腹腔镜肝切除术临床应用的经验体会

目的探讨腹腔镜肝切除术的应用指征、技术要点和疗效.方法回顾分析本研究所463例腹腔镜肝切除术患者的临床资料和随访结果.结果2007年3月1日至2011年3月31日共完成各类腹腔镜肝切除手术463例.其中原发性肝癌165例,转移性肝癌29例,肝血管瘤143例,肝胆管结石病81例,其他肝脏良性占位病变(肝血管平滑肌脂肪瘤、肝细胞腺瘤、局灶性结节增生、慢性肝脓肿等)45例.手术方式包括腹腔镜下左肝外叶切除术93例,左半肝切除71例,超左半肝切除4例,右半肝切除29例,右肝后叶切除24例,Ⅵ段切除56例,超右半肝切除2例,中肝切除8例,特殊部位肝段切除(Ⅶ/Ⅷ段、Ⅳa、尾叶及Ⅵ段、Ⅶ段交界处)41例,病变局部不规则性切除121例,两个以上部位联合切除14例.手术时间(244.71±105.07)min,术中出血量(460.26±425.81)ml,无手术死亡,术后并发症发生率9.29%,平均住院时间(15.51±4.36)d.194例肝脏恶性肿瘤患者中185例获得2～50个月随访,术后1年、3年总体生存率为90.8%和84.2%,无瘤生存率为87.9%和73.7%.结论腹腔镜肝切除术作为一种微创治疗手段,可选择性应用于肝脏各个部位、各类病变的手术治疗.该法且具有创伤小、恢复快、切口美容的优点.其近期疗效优于开腹手术,远期疗效与开腹手术相当.肝脏良性病变、小肝癌和转移性肝癌是现阶段腹腔镜肝切除术较理想的适应证.     

吲哚菁绿荧光引导腹腔镜解剖性肝段切除术

肝细胞癌的发病率及病死率居高不下。我国肝细胞癌患者常同时伴有病毒性肝炎甚至肝硬化,术前肝功能及肝脏储备功能不佳,因此,对手术方式及切除范围有较高要求。解剖性肝切除术是目前治疗肝细胞癌的有效方法,有利于患者的远期疗效。解剖性肝切除术不同于规则性肝切除术,其可以在完整切除癌灶的同时最大限度地保留肝实质,理论上是肝细胞癌的最佳手术治疗方案。随着腹腔镜肝切除术的发展与进步,实现了腹腔镜解剖性肝段切除,但判断肝段之间的界面仍非常困难。采用吲哚菁绿荧光引导腹腔镜解剖性肝段切除术安全、可行,有助于外科医师对肝段之间界面的识别和肝脏外科医师安全、规范地行腹腔镜解剖性肝段切除术。     

腹腔镜解剖性肝叶切除术

自从1987年腹腔镜胆囊切除术开展至今,腹腔镜技术已经涉及腹部外科的所有脏器手术。在肝脏外科,由于腹腔镜器械设备的不断更新,腔镜手术技巧的不断提高,腹腔镜手术范围逐渐从肝脏肿瘤的诊断或活检、肝囊肿开窗引流扩展到肝脏部分切除直至目前的肝叶解剖性切除。近年来,解剖性肝叶切除术仅在少数几个腹腔镜中心开展,现将腹腔镜解剖性肝叶切除术的有关问题做一论述。一、腹腔镜解剖性肝叶切除术适应证的选择对于肝脏原发性恶性肿瘤,肿瘤的部位和大小是能否行腹腔镜解剖性肝叶切除术的关键。一般认为病灶位于左外叶、左内叶前段以及Ⅴ段和Ⅵ段…     

