CAPD patients as renal transplant patients

Most authors state that the continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD) patient is not at increased risk when transplanted. These patients are always exposed to the risk of peritonitis, which may increase if patients are peritoneally dialyzed while immunosuppressed. The postoperative course of patients transplanted from our CAPD program from 1979 through August 1985 was evaluated. The transplant survival of patients dialyzed by CAPD, home hemodialysis, and at a free-standing dialysis facility were compared. Pretransplant dialysis modality did not influence long-term transplant success. Three of seven patients who required dialysis postoperatively developed peritonitis. The dialysis catheter was removed in two patients and one was treated by lavaging the peritoneal cavity with antibiotics. There was one instance of dialysate leaking through a drain in the transplant bed. This patient was converted to hemodialysis for subsequent dialysis. The dialysis catheters were removed at the time of discharge from hospital. Literature review confirmed this experience. Peritoneal dialysis post-transplant exposes the patient to a 10-33% risk of peritonitis and a 10% risk of a wound complication. Peritoneal dialysis patients are subject to risks unique to peritoneal dialysis. These complications do not translate into excessive morbidity or graft loss.     

急性脑梗死患者认知障碍的临床特征分析

目的探讨急性脑梗死患者认知障碍的临床特征,并分析其相关影响因素。方法采用简易精神状态检查法（MMSE）和洛文斯顿作业治疗用认知成套测验（LOTCA）进行神经心理测验,用日常生活活动能力（ADL）量表对患者ADL进行评定,神经功能缺损评分评定患者神经功能缺损程度,分析急性脑梗死患者认知障碍的临床特征。结果①260例急性脑梗死患者中有认知障碍者108例,占41.5%,主要表现为注意障碍64例（59.4%）,定向障碍37例（34.2%）,思维运作障碍45例（39.8%）,结构性失用34例（31.4%）,视失认29例（27.5%）,空间失认23例（21.3%）,空间知觉障碍18例（16.7%）,单侧忽略15例（13.9%）,图形背景分辨障碍12例（11.1%）,运动失用9例（8.3%）。②急性脑梗死患者认知障碍与病变部位、临床类型、ADL及病情程度有关,以皮质部位发生认知障碍的危险性高（OR=2.965,95%C I：1.329-6.611）;多发病灶者较单发病灶者更易发生认知障碍（OR=2.190,95%C I：1.022-4.693）;ADL越差,发生认知障碍的危险性越高（P〈0.05）;认知障碍随病情程度加重而加重（P〈0.05）。结论急性脑梗死患者常伴发认知障碍,认知障碍可多种类型共存或交叉并存。可表现为注意障碍、定向障碍、思维运作障碍、结构性失用、视失认、空间失认、空间知觉障碍、单侧忽略、图形背景分辨障碍、运动失用,其中以注意障碍最多见;急性脑梗死患者认知障碍与发生在皮质部位、多发病灶、ADL差和病情程度重等因素有关。     

Resuscitation of hospitalized patients

Effects of in-hospital resuscitations performed by a trained resuscitation team were studied over a 20-month period during which 1653 deaths were registered. Resuscitative attempts were made in 61 patients with a mean age of 71 years (range 0-86 years). The underlying disease was ischaemic heart disease in 38 cases and most arrests occurred in general wards. Twenty-one patients were initially resuscitated; 12, however, died after an average of 3.2 days while still in hospital. Nine patients were discharged and seven are still alive after two and a half years.     

Care of dying patients

Caring for a patient during the last phase of his or her life is a demanding obligation and a privilege for the physician. The physician has the responsibility to be knowledgeable about the natural history of disease processes and the body's changing physiology. The physician must be thorough in the evaluation of the patient, not only in the physical and laboratory examinations, but also by striving to understand the patient psychologically, socially, and philosophically. The caregivers must be open, honest, and compassionate in dealing with the patient and family. The goals are to relieve suffering and to restore function to the fullest attainable extent, so that the patient can live his or her life in the most meaningful way. This requires frequent reevaluation of the patient and the judicious use of appropriate diagnostic and therapeutic modalities. As much as possible, the patient should be involved in the decision making process. The patient should be encouraged to make his or her wishes known before becoming unable to communicate, and should designate someone to act on his or her behalf. The grieving process often starts before death and may continue for many months. Plans should be made to assist the patient and the family in dealing with grief.     

老年人胃癌与青年人胃癌临床对比分析

目的　研究老年人胃癌与青年人胃癌的特点及异同点 ,为早发现、早诊断和早治疗提供依据。方法　对老年人及青年人胃癌进行详细问诊、体检、内镜检查及组织学检查 ,对结果分析。结果　老年组与青年组 ,男性均多于女性 ,但青年组性别差异相对小 ,腹痛是两组的共同点 ,但消化不良和体重下降老年人明显多于青年人 (P <0 0 1) ,老年人胃癌以胃底贲门部多 ,青年人以胃窦部多 (P <0 0 1) ,青年人胃癌恶性程度高、分化差、进展快。老年人则分化相对较好、恶性程度相对较低。结论　老年人胃癌与青年人胃癌在性别、临床、内镜和组织病理上都有不同之处 ,应根据这些特点力争做到早发现、早诊断及早治疗。