三维图像测量青少年颈椎钩突的形态特征

背景：钩突作为钩椎关节重要组成部分之一,其形态直接影响着颈椎的稳定性和发病率。 目的：通过影像学扫描和三维重建分析青少年颈椎钩突的形态特征及发育规律。 方法：选择无外伤、无神经症状和体征的6~20岁青少年66名,行多排螺旋CT薄层扫描(0.625~1.25 mm),范围C₁~T₁,将原始数据以DICOM格式导入三维重建软件进行相关指标测量,并按性别、年龄分组进行统计分析。 结果与结论：青少年钩突基底长、宽和钩突高、间距从C₁~C₇均呈递增趋势,且随年龄增长也逐渐递增,但上述所有指标在左右侧别和性别方面差异无显著性意义。钩突倾角在各年龄段中均无明显规律,但变异度较大。表明利用影像资料的三维重建可反映出青少年颈椎钩突随年龄变化的规律及发育特征,为颈椎病的诊断与临床应用提供详实理论依据。     

青少年颈椎钩突与横突孔的相关性研究及临床意义

目的利用影像学扫描和三维重建手段,对青少年颈椎钩突与横突孔间进行相关性分析,为青少年颈椎病的早期诊治和预防提供理论依据。方法选取无外伤、神经症状和体征的6~20岁青少年66例,行多排螺旋CT薄层扫描,范围C1~T1,将原始数据以DICOM格式导入三维重建软件进行相关指标测量和后期统计分析。结果钩椎关节中钩突高,基底宽和基底长与横突孔横径、纵径间均存在着相关性。结论钩椎关节中钩突相关径线与横突孔间有着密切联系,其增生、骨折等因素均可压迫横突孔内的椎动脉从而引起相应的椎动脉型颈椎病。     

CT三维重建青少年颈椎钩突与椎体各结构的相关性

背景:随着现代生活习惯的改变,使得颈椎病和颈椎相关疾病的发病愈来愈趋于低龄化,基于这一特征,探讨青少年颈椎钩突和椎体间的关系和规律特征,可为颈椎病的早期诊断与预防、治疗提供理论依据。目的:对青少年颈椎钩突与椎体和椎间孔间相关结构进行相关性分析。方法:选取无外伤、无神经症状和体征的6-20岁青少年66例,行多排螺旋CT薄层扫描,范围C1-T1,将原始数据以DICOM格式导入三维重建软件进行相关指标测量和后期统计分析。结果与结论:(1)除钩突高与椎体中高无显著相关性外,钩突间距与椎体上横径、钩突基底宽与椎体上横径、钩突基底长与椎体上矢径之间均存在正相关性(P0.05);(2)除椎间孔宽与钩突高以及椎间孔宽与钩突基底宽间无相关性外,钩突高与椎间孔高、钩突基底长与椎间孔高、钩突基底长与椎间孔宽、钩突基底宽与椎间孔高之间均存在正相关性(P0.05);(3)结果说明,青少年颈椎钩椎关节中钩突与椎体和椎间孔之间存在着一定的相关性,随着年龄的增长、颈椎活动度的增加及脊柱的生长发育,钩突增生、外伤、骨折等因素均可压迫椎间孔内的脊神经从而引起相应的神经根型颈椎病。     

颈椎钩突的增龄形态学特征及临床意义

背景：钩椎关节作为颈椎所特有的结构,其发生、发育、发展与颈椎的稳定性和活动度密切相关,也与颈椎病的发病密切关联,了解钩椎关节的发育特点对颈椎病的发病类型、诊断与治疗有着重要意义。目的：通过对不同年龄段的颈椎钩椎关节中钩突相关径线的测量,以发现其随年龄增长、椎序递增的变化规律。方法：采取回顾性研究,收集不同年龄的颈椎影像学资料1 447例,根据年龄分为：<10岁、10-19岁、20-29岁、30-39岁、40-49岁、50-59岁、≥60岁组,对钩椎关节中钩突长、高、宽、钩-横间距、钩突间距、钩突前脚间距和钩突后脚间距进行测量。结果与结论：（1）测量结果发现钩突相关结构部分存在着男女性别和左右侧别间的差异,钩突的长、高、宽随椎序的递增和年龄的增长总体呈缓慢递增趋势;钩突间距、钩突前脚间距、钩突后脚间距随椎序递增呈缓慢递增趋势,但在年龄增长中该三者间距变化不很显著;钩-横间距随椎序递增呈缓慢递增,但增龄变化不显著。（2）结果说明,颈椎钩椎关节中钩突相关结构存在着性别和侧别差异,并且随年龄增长和椎序增加整体呈缓慢递增趋势,掌握钩椎关节增龄特点和发育规律,可以为相关颈椎病的预防、诊断与治...     