腹腔镜手术治疗区域型肝胆管结石病的疗效

目的 探讨腹腔镜手术治疗区域型肝胆管结石病的疗效.方法 回顾性分析2007年3月至2011年3月第三军医大学西南医院行腹腔镜手术治疗81例区域型肝胆管结石病患者的临床资料.对符合2007年《肝胆管结石病诊断治疗指南》分类标准和开腹手术指征的患者,在完善术前检查后根据结石部位采用腹腔镜下肝切除术切除病变肝叶(段),最大限度清除含有结石、狭窄及扩张的病变胆管,联合使用术中纤维或电子胆道镜对剩余肝叶(段)胆管及肝外胆管进行探查和(或)取石,防止结石残留.结果 81例患者中72例成功实施全腹腔镜下肝切除术,9例中转开腹.全组患者中行肝左外叶(肝Ⅱ、Ⅲ段)切除术20例,肝左叶(肝Ⅱ、Ⅲ、Ⅳ段)切除术30例,肝右后叶(肝Ⅵ、Ⅶ段)切除术11例,肝右前叶部分(肝Ⅴ、Ⅷ段)切除术6例,肝右叶(肝Ⅴ、Ⅵ、Ⅶ、Ⅷ段)切除术9例,肝Ⅲ段切除术2例,肝Ⅵ段切除术3例.手术常规切除胆囊,15例患者术中实施间歇性第一肝门人肝血流阻断.57例联合实施经胆总管切开或经左(右)肝管残端行术中胆道镜探查和(或)取石.本组患者平均手术时间( 328±80) min,术中平均出血量(451±288) ml,无手术死亡;16例出现术后并发症,包括肺部感染2例、反应性胸腔积液4例、肝断面包裹性积液6例、术后腹腔感染及脓肿2例、标本取出切口感染2例,其中9例采用药物治疗、6例行胸腔或腹腔穿刺引流、l例行切口清创,均治愈.本组患者平均住院时间(13±6)d.腹腔镜手术术中结石清除率为96％ (69/72),3例残留结石患者术后均经T管窦道胆道镜成功取出结石.69例患者随访时间7～55个月,7例患者仍有不同程度的月H管炎症状,2例患者出现胆总管结石复发,其余患者术后无结石复发.结论腹腔镜手术治疗区域型肝胆管结石病安全、可行.术前和术中对结石及病变肝段进行准确定位,正确规划肝实质离断平面,进行解剖性肝切除可以获得较好的疗效.     

肝脏良恶性肿瘤行腹腔镜解剖性肝左外叶切除术的初步经验

目的 初步总结肝脏良恶性肿瘤行腹腔镜解剖性肝左外叶切除的安全性及疗效.方法 2005年4月至2008年5月共对11例肝脏良恶性肿瘤患者行腹腔镜下解剖性肝左外叶切除术(男性7例、女性4例,平均年龄51.7岁).其中原发性肝癌4例,伴不周程度肝硬化;结肠癌术后转移性肝癌1例;肝血管瘤5例(2例合并胆囊结石同时切除胆囊);巨大肝血平滑肌脂肪瘤1例.肿瘤最大径2.1～12.0 com,平均5.8cm,所有肿瘤均位于肝左外叶(Ⅱ、Ⅲ段).结果 手术时间为120～180 min,平均147 min.无中转开腹手术病例,无输血,无手术并发症.术后平均住院5.9 d.结论 对于位于Ⅱ、Ⅲ段的肝脏肿瘤施行腹腔镜下肝左外叶切除术是安全的.     

腹腔镜解剖性肝切除术:附40例报告

目的 探讨腹腔镜下解剖性肝切除术的可行性及安全性.方法 2008年1月至2012年3月,我院对40例肝良恶性病变患者实施了腹腔镜下解剖性肝切除术.其中原发性肝癌13例、复发性肝癌1例、肝胆管细胞癌1例、转移性肝癌6例、肝胆管结石10例、肝血管瘤7例、肝局灶性结节性增生1例、肝腺瘤1例.术中常规使用腹腔镜超声定位.采用选择性半肝血流阻断技术,应用高频电刀、超声刀或Ligasure等器械离断肝实质.肝断面粗管道用Hemolock夹闭,必要时使用血管切割闭合器离断.实施腹腔镜右半肝切除3例,左半肝切除10例,左肝外叶切除14例,S56切除5例,S5切除3例,S6切除4例,S4b切除1例.结果 全腹腔镜切除34例,中转开腹腔镜辅助切除6例.无围手术期死亡.手术时间(250.21±50.94) min,术中出血(420.20±120.10)ml.术后发生胆漏2例.住院时间(5.68±1.74)d.结论 在严格掌握适应证前提下,腹腔镜解剖性肝切除术是安全、可行的.该法具有创伤小、恢复快的优点,可作为部分肝良恶性病变的标准术式.     

