应用价值分析

目的:探讨彩超在早期肝癌鉴别诊断中的应用价值。方法:选取2013年11月—2016年11月平顶山中医院收治的经B超检查诊断为肝脏占位性病变患者83例,所有研究对象均接受彩色多普勒超声检查,以病理组织活检及经皮肝穿刺活检等方式检查结果作金标准,评估彩色多普勒超声鉴别诊断早期肝癌的准确度,并分析不同肝脏占位性病变彩色多普勒超声影像学表现。结果:经病理组织活检及经皮肝穿刺活检等方式检查证实,本组83例肝脏占位性病变患者中原发性肝癌42例,转移性肝癌21例,肝腺瘤3例,肝血管瘤17例。经彩色多普勒超声诊断发现原发性肝癌37例,诊断准确度为88.10%(37/42);转移性肝癌18例,诊断准确度为85.71%(18/21);肝腺瘤2例,诊断准确度为66.67%(2/3);肝血管瘤13例,诊断准确度为76.47%(13/17)。结论:采用彩色多普勒超声对早期肝癌进行诊断具有较高准确度,可有效鉴别肿瘤良恶性质及疾病类型,可为临床干预方案的及早制定提供可靠依据,具有推广价值。     

原发性肝癌患者血浆血栓调节蛋白测定的临床意义

目的检测原发性肝癌患者血浆可溶性血栓调节蛋白（sTM）水平,探讨其临床意义。方法采用双抗体夹心ELISA法对30例原发性肝癌患者血浆sTM含量进行检测。结果原发性肝癌组血浆sTM含萤显著高于肝良性占位组及健康对照组（P〈0．01）。肝良性占位组与健康对照组比较差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。结论原发性肝癌患者血浆sTM水平升高与血管内皮细胞损伤有关。     

脉冲反向谐波实时超声造影与增强螺旋CT诊断肝占位病变的比较研究

目的 比较实时超声造影与增强螺旋CT显示肝占位病变血流灌注特点的能力，探讨超声造影在肝肿瘤鉴别诊断中的应用价值。方法 对109例经手术或超声引导穿刺活检病理确诊的肝占位（原发性肝癌61例，转移性肝癌15例，肝内胆管细胞癌5例，血管瘤12例，肝硬化增生结节5例，肝细胞腺瘤2例，胆管细胞腺瘤1例，局灶性结节增生3例，局灶性坏死4例，血管平滑肌脂肪瘤1例）术前分别进行实时超声造影和造影剂增强16层螺旋CT检查，将两种检查的术前诊断与术后病理结果进行比较分析。结果 超声造影漏诊原发性肝癌2例、转移性肝癌1例，误诊原发性肝癌5例、胆管癌1例、胆管腺瘤1例、肝硬化结节1例、血管瘤1例、局灶性结节增生1例。增强CT漏诊原发性肝癌3例、转移性肝癌2例、血管瘤1例、肝硬化增生结节1例，误诊原发性肝癌7例、胆管癌2例、胆管腺瘤1例、血管瘤3例、肝硬化结节2例、局灶性结节增生2例、局灶性坏死2例。超声造影诊断肝占位病变的检出率为97．25％，增强CT的检出率为93．58％；超声造影诊断肝肿瘤的准确性为90．83％，增强CT的准确性为82．57％。结论 实时超声造影对肝占位病变的诊断能力与增强螺旋CT相近，实时超声造影具有独立诊断价值，对于增强CT扫描阴性或未显示病灶血流灌注特点的病例，超声造影具有更重要的临床意义。     

肝血管指数在原发性与继发性肝癌鉴别诊断中的应用价值

目的探讨肝血管指数（LVI）在原发性肝癌与继发性肝癌鉴别诊断中的临床意义。方法应用多普勒超声技术分别对42例原发性肝癌和50例继发性肝癌患者的肿瘤供血动脉血流峰值速度（Vmax）、阻力指数（RI）、门静脉Vmax、肝动脉搏动指数（PI）及LVI进行比较分析。结果原发性肝癌组36例（85．71％）门静脉Vmax〈18cm／s，继发性肝癌组门静脉仅2例（4．00％）Vmax〈18cm／s，两组间差异有统计学意义（P〈0．01）；肝动脉PI原发性肝癌组高于继发性肝癌组（P〈0．01）。原发性肝癌患者LVI为（8．06±2．34）cm／s，继发性肝癌患者LVI为（19．07±3．52）cm／s，两者相比差异有统计学意义（P〈0．01）；在原发性肝癌组中40例（95．24％）LVI〈12cm／s，继发性肝癌组46例（92．00％）LVI≥12cm/s，两者相比差异有统计学意义（P〈0．01）。LVI与肝癌结节大小、数量无相关性，与肝癌病理类型密切相关。LVI对原发性肝癌诊断的敏感性为95．24％、特异性92．00％、准确性93．48％、阳性预期值90．91％、阴性预期值95．83％。结论LVI是原发性肝癌与继发性肝癌鉴别诊断的一个有效参数。     

Determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum using immunological inhibition of creatine kinase M subunit activity. Activity kinetics and diagnostic significance in myocardial infarction.