颈椎钩突相关夹角增龄变化的特征与意义

背景:钩椎关节作为颈椎所特有的结构,其发生、发展和发育直接影响着颈椎的稳定性和活动度,也与颈椎病的发病密切相关,深入了解钩椎关节的发育特点对颈椎病的发病类型、诊断与治疗有着重要意义。目的:利用影像学和三维重建技术对不同年龄段的颈椎钩突相关夹角进行大样本测量和观察,旨在揭示其随年龄和椎骨增长变化的特点,以及与颈椎稳定性之间的关系。方法:采用回顾性设计,将收集到的符合研究要求的1447例完整颈椎节段CT影像学资料的原始数据以DICOM格式导入Mimics 21.0软件进行后处理,并进行钩突夹角、钩突矢状位角测量,按照性别、年龄、侧别分组。结果与结论:①钩突夹角随椎序的增加呈V字形增长,其最低峰值位于C5处;总体随年龄的增长呈尖峰状,其峰值多介于30-39岁年龄范围内;②钩突矢状位角随椎序的增加呈鱼钩样增长、总体随年龄的递增也呈尖峰状,其峰值多介于20-29岁年龄范围内;钩突夹角与钩突矢状位角在侧别和性别间仅部分存在显著性差异(P<0.05);③提示钩突夹角随椎序递增呈V字形增长;钩突矢状位角随椎序递增鱼钩样增长,而2个夹角随年龄的增长总体呈尖峰状,钩突夹角在131°左右,可能与颈椎的稳定性密切相关;而钩突矢状位角在14°左右,可能对限制颈椎过度旋转有一定作用。     

颈椎前路减压及内固定的解剖学问题

目的 :探讨颈椎前路减压安全界限的解剖标志及适合国人的颈椎前路钢板螺钉设计参数。方法 :采用 17例完整成人颈部标本 (含C3～C7) ,对颈椎前路减压及钢板螺钉内固定设计的有关解剖学参数进行测量 ,包括颈长肌间距、横突孔间距、椎体矢状径及钩突与横突孔间距等。结果 :在C3～C7相应椎体 ,颈长肌内侧与横突孔之间有 7～ 9mm的距离 ;钩突内侧缘距横突孔 5mm ,钩突前脚距横突孔 4mm。从C3～C7,钩突前脚间距从 15 .4mm增大到 2 3 .2mm ,椎体矢状径为 14 .8～ 16 .3mm ,钩突前后径约 11mm。结论 :颈椎前路减压的安全区域可以双侧钩突前角为解剖标志 ,在此之间手术比较安全。适合国人的颈椎前路钢板设计以宽度 16～ 17mm ,螺钉长度 12mm为合适。     

青少年骶骨孔的特征性变化及临床意义

目的通过对12~18岁青少年骶骨前孔、骶骨后孔等解剖结构的CT影像学扫描和三维重建测量,探讨骶骨前孔、骶骨后孔的解剖学结构意义和发育规律及增龄变化特征,为青少年骶骨疾病的诊断和治疗提供解剖学依据。方法选取我院少年无外伤、神经症状和体征的患者30例,双源64排螺旋CT薄层扫描,扫描范围为盆腔,将获得的骶段CT原始数据以DICOM格式导入Mimics软件进行相关指标测量,并进行统计分析。结果青少年骶骨前孔和骶骨后孔的高、宽和骶前孔内缘间距在性别与侧别间差异均无统计学意义(P0.05),骶骨各孔径线随着年龄的增长呈递增趋势,骶骨前孔各孔径线和骶孔间距随着椎序的增长呈递减趋势,且存在显著差异。结论青少年骶前孔、骶后孔等相关结构解剖学参数呈规律性变化过程,临床应用时须结合个体化影像学结果及组织工程逆向成型技术及生物力学研究成果的支持,才能使骶骨内固定技术达到个体化治疗的满意效果。     