沿肝中静脉解剖性半肝切除治疗肝胆管结石病

目的总结沿肝中静脉解剖性半肝切除术治疗肝胆管结石病的经验以及评价其疗效。方法回顾性分析南京鼓楼医院肝胆外科2009年3月至2013年8月因肝胆管结石病行沿肝中静脉解剖性半肝切除的病例资料,统计临床表现、手术资料、术后并发症及治疗效果。结果纳入研究者33例,其中男性13例,女性20例,平均年龄50．6岁。左半肝切除22例（66．7%）,右半肝切除11例（33．3％）;术中平均出血量为360ml,术中输血3例（9．1％）。术后发生并发症8例（24．2％o）,其中腹腔感染2例（6．1％）,胆漏1例（3％）,另轻微并发症5例（15．1％）。围手术期无死亡及再手术病例。平均随访34个月,术后结石复发4例（12．1％）,其中再次手术1例（3％）。结论在重视个体化评估、围手术期处理和创新手术技术的前提下,沿肝中静脉解剖性半肝切除术能使肝胆管结石病的手术治疗保持低并发症发生率和低结石复发率。     

肝、胆、胰、脾

以SSX基因mRNA作为肿瘤标志物检测循环中的肝癌细胞；不同干预手段对大鼠供肝缺血损伤的保护作用；肝豆状核变性并发肝硬变40例临床分析；CT引导下经皮氩氦刀靶向治疗肝癌；大肝癌手术切除的体会；肝脏脉管立体构筑解剖研究及其在肝脏海绵状血管瘤剥离切除术中的应用；改良式全肝血流阻断在高难度肝切除术中的应用；肝脏外科；腹腔镜肝切除治疗肝脏良性肿瘤；小儿肝外伤非手术治疗32例体会；腹腔镜用于闭合性肝损伤诊疗34例；合并有肝硬化的中央型肝癌的外科治疗；腹腔镜肝切除技术的综合评价。     

腹腔镜肝切除术中出血的预防及处理

目的:探讨腹腔镜肝切除术中出血的预防及处理措施。方法:回顾分析2012年9月至2015年9月由同一术者施行的64例腹腔镜肝切除术患者的临床资料,其中原发性肝癌41例,肝胆管结石病17例,肝血管瘤6例。统计分析手术时间、术中出血量、围手术期输血率、术后胃肠道排气时间、住院时间、术后并发症情况。结果:64例中,11例行右半肝切除术,21例行左半肝切除术,8例行肝脏Ⅱ、Ⅲ段切除术,6例行肝脏Ⅶ段切除术,5例行肝脏Ⅷ段切除术,7例行肝脏Ⅵ段切除术,6例行局部不规则性切除。5例因出血中转开腹,其中2例行右半肝切除术、2例行左半肝切除术、1例行肝脏Ⅷ段切除术。手术时间88~362 min,平均(227±102)min;术中出血量90~850 ml,平均(373±210)ml;围手术期输血率为9.4%(6/64);术后胃肠道功能恢复时间2~5 d,平均(3.0±0.5)d;术后住院5~12 d,平均(7.0±3.0)d。无围手术期死亡病例,7例术后发生并发症,经治疗后康复出院。结论:腹腔镜肝切除术作为肝脏疾病的微创治疗手段安全、可行,有效的预防及控制出血是腹腔镜肝切除术成功的关键因素。     

腹腔镜肝切除术的应用与指征

<正>腹腔镜肝切除术自1991年首次报道以来,其应用范围逐步拓展,已从早期针对良性病变的边缘性切除和局部切除拓展到针对肝脏各类病变的半肝乃至更大范围的解剖性切除、特殊部位肝段切除以及活体     

Vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction during major abdominal surgery

