新分型对胆管囊状扩张症治疗方式的指导价值

目的 探讨董家鸿等提出的新分型(以下简称“新分型”)对胆管囊状扩张症治疗方式选择的指导价值.方法 回顾性分析1968年9月至2013年7月北京协和医院收治的213例参照Todani 2003分型原则选择治疗方式的胆管囊状扩张症患者的临床资料,采用2013年董家鸿等提出的新分型对213例患者重新分析,评价其对术式选择的指导作用.通过门诊、电话等方式随访,随访时间截至2013年8月.结果 213例患者中,Todani Ⅰ型139例(新分型为C型);Todani Ⅱ型3例(新分型为C1型);Todani Ⅲ型1例(新分型为E型);TodaniⅣa型52例(新分型为D1型35例、D2型17例);TodaniⅣb型1例(新分型为C型);Todani Ⅴ-Ⅰ型8例(新分型为B1型5例、B2型3例);Todani Ⅴ-Ⅱ型9例(新分型为A1型5例、2型4例).18例患者未行手术治疗.195例手术患者中,C型和D型患者占多数.型患者主要采用胆囊切除、胆管囊肿切除、胆肠吻合术、内引流术.D型患者采用肝外胆管切除、胆肠吻合术,对于肝内病变严重的D1型患者同时行左半肝切除或胰十二指肠切除术.A1型行右半肝切除,A2型外院行劈离式肝移植后保守治疗,B1型行左半肝切除、胆肠吻合,B2型行胆管取石.E型施行胆管囊肿部分切除,胆管成型术.74患者术后出现胰瘘、胆瘘、反流性胆管炎、胆管炎以及吻合口狭窄等并发症,经保守治疗或取石后恢复良好.187例患者获得随访,中位随访时间85个月(1～432个月).175例患者恢复良好,发生胆管系统癌变的患者中12例于随访1～282个月后因肿瘤全身播散死亡.结论 新分型方法简化了肝外胆管囊状扩张的分型,细化了肝内胆管囊状扩张的分型,对治疗方式的选择具有重要指导价值.     

胆总管囊状扩张超声分型及其临床意义

目的 对胆总管囊状扩张的声像图进行分类。并对各类型声像诊断特点及其临床意义进行探讨。方法 对65例胆总管囊状扩张患者超声检查的声像表现及其它临床资料进行总结分析。结果 胆总管囊状扩张患者65例。男18例,女47例,平均年龄8.9岁,根据胆总管囊状扩张的声像特点将其声像分为5种类型：A型;胆总管呈梭形扩张,21例,占32.3%;B型：胆总管呈球形扩张,16例,占24.6%;C型;胆总管扩张显著,表现为右上腹部的囊性肿物,22例,占33.8%;D型;胆总管重度扩张。表现为腹部巨大囊性肿物,6例,占9.2%;E型;胆总管囊状扩张合并肝内胆管囊状扩张。10例,占15.4%。结论 超声检查是诊断胆总管囊状扩张的首选影像学方法,A型和B型是胆总管囊性扩张程度较轻的二种情况,在这二型的病例,声像图中可以清晰地显示肝外胆管结构。故较容易做出诊断。C型和D型是胆总管扩张程度较重的类型。表现为腹部囊性肿物,超声诊断有一定难度,需要与其它病变进行鉴别,E型扩张的肝内、外胆管常延续相通,超声容易明确诊断。     

先天性胆管囊状扩张症的手术治疗

目的　探讨先天性胆管囊状扩张症的最佳手术方式。方法　回顾分析我院 1980～2 0 0 2年 76例经手术治疗的先天性胆管囊状扩张症的临床诊疗资料。结果　本组 76例中 ,13例行囊肿空肠Roux en Y吻合术 ;3例行囊肿十二指肠吻合术 ;7例行囊肿外引流术 ;1例行憩室型总胆管囊肿切除T管引流术 ;5 5例行囊肿切除、总肝管空肠Roux en Y吻合术 (占手术病例的 72 4 % ) ;2例Ⅳa型囊肿行肝左外叶切除加总胆管囊肿切除、总肝管空肠Roux en Y吻合术 ,1例Ⅴ型囊肿行肝左外叶切除、总胆管切除、肝门胆管空肠Roux en Y吻合术。 16例囊肿内引流术、7例囊肿外引流术和5 5例囊肿切除总肝管空肠Roux en Y吻合术的术后并发症发生率分别为 5 6 3%、2 8 6 %和 3 6 % ,经统计学分析差异有显著性 (P <0 0 1)。结论　手术是先天性胆管囊状扩张症惟一有效的治疗方法。外引流术可用于全身状态极差而不能耐受较复杂手术的病人 ,待全身状况改善后应及时行二次手术 ;对于较为复杂的Ⅳa型和Ⅴ型病变 ,应选择合适的病例行肝叶切除术或肝移植术 ;总胆管囊肿切除、肝管空肠Roux en Y吻合术是Ⅰ型先天性胆管囊状扩张症的一种较为合理的手术方式。     