颈椎前路减压与椎内静脉丛相关的应用解剖学研究

目的探讨颈椎前路手术中减压范围与椎内静脉丛出血问题相关的应用解剖学研究.方法选择6具新鲜尸体和12具经防腐固定的完整的成人颈部标本(C1～T1),对椎体钩突前脚间距、钩突前脚与横突孔内壁垂直距离及椎内前静脉丛两侧纵行血管间距等进行解剖观察.结果椎内前静脉丛潜行于后纵韧带内,紧贴硬脊膜背面,两条纵行血管问形成横行交通支;在C3～C7相应椎体,钩突内侧缘与横突孔内壁间距为(5.25±0.85)mm,C3～C7相应节段椎内前静脉丛两侧纵行血管间距从(11.13±0.20)mm增大到(14.98±0.27)mm.C3～C7钩突前角间距从(14.60±1.03)mm增大到(21.51±1.91)mm,钩突前后径均大于11 mm.结论颈椎前路手术减压的安全区域可以双侧钩突前角为解剖标志,在此范同内,可完全显露椎内静脉丛两侧纵行静脉,从而有效地处理椎内静脉丛术中出血问题,手术安全,减压彻底.     

青少年腰骶椎椎弓根进钉角增龄变化及临床意义

目的通过对12~18岁青少年腰骶段椎弓根影像学扫描和三维重建,探讨腰骶段进钉角的增龄变化规律,为青少年脊柱内固定治疗提供解剖学依据。方法选取我院青少年患者30例,无外伤、神经症状和体征的双源64排螺旋CT薄层扫描影像学结果,扫描范围为盆腹腔,将获得腰骶段CT原始数据以DICOM格式导入三维重建软件进行相关指标测量,并按性别、年龄分组进行统计学分析。结果青少年腰骶段椎弓根E、F角及椎体复合体的上下及左右入钉点间距在性别与侧别间均无显著性差异(P0.05),E、F角及椎体复合体的上下入钉点间距发育总体随着年龄和椎序的增长呈增长趋势,且存在一定的显著性差异。结论青少年脊柱椎弓根及相关结构解剖学参数呈规律性变化过程,临床应用时可做参考。但必须结合个体化影像学结果及生物力学研究成果的支持,才能使椎弓根内固定技术达到个体化治疗的满意效果。     

计算机辅助导航技术在颈椎病模型前路手术的骨减压效果评估

目的:探讨导航技术用于指导颈椎病模型前路手术减压范围术中判定的可行性和防止椎动脉损伤的操作方法。方法:制备颈椎病的尸体骨赘模型12具,随机分为导航手术组和常规手术组,分别在计算机导航下和常规下进行颈椎前路减压手术,术前术后进行标本的三维CT扫描及重建。CT图像上测量数据,对两组数据进行比较和统计学分析。结果:(1)术前模型骨赘测量数据,两组无明显的差异。(2)椎体后缘骨赘切除比较,两组椎管矢状径恢复率和椎管面积恢复率有明显差异,椎体后缘手术范围偏差有显著差异;钩椎增生骨赘切除比较,两组神经根管面积恢复率和钩椎骨赘水平面切除率有显著差异;钩突切除效果比较,两组钩突切除边界的外缘至横突孔内缘的距离有显著差异。导航组骨减压效果优于常规组。结论:计算机辅助导航技术能够有效指导颈椎病模型前路骨减压范围,并防止椎动脉损伤,与常规手术相比导航手术操作范围更加准确、手术切除更加彻底,有很好的安全性。     