Background : We investigated the vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction (MT) with hypotension due to prostacyclin (PGI₂) release in patients undergoing abdominal surgery with a combined general and epidural anesthesia. Methods : In a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study we administered 400 mg ibuprofen (i.v.) in 42 patients scheduled for abdominal surgery. General anesthesia was combined with epidural anesthesia (T4-L1). Before as well as 5, 15, 30, 45, and 90 min after MT we recorded plasma osmolality, hemodynamics and measured 6-keto-PGFlα (stabile metabolite of PGI₂), TXB₂ (stabile metabolite of thromboxane A₂) active renin, and arginine vasopressin (AVP) plasma concentrations by radioimmunoassay. Catecholamine levels were assessed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. Results : Following MT, arterial hypotension occurred along with a substantial PGI₂ release. This was completely abolished by ibuprofen administration. Although plasma levels of 6-keto-PGF_1α (1133 (708) vs. 60 (3) ng/L, median (median absolute deviation), P=0.0001, placebo vs. ibuprofen) remained significantly elevated, blood pressure was restored within 30 min after MT in the placebo group. At the same point in time plasma concentrations of TXB² (164 (87) vs. 58 (1) ng/L, P=0.0001), epinephrine (46 (33) vs. 14 (6) ng/L, P=0.001), AVP (41 ± (18) vs. 12 (7) ng/L, P=0.0004), and active renin (27 (12) vs. 12 (4) ng/L, P = 0.001) were significantly higher in placebo-treated patients. Conclusion : Under combined general and epidural anesthesia arterial hypotension following MT due to endogenous PGI₂ release is associated with enhanced release of AVP, active renin, epinephrine and thromboxane A₂, presumably contributing to hemodynamic stability within 30 min after MT.     

A comparison of the inhibitory effects of four volatile anaesthetics on the metabolism of chlorzoxazone, a substrate for CYP2E1, in rabbits

Background: Halothane inhibits in vitro and in vivo activity of cytochrome P-450 (CYP) 2E1. There are several fluorinated volatile anaesthetics besides halothane, and most of them are defluorinated by CYP2E1. It is unclear whether other fluorinated anaesthetics inhibit the in vivo activity of CYP2E1.
Methods: We compared the inhibitory effects of therapeutic concentrations of four inhalational anaesthetics, halothane, enflurane, isoflurane, and sevoflurane, on chlorzoxazone metabolism in rabbits receiving artificial ventilation.
Results: All four inhalational anaesthetics decreased arterial blood pressure and increased plasma chlorzoxazone concentration. However, no significant differences in the plasma chlorzoxazone concentration were found between the four anaesthetics. The estimated chlorzoxazone clearance increased after beginning inhalation with all four agents, but no significant difference in clearance was noted between agents.
Conclusions: At therapeutic concentrations, the in vivo inhibitory effect on chlorzoxazone metabolism was similar for all four inhalational anaesthetics examined, even though their chemical characteristics and extent of hepatic metabolism differ considerably.     

A Teaspoon Pump for Pumping Blood with High Hydraulic Efficiency and Low Hemolysis Potential

Abstract: Virtually all blood pumps contain some kind of rubbing, sliding, closely moving machinery surfaces that are exposed to the blood being pumped. These valves, internal bearings, magnetic bearing position sensors, and shaft seals cause most of the problems with blood pumps. The original teaspoon pump design prevented the rubbing, sliding machinery surfaces from contacting the blood. However, the hydraulic efficiency was low because the blood was able to "slip around" the rotating impeller so that the blood itself never rotated fast enough to develop adequate pressure. An improved teaspoon blood pump has been designed and tested and has shown acceptable hydraulic performance and low hemolysis potential. The new pump uses a nonrotating "swinging" hose as the pump impeller. The fluid enters the pump through the center of the swinging hose; therefore, there can be no fluid slip between the revolving blood and the revolving impeller. The new pump uses an impeller that is comparable to a flexible garden hose. If the free end of the hose were swung around in a circle like half of a jump rope, the fluid inside the hose would rotate and develop pressure even though the hose impeller itself did not "rotate"; therefore, no rotating shaft seal or internal bearings are required.     