This is a new method for the determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum. The method uses direct activity measurement of creatine kinase B subunit activity after blocking of CK-M subunit activity by inhibiting antibodies. The test takes no longer than 15 min. The method yields an intra-serial C.V. of 2.0-12.9%, and a C.V. from day to day of 5.5%. The detection limit is 3.4 U/l creatine kinase MB. In the 95 cases with proven myocardial infarction several types of creatine kinase MB activity kinetics could be determined. The percentage of creatine kinase MB of peak CK-total is 6-25%, with a mean of 11.1%. The amount of creatine kinase MB with respect to total CK activity after reinfarction is higher than the amount after initial infarction.     

Dissociable correlates of two classes of retrieval processing in prefrontal cortex

Although substantial evidence suggests that the prefrontal cortex (PFC) implements processes that are critical for accurate episodic memory judgments, the specific roles of different PFC subregions remain unclear. Here, we used event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging to distinguish between prefrontal activity related to operations that (1) influence processing of retrieval cues based on current task demands, or (2) are involved in monitoring the outputs of retrieval. Fourteen participants studied auditory words spoken by a male or female speaker and completed memory tests in which the stimuli were unstudied foil words and studied words spoken by either the same speaker at study, or the alternate speaker. On "general" test trials, participants were to determine whether each word was studied, regardless of the voice of the speaker, whereas on "specific" test trials, participants were to additionally distinguish between studied words that were spoken in the same voice or a different voice at study. Thus, on specific test trials, participants were explicitly required to attend to voice information in order to evaluate each test item. Anterior (right BA 10), dorsolateral prefrontal (right BA 46), and inferior frontal (bilateral BA 47/12) regions were more active during specific than during general trials. Activation in anterior and dorsolateral PFC was enhanced during specific test trials even in response to unstudied items, suggesting that activation in these regions was related to the differential processing of retrieval cues in the two tasks. In contrast, differences between specific and general test trials in inferior frontal regions (bilateral BA 47/12) were seen only for studied items, suggesting a role for these regions in post-retrieval monitoring processes. Results from this study are consistent with the idea that different PFC subregions implement distinct, but complementary processes that collectively support accurate episodic memory judgments.     

俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征患者氧合的影响

目的 探讨俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张术(RM)治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)患者的治疗作用.方法 从海拔2260m的地区医院筛选RM治疗无效的41例ARDS患者[平均氧合指数( PaO2/FiO2)较RM前升高＜20％视为RM无效],依不同病因分为肺内源性ARDS组(ARDSp组)和肺外源性ARDS组(ARDSexp组),每组再按信封法随机分为俯卧位组和仰卧位组,即ARDSp俯卧位组(11例)、ARDSp仰卧位组(9例)、ARDSexp俯卧位组(10例)、ARDSexp仰卧位组(11例).在通气前及通气1、2、3、4h监测动脉血氧分压( PaO2)、PaO2/FiO2、静态顺应性(Cst)、气道阻力(Raw)的变化.结果 通气lh时,ARDSexp俯卧位组PaO2/FiO2( mm Hg,l mm Hg=0.133 kPa)即较通气前显著升高(157.4±40.6比129.3±48.7,P＜0.05),并随通气时间延长呈持续增高趋势,4h达峰值(219.1 ±41.1);且ARDSexp俯卧位组通气3h内PaO2/FiO2较其他3组显著增高,另3组间则差异无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组、ARDSexp俯卧位组通气4h时PaO2/FiO2均较相应仰卧位组显著增高(208.8±39.7比127.4±47.1,219.1±41.1比124.9±50.8,均P＜0.05).4组通气前后Cst无显著改变,各组间差异也无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组通气4h时Raw(cmH2O·L-1·s-1)较通气前显著降低(6.8±1.7比10.7±1.8,P＜0.05),且明显低于其他3组;其他3组各时间点Raw组内及组间比较差异均无统计学意义.结论 俯卧位通气作为ARDS机械通气重要策略之一,可以改善RM无效高原ARDS患者的氧合,为抢救患者赢得宝贵的时间.     