前路减压联合后路内镜手术在 “钳夹式”颈椎病治疗中的应用

目的 探讨颈椎前路减压植骨融合内固定(ACDF)联合后路内镜手术治疗“钳夹式”颈椎病的疗效。方法 回顾性分析。纳入2015年3月-2017年5月河北医科大学第三医院脊柱外科影像学及随访资料完整的28例“钳夹式”颈椎病患者,其中男15例、女13例,年龄33~71(52.214±8.234)岁。接受ACDF的15例患者纳入ACDF组。接受ACDF联合后路内镜手术的13例患者纳入联合手术组。对两组患者术后1年时的颈项部疼痛视觉模拟评分(VAS)及日本骨科协会(JOA)评分、颈椎曲度(Cobb角)、黄韧带面积、椎管矢状径、椎管面积、脊髓面积、椎间隙高度、轴性症状等临床及影像学指标进行比较。结果 两组患者性别、年龄、病程、术前临床表现(颈椎功能障碍指数)、手术节段等基线资料比较,差异均无统计学意义(P值均＞0.05)。两组患者术后各时间点VAS和JOA评分与术前相比,差异均有统计学意义(P值均＜0.01)。联合手术组与ACDF组术后1年Cobb角(10.85°±2.79°、9.33°±3.48°)比较差异无统计学意义(t=-1.255, P＞0.05)。两组患者术后1年时黄韧带面积、椎管矢状径、椎管面积及脊髓面积组间比较差异均有统计学意义(t=9.403、-2.855、-8.007、-2.447, P值均＜0.05),且组内手术前后比较差异均有统计学意义(P值均＜0.01)。术后1年椎间隙高度两组间比较差异无统计学意义(t=-0.534, P＞0.05),但组内手术前后比较差异均有统计学意义(P值均＜0.01)。随访满1年时,两组患者术后轴性症状发生率差异无统计学意义(P=0.705)。结论 联合手术较传统颈椎前路手术,减压更加彻底,更加有利于脊髓功能的恢复,并有效避免了传统后路手术对颈后部软组织的损伤。     

部分钩突切除对颈椎稳定性影响的有限元分析

目的建立颈椎(C4-C6)三维有限元模型,研究钩突切除前后对颈椎稳定性的影响。方法根据健康志愿者的颈椎断层CT扫描序列图像,采用Mimics13.1和Solid Works2012软件进行三维重建和造型,利用ANSYS15.0软件,对颈椎及周围组织赋予不同的材料属性,建立颈椎(C4-C6)三维有限元模型。在建立的模型上加载,模拟脊柱的前屈、后伸、左右侧曲、左右旋转6种工况下的生理活动,获取位移、应力等数值云图,并进行分析验证。在C5节段左侧钩突上分别切除钩突高度的25%、50%和60%,获得不同范围钩突切除时的左侧弯状态下颈椎各部位的位移、应力等数值云图,分析不同范围钩突切除对颈椎稳定性的影响。结果本研究建立了三个椎体运动节段的三维有限元模型,模型高度模拟颈椎结构与材料特性,研究了不同范围钩突切除后,颈椎稳定性受到的影响。钩突切除高度的25%后的左侧弯状态与未切除时对比分析,位移云图变化不大,最大等效应力减小。钩突切除高度的50%、60%后的左侧弯状态下的位移继续增大,最大等效应力逐渐减小。结论切除钩突高度的25%时对颈椎稳定性影响不大,随着切除钩突范围的增加,颈椎的稳定性逐渐降低。     