Microspheres Based Detoxification System: A New Method in Convective Blood Purification

Abstract: A variety of protein-bound or hydrophobic substances, accumulating as a result of pathologic conditions such as exogenous or endogenous intoxications, are removed poorly by conventional detoxification methods because of low accessibility (hemodialysis), insufficient adsorption capabilities (hemosorption), low efficiency (peritoneal dialysis), or economic limitations (high-volume plasmapheresis). Combining advantages of existing methods with microspheric technology, a module-based system was designed. Major operating parameters of the latter can be modified to allow for adjustment to individual clinical situations. An extracorporeal blood circuit including a plasmafilter is combined with a secondary high-velocity plasma circuit driven by a centrifugal pump. Different microspheric adsorbers can be combined in one circuit or applied in sequence. Thus, a prolonged treatment can be tailored using specially designed selective adsorber materials. Comparing this system with existing methods (high-flux hemodialysis, molecular adsorbent recycling system), results from our in vitro studies and animal experiments demonstrate the superior efficiency of substance removal.     

Is the recovery profile of mivacurium independent of the rate of decay of its plasma concentration in patients with normal plasma cholinesterase activity?

Background: The duration of action of muscle relaxants is poorly correlated to the rate of decay of their plasma concentration. The plasma concentration of mivacurium may rapidly decrease below its active concentration because of the extensive hydrolysis of mivacurium. By inflating a tourniquet on one upper limb for 3 min after the administration of atracurium, mivacurium or vecuronium, we studied the influence of the initial decline of their plasma concentration on their effect. Methods: In 50 patients anaesthetised with thiopental, isoflurane and fentanyl, the effect of bolus doses of 0.15 or 0.25 mg . kg^?1 mivacurium (MIV 15, MIV 25), 0.3 or 0.5 mg . kg^?1 atracurium (ATR 30, ATR 50) and 0.06 or 0.1 mg . kg^?1 vecuronium (VEC 06, VEC 10) were measured on both arms (evoked response of the adductor pollicis to train-of-four stimulation every 12 s), a tourniquet being applied on one arm just before and during 3 min after the muscle relaxant bolus. Results: Tourniquet inflation of 3 min almost abolished the neuromuscular effect of mivacurium. In the vecuronium groups and in the ATR 50 group, tourniquet inflation did not modify the maximum degree of depression of the twitch response. Also, the duration of action of vecuronium was unaffected by the tourniquet. In the ATR 30 group, times to return of the twitch response to 25% (duration 25%) and 75% (duration 75%) of control response were significantly shorter in the cuffed arm, 23 min vs 27 min, and 41 min vs 45 min, respectively. In the ATR 50 group, only duration 25% was significantly shorter in the cuffed arm (41 min vs 45 min). Conclusion: The results suggest that the rate of decline of the plasma concentration of mivacurium is so rapid, that a very low and almost clinically ineffective concentration is present as soon as 3 min after its administration. The results also indicate that the recovery from a mivacurium-induced neuromuscular blockade is not influenced by the rate of decay of its plasma concentration in patients with genotypically normal plasma cholinesterase.     

Membranes in Artificial Organs

Abstract: Membrane processes play a pivotal and enabling role in modern replacement therapy for acute and chronic organ failure and in the management of immunologic diseases. In fact, virtually all contemporary extracorporeal blood purification methods employ membrane devices, and the next generation of artificial organs and tissue engineering therapies are almost certain to be similarly grounded in membrane technology. In this short essay, we comment on the similarities and differences among synthetic membranes and their natural counterparts and also provide a critical overview of the demographics and technology of hemodialysis, hemofiltration, apheresis, oxygenation, and emerging membrane technologies and applications.     

Tissue perfusion in relation to cardiac output during continuous positive-pressure ventilation and administration of propranolol or verapamil

Background : Our objective was to determine whether administration of propranolol or verapamil modifies the hemodynamic adaptation to continuous positive-pressure ventilation (CPPV), in particular the regional distribution of cardiac output (CO).
Methods : General hemodynamics and regional blood flows assessed by microsphere technique (15 (μm) were recorded in 16 anesthetized pigs during spontaneous breathing (SB) and CPPV with 8 cm H₂O end-expiratory pressure (CPPV8) before and after intravenous administration of propranolol (0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.15 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8) or verapamil (0.1 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8).
Results : CPPV8 depressed CO by 25% without shifts in its relative distribution with the exception of a noteworthy increase in adrenal perfusion. Propranolol increased arterial blood pressure, and due to a fall in heart rate, CO dropped by 25%. The kidneys and, to a lesser extent, the splanchic region and central nervous system received increased fractions of the remaining CO at the expense of skeletal muscle flow. Similar patterns were seen during SB and CPPV8 such that the combination of propranolol and CPPV8 depressed CO by 50%. The circulatory effects of verapamil were less evident but myocardial perfusion tended to increase.
Conclusions : The combination of propranolol or verapamil with CPPV does not result in any specific hemodynamic interaction in anesthetized pigs, except that the combined effect of propranolol and CPPV may severely reduce CO.     