Digital imaging among medical facilities

The Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) in the USA operates a network of 172 medical centres which all utilize a hospital information system (HIS) which has been developed and is currently maintained by the VA. During the past several years, an image management and communication module has been developed, installed and clinically utilized at the Washington DC and Maryland VA Medical Centres. This image management and communication system, referred to as the decentralized hospital computer program (DHCP) imaging system, is fully integrated with a commercial picture archiving and communication system (PACS). The system is utilized to capture, archive, and display all images generated within the hospital including radiology, nuclear medicine, pathology, endoscopy, bronchoscopy, and dermatology, intraoperative photographs, ECG data, and a limited number of paper documents. The ultimate goal of the project is to have all patient text and image data available at any clinical workstation to any authorized user anywhere within the network of medical centres. Clinical requirements for an imaging workstation include ease of use, rapid and reliable access to the complete set of patient information, and images which are of acceptable quality to meet the requirements of the user and the subspecialty. Patient confidentiality and data security must be safeguarded at all times. Integration of the images with the remainder of the patient's database was found to be critical to the success of the project. The experience at the Washington and Maryland facilities suggests that an imaging system that is successfully integrated with a hospital information system can provide substantial clinical and economic benefits both within and among medical centres. Clinical acceptance and utilization of the system has been excellent, particularly in diagnostic radiology where DHCP Imaging has been interfaced to a commercial PAC system. Based upon this initial experience, the VA has begun to deploy the system throughout its large network of medical centres.     

Myocardial elastography at both high temporal and spatial resolution for the detection of infarcts

Myocardial elastography is a novel method for noninvasively assessing regional myocardial function, with the advantages of high spatial and temporal resolution and high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). In this paper, in-vivo experiments were performed in anesthetized normal and infarcted mice (one day after left anterior descending coronary artery [LAD] ligation) using a high-resolution (30 MHz) ultrasound system (Vevo 770, VisualSonics Inc., Toronto, ON, Canada). Radiofrequency (RF) signals of the left ventricle (LV) in longitudinal (long-axis) view and the associated electrocardiogram (ECG) were simultaneously acquired. Using a retrospective ECG gating technique, 2-D full field-of-view RF frames were acquired at an extremely high frame rate (8 kHz) that resulted in high-quality incremental displacement and strain estimation of the myocardium. The incremental results were further accumulated to obtain the cumulative displacements and strains. Two-dimensional and M-mode displacement images and strain images (elastograms), as well as displacement and strain profiles as a function of time, were compared between normal and infarcted mice. Incremental results clearly depicted cardiac events including LV contraction, LV relaxation and isovolumetric phases in both normal and infarcted mice, and also evidently indicated reduced motion and deformation in the infarcted myocardium. The elastograms indicated that the infarcted regions underwent thinning during systole rather than thickening, as in the normal case. The cumulative elastograms were found to have higher elastographic SNR (SNR(e)) than the incremental elastograms (e.g., 10.6 vs. 4.7 in a normal myocardium, and 6.0 vs. 2.4 in an infarcted myocardium). Finally, preliminary statistical results from nine normal (m = 9) and seven infarcted (n = 7) mice indicated the capability of the cumulative strain in differentiating infracted from normal myocardia. In conclusion, myocardial elastography could provide regional strain information at simultaneously high temporal (>/=0.125 ms) and spatial ( approximately 55 microm) resolution as well as high precision ( approximately 0.05 microm displacement). This technique was thus capable of accurately characterizing normal myocardial function throughout an entire cardiac cycle, at the same high resolution, and detecting and localizing myocardial infarction in vivo.     

Clinical Pharmacokinetics of Morphine

Morphine, the most widely used mu-opioid analgesic for acute and chronic pain, is the standard against which new analgesics are measured. A thorough understanding of the pharmacokinetics of morphine is required in order to safely and effectively use this analgesic in a wide variety of patients with different levels of organ function. A MEDLINE search was conducted to identify literature published between 1966 and January 2002 relevant to the pharmacokinetics of morphine. These publications were reviewed and the literature summarized regarding unique and clinically important elements of morphine disposition relative to its parenteral administration (including intravenous, intramuscular, subcutaneous, epidural and intrathecal administration), absorption profile (immediate release, controlled release, and sublingual/buccal, and rectal administration), distribution, and its metabolism/ excretion. Special populations, including infants, elderly, and those with renal/liver failure, have a unique morphine pharmacokinetic profile that must be taken into account in order to maximize analgesic efficacy and reduce the risk of adverse events.