术前颈椎过伸功能与颈椎后路单开门椎管扩大成形术后前凸角度丢失的关系

目的 探讨术前颈椎过伸功能与颈椎后路单开门椎管扩大成形术后前凸角度丢失的关系。方法 回顾性分析首都医科大学大兴教学医院骨科2017年1月-2018年12月58例行颈椎后路单开门椎管扩大成形术患者临床资料,其中男45例、女13例,年龄49~85岁(平均64.8岁)。术前测量患者中立侧位X线片上的T₁倾斜角、矢状面垂直轴(SVA),以及中立侧位、过伸位X线片的C₂~C₇ Cobb角。随访12~24个月,术后再次测量中立侧位X线片上的C₂~C₇ Cobb角。术前颈椎过伸功能测量值为术前过伸位X线片C₂~C₇ Cobb角度减去术前中立侧位X线片C₂~C₇ Cobb角。前凸角度丢失量为术前中立侧位片C₂~C₇ Cobb角减去末次随访时中立侧位片C₂~C₇ Cobb角。依据58例患者术前颈椎过伸功能均值(8.7°)分为两组,≥8.7°为A组,＜8.7°为 B 组。比较两组患者术前及术后影像及临床资料,同时对58例患者的影像学资料与临床资料进行相关性分析。结果 A组25例患者年龄54~83岁,B组33例患者年龄49~85岁,两组患者术前年龄、性别、疾病种类差异均无统计学意义(P值均>0.05)。术前A组颈椎过伸功能(14.09°±4.75°)大于B组(4.62°±2.54°),A组T₁倾斜角(17.00°±3.40°)小于B组(29.68°±6.34°),颈椎前凸角度丢失[1.10(-0.85,4.00)]小于B组[8.60 (7.70,12.40)],差异均有统计学意义(P值均＜0.01)。颈椎过伸功能与前凸角度丢失之间呈负相关(r=-0.965, P＜0.01),T₁倾斜角与前凸角度丢失之间呈正相关(r=0.954, P＜0.01),颈椎过伸功能与T₁倾斜角呈负相关(r=-0.900, P＜0.01);SVA与T₁倾斜角、颈椎过伸功能、术后前凸角度丢失均无相关性(r=-0.065、0.216、-0.202, P＞0.05)。术后JOA评分改善率与过伸角度变化、SVA及T₁倾斜角均无相关性(r=0.201、-0.034、-0.213, P值均＞0.05)。A组术后JOA改善率为69%±23%,B 组术后JOA改善率为62%±23%,两组差异无统计学意义(t=1.147, P＞0.05)。术后Odom's分级评价A组优良率为88.0%(22/25),B组优良率为63.6%(21/33),差异有统计学意义(χ² =4.403, P<0.05)。结论 对于后路单开门椎管扩大成形术患者,颈椎过伸功能与前凸角度丢失存在相关性,术前过伸功能越低,术后越易发生前凸角度丢失,可作为术前预判术后颈椎曲度变化的参数之一。     

Shape analysis of the cervical spinous process

Most textbooks describe the bifid spinous process as a shape associated with the typical cervical vertebra. Somewhere later they may acknowledge that cervical vertebrae are not always bifid, and that its appearance may be asymmetric. A high incidence of bifid cervical spinous processes may be a human characteristic, but because of known racial/geographic variation it may not be a very good one. Rarely can one find a satisfactory explanation of the functional or developmental basis for this shape variation. This article explores the distinctive shape of the cervical spinous process. Analysis is based upon the spinous processes of the third through seventh cervical vertebrae from fifty individuals. Shape differences were evaluated using the techniques of geometric morphometrics. Statistical comparisons were based upon 1000 permutations of a MANOVA based analysis. Significant shape differences were identified among the cervical vertebrae. However, post hoc analysis failed to identify significant differences between the C3 and C4 and between the C4 and C5 spinous process shapes. Primary shape differences were due to the depth of the bifid separation and the length of the process. Vertebrae with shorter spinous processes tended to display a more pronounced bifid condition. Combined observations from this and several other investigations suggest that a combination of variation in the spinalis cervicis muscle and behavioral patterns associated with cervical load may provide the best explanation for the shape variation in the cervical spinous process. Clin. Anat. 30:894–900, 2017. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.     