Volatile anaesthetics reduce adhesion of blood platelets under low-flow conditions in the coronary system of isolated guinea pig hearts

Background : Inhibitory effects of volatile anaesthetics on platelet aggregation have been demonstrated in several studies. However, the influence of volatile anaesthetics on intracoronary platelet adhesion has not been elucidated so far.
Methods : Isolated hearts of guinea pigs were perfused with buffer in the absence or presence of volatile anaesthetics (0.5 and 1 MAC) at constant coronary flow rates of 5 ml/min for 25 min, then 1 ml/min for 30 min and again 5 ml/min for 10 min. Before, during and after low-flow perfusion, a bolus of human platelets was applied into the coronary system. To simulate thrombogenic conditions, 0.3 U/ml human thrombin was infused during low-flow perfusion and reperfusion. The number of platelets sequestered to the endothelium was calculated from the difference between coronary in- and output of platelets. The myocardial production of lactate and consumption of pyruvate and coronary perfusion pressure were also determined.
Results : At a flow rate of 5 ml/min only about 3% of the applied platelets did not emerge from the coronary system, in any group. In contrast, 13.1±1.2% (mean±SEM) of infused platelets became adherent in low-flow perfusion in the control group without anaesthetic. The adherence was reduced with each 1 MAC isoflurane (to 6.2±1.2%), sevoflurane (to 4.4±0.9%) or halothane (to 3.2±1.5%) (each P <0.05 vs. control). Volatile anaesthetic, 0.5 MAC, did not inhibit platelet adhesion to a statistically significant extent in any case. Perfusion pressure and metabolic parameters were not statistically different between the control and the hearts exposed to anaesthetics.
Conclusion : Volatile anaesthetics in a concentration of 1 MAC can reduce the adhesion of platelets in the coronary system under reduced flow conditions. This action does not arise from vasodilation or inhibition of ischaemic stress.     

Bariatric Surgery in Some "Central and East-European (former Eastern bloc)"Countries - Current Status and Prediction for the Next Millennium

Background: Obesity is increasing globallly, including in the formerly "Eastern Bloc" countries. Methods: A survey was made of obesity and bariatric surgery. Results: In the 8 East and Central European countries studied, with total population 300 million, roughly 43% of the population was overweight (BMI 25-30), 23% obese (BMI > 30), with about 15 million people morbidly obese (BMI > 40). From 0-10 morbidly obese individuals/100,000/year undergo bariatric surgery. Conclusion: Most countries were found to provide inadequate treatment for obesity.The majority of the morbidly obese are not treated effectively. However, health-care awareness of obesity and bariatric surgeons are slowly increasing.     

Dilemma of Membrane Biocompatibility and Reuse

Abstract: Numerous articles have been published on the multiple use of dialyzers and on the effect of different reprocessing chemicals and techniques on the dialyzer biocompatibility and performance. The results often appear contradictory, especially those comparing standard biocompatibility parameters. Despite this confusion, a discerning review of the published works allows certain limited conclusions to be drawn. Reprocessing of used hemodialyzers changes the biocompatibility profile of a dialyzer as defined by the parameters complement activation. leukopenia, and cytokine release. The effect of reprocessing depends on the chemicals and reprocessing technique applied and also on the type of membrane polymer being subjected to the reprocessing procedure. Reports of pyrogenic reactions indicate that the flux of the membrane also influences how suitable it is for safe reuse. An increased risk of allergic and pyrogenic reactions appears to be associated with dialyzer reuse. Furthermore, there has been a lack of investigations into the immunologic effect of the layer of adsorbed and chemically altered proteins that remains on the inner surface of reprocessed dialyzers. We conclude that the clinical benefit of dialyzer reuse cannot be generally accepted from a biocompatibility point of view.