Association between HLA-DRB1 polymorphism, high-risk HPV infection and cervical neoplasia in southern Chinese

Multiple determinants are involved in the progression of human papillomavirus (HPV)-infected cervical lesion to invasive cancer. Human leukocyte antigen (HLA) polymorphism seems to play a role. This study examined the association between HLA-DRB1 polymorphism, high-risk HPV infection, and the development of cervical neoplasia in southern Chinese. Three hundred and seventy women with cervical neoplasia (43 cervical intraepithelial neoplasia grade II, 154 grade III, and 173 invasive cancers) and 323 controls were recruited for HLA-DRB1 typing by a sequence-based approach. Cervical specimens were collected for HPV detection by a consensus primer-based polymerase chain reaction, and with the type of HPV identified by hybridization with type-specific oligonucleotide probes. A protective effect of HLA-DRB1*12 for cervical neoplasia was observed, and with stronger associations when subgroup analyses were carried out for patients infected with HPV16 and HPV58. The protective effect of HLA-DRB1*13 that had been reported from other populations was not observed. The data obtained in this study showed that HLA-DRB1*03 conferred a higher risk for HPV18-infected, but not for HPV16-, HPV52-, or HPV58-infected cervical lesions. Although, HPV52 was reported as uncommon worldwide, it was found to be the second most prevalent type in the southern Chinese population. However, no additional risk association was observed when subgroup analyses were performed for HPV52-infected patients. The current study shows that, among southern Chinese, the outcome of HPV-infected cervical lesions is associated with HLA-DRB1 polymorphism. These associations often vary with the type of HPV infection.     

下颈椎棘突及棘突间隙影像解剖及其临床意义

目的　测量下颈椎棘突及棘突间的解剖参数,为试制颈椎棘突间非融合固定装置提供解剖学依据。 方法　收集46名（男性22人,女性24人）进行颈椎CT扫描的志愿者,将扫描信息传至GE AW4.4工作站测量棘突长度、宽度、高度、倾斜角度以及相邻棘突间距。并做统计学分析。 结果　男女存在显著差异,男性下颈椎棘突：C7最长,C3最短;C7最宽,C5最薄;C7最高,C5最矮;C6倾斜角度最大,C3最小;C3/C4棘突间距最大,C6/C7最小。女性下颈椎棘突：C7最长,C3最短;C7最宽,C4最薄;C7最高,C3最矮;C7倾斜角度最大,C3最小;C3/C4棘突间距最大,C6/C7最小。 结论　本研究较全面地测量了下颈椎棘突的相关指标,包括棘突长度、宽度、高度、倾斜角度以及相邻棘突间距,为试制颈椎棘突间非融合固定装置提供了一定的数据支持和指导意义。     

Expression of HPV L1 capsid protein in cervical specimens with HPV infection

We tried to investigate the expression rate of human papillomavirus (HPV) L1 capsid protein in uterine cervical specimens and correlate it with the grade of dysplasia, HPV genotype and age of the patients. Among uterine cervical specimens proved to have HPV by DNA genotyping test, eighty cytology-biopsy matched cases and 22 unmatched cytology specimens were selected. Immunostaining for L1 capsid protein was performed on both cervical smears and tissue sections. The L1 capsid protein was expressed mainly in the nuclei, but occasionally in the cytoplasm of cells located in the superficial layer of squamous epithelium. The immunostaining for L1 capsid protein showed positive reaction in 47 cases (46.1%) of cervical smears and in 10 cases (12.5%) of tissue sections (P = 0.001). Cytologic diagnosis revealed a higher expression rate in LSILs (25/33; 75.8%) than in HSILs and cervical cancers (8/20; 40.0% and 2/5; 40%, respectively) (P = 0.006). In LSILs, cases with low-risk type HPV showed a higher L1 capsid expression rate than those with the high-risk type HPV (88.9% vs. 70.8%). The L1 capsid expression rate decreased in the over-40-year-old age group compared to the younger age (49.2% vs. 50.8%). Cytology smears were superior to tissue sections for the detection of L1 capsid protein expression. LSILs and HPV low-risk group showed higher L1 capsid expression rate than HSILs and HPV high-risk group, which suggests that L1 capsid expression might be related to a favorable disease biology.     

Papanicolaou's nebular cells are related to HPV infection and HSIL

Metaplastic cells with nebular cytoplasmic changes in the cervical smear are classified in the Dutch coding system for cervical screening as KOPAC O8 cells. Since these nebulated cells are already documented by Papanicolaou, we refer to these cells as Papanicolaou's nebular cells. We examined the simultaneous presence of these characteristic metaplastic cells and high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion (HSIL) in a population-based data base from January 1991 and December 1996. The odds ratio (OR) of nebular cells concurring with HSIL increases with age. For the age cohort 30 years, the OR was 7.8 with a 95% confidence interval (CI) of 4.4-13.9. For the age cohort 60 years, the OR was 35.3 with a 95% CI of 7.8-159.2. Aiming to determine the nature of these nebular metaplastic cells, we performed Chlamydia and HPV PCR on 587 and 1,483 smears, respectively. With an OR of 0.9 [0.3-2.4] it is unlikely that Chlamydia plays a role in the appearance of these nebular cells in the smear. This study shows that with an OR of 5.9 [1.7-21.3] HPV is not only related to large koilocytosis but also to a nebular change of small metaplastic cells. This study reports that nebular changes of small metaplastic cells are related to cervical cancer and to HPV infection.     

Expression of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)-C and VEGF-D, and their receptor VEGFR-3, during different stages of cervical carcinogenesis

Cervical carcinogenesis has well-defined stages of disease progression including three grades of pre-invasive lesions--cervical intraepithelial neoplasia grades 1-3 (CIN 1-3)--and invasive cervical cancer. However, the biological properties of CIN lesions prone to develop invasive disease are not well defined. Recent observations suggest that early invasive disease spreads to regional lymph nodes in several tumour types and that growth factors (VEGF-C and VEGF-D) involved in new lymphatic vessel formation may play a crucial role in this process. The present study has assessed the expression of VEGF-C and VEGF-D, and their receptor VEGFR-3, in 152 cervical lesions (33 CIN 1, 33 CIN 2, 37 CIN 3, and 49 squamous cell carcinomas) to determine whether expression of lymphangiogenic factors occurs prior to invasion. The presence of lymphatic vessels was determined using LYVE-1 and podoplanin staining, as well as double immunostaining for LYVE-1/CD34 and podoplanin/CD34. In situ hybridization was performed to determine VEGFR-3 mRNA expression. A significant positive correlation was found between VEGF-C, VEGF-D, and VEGFR-3 expression through the different stages of cervical carcinogenesis. Significant differences in protein expression for VEGF-C, VEGF-D, and VEGFR-3 were found between CIN 1-2 and CIN 3 (p<0.001 for all), but not between CIN 3 and cervical cancer. More than 50% of the CIN 3 lesions showed moderate to strong staining for VEGF-C and VEGF-D, whereas most of the early pre-cancerous lesions (CIN 1 and 2) were negative. In cervical cancer, similar observations to those in CIN 3 were found. VEGFR-3 mRNA expression was found in the cytoplasm of epithelial neoplastic cells and VEGFR3 protein expression was found in more than 50% of CIN 3 lesions and cervical cancers, compared with 15% in CIN 1 and 2. These findings suggest an autocrine growth stimulation pattern via VEGFR-3. Adjacent CIN 3 was present in nine cervical cancers and displayed strong expression for VEGF-C, VEGF-D, and VEGFR-3. These results suggest that in cervical carcinogenesis a switch to the lymphangiogenic phenotype may occur at the stage of CIN 3.     

颈椎钩突邻近结构薄层断面与MRI对照研究

目的阐明颈椎钩突在薄层断面和MRI断面图像上与周围结构的毗邻关系,为颈椎退行性疾病提供影像学诊断依据。方法选取5例中国数字化可视人体（CVH）数据集中C3-C7椎体上缘清楚显示钩突的薄层断面图像,观察并测量钩突与邻近的椎动脉和颈神经的位置关系,选择对应平面的MRI断面图像对照分析。结果CVH数据集的薄层断面清晰显示颈椎钩突及其周围结构,在断面上测量并得出钩突与颈神经、钩突与椎动脉的距离的平均值,MRI清楚显示颈椎钩突及其邻近结构。结论将CVH数据集中的颈椎钩突平面的薄层断面与对应的MRI图像进行对照研究,可为颈椎病的影像学诊断和治疗提供形态学参考。