110例成人型胆管扩张症的临床诊治分析

目的分析成人型胆管扩张症临床分型对手术方式选择的意义,探讨影响胆管扩张症手术疗效的因素。方法回顾性分析2005年6月至2017年9月上海交通大学医学院附属仁济医院收治并手术的110例成人型胆管扩张症病人的临床资料,评价董氏分型与Todani分型对术式选择的指导作用。比较腹腔镜、机器人与开腹手术对董氏C型(即TodaniⅠ型)胆管扩张症的手术疗效。通过门诊、电话等方式随访该110例病人的远期疗效,随访时间截至2018年7月。结果 110例病人按董氏分型,B型1例,行肝切除术;C型92例,均行胆管囊肿切除+胆肠Roux-en-Y吻合术;D型17例(D1型10例,D2型7例),在10例D1型病人中行胆管囊肿切除术9例,行肝切除术1例,在7例D2型病人中行肝切除术5例,行肝移植术1例,另1例行胆管囊肿切除术。本组110例病人的实际手术方式与董氏分型推荐的手术方式基本一致。9例行胆管囊肿切除的董氏D1型病人中,3例病人术后肝内扩张病变胆管残留,1例病人术后继发胆管结石。本组的胆漏发生率为6.4%,其中董氏D型的胆漏发生率为23.5%,明显高于C型的3.3%(P0.05);胰漏发生率为16.4%,其中董氏C2型的胰漏发生率为54.2%,明显高于C1型的4.4%(P0.01);胃排空障碍发生率为10.9%,所有胃排空障碍事件均出现于术后有胆漏或胰漏的病人中,两者之间存在正相关(r=0.681,P0.01)。机器人手术的术中出血量明显少于开放手术与腹腔镜手术(P0.05),机器人手术与腹腔镜手术的住院时间明显短于开放手术(P0.05),两组术后疼痛评分明显低于开放手术(P0.05),三组的术后恢复进食时间及并发症发生率差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。结论 (1)董氏D型病人术后易发生胆漏,董氏C2型病人术后易发生胰漏,胰漏、胆漏是术后发生胃排空障碍的主要原因;(2)董氏分型对于手术方式选择的指导和并发症的预判作用优于Todani分型;(3)对于董氏D1型病人,应用围肝门技术能彻底切除肝内病变胆管,可降低远期病变胆管癌变与成石的风险;(4)对于董氏C型胆管扩张症病人,尤其是董氏C1型病人,微创治疗是安全、可行的,能减轻病人术后疼痛,缩短住院时间。     

先天性胆总管囊状扩张症手术治疗体会

目的:探讨先天性胆总管囊状扩张症的治疗方法.方法:回顾性分析我院2002年6月至2009年4月先天性胆总管囊状扩张症35例,其中30例手术治疗临床资料,全部行胆总管囊肿切除+肝总管空肠Roux-en-y吻合术.结果:全组30例恢复顺利,2例术后腹腔引流管引出少许胆汗后痊愈.结论:手术是先天性胆管囊状扩张症的唯一的治疗方法,胆总管囊肿切除,肝总管空肠Roux-en-y吻合木是I先天性胆总管囊状扩张症的最合理手术方式.     

儿童先天性胆管囊状扩张症的诊治

目的探讨儿童先天性胆管囊状扩张症的诊断及治疗。方法回顾性分析本院2000年3月至2011年8月治疗的28例儿童先天性胆管囊状扩张症患者临床资料。结果 28例年龄1岁8月至14岁,其中27例行囊肿完整切除、肝总管空肠Roux-en-Y吻合术,1例行囊肿大部分切除、肝总管空肠Roux-en-Y吻合术。获随访25例,随访时间为1～3年,患者情况良好,无结石、癌变、黄疸等。放置胆道金属支架固定好,引流通畅。结论影像学检查在儿童先天性胆管囊状扩张症的诊断中具有重要价值,儿童先天性胆管囊状扩张症的手术方式与其临床分型相关。     

先天性胆总管囊状扩张症手术治疗效果观察

目的探讨先天性胆总管囊状扩张症切除时机与癌变的关系。方法对我院1986年1月～2006年12月收治的先天性胆总管囊状扩张症切除胆肠内引流术64例的临床资料进行回顾性分析。将病人分为3组。A组:30例,为12岁前行囊肿切除胆肠内引流术组;B组:16例,为12岁后行囊肿切除胆肠内引流术,但12岁前行单纯性囊肿内引流术组;C组:18例,为12岁后行囊肿切除胆肠内引流术,12岁前未行单纯性囊肿内引流术组。结果A组发生癌变者1例,B组3例,C组4例。结论先天性胆总管囊状扩张症早期行囊肿切除对降低胆管癌变率有积极意义,单纯性囊肿内引流术不能降低胆管癌变率。     

先天性胆管囊状扩张症的诊治体会

先天性胆管囊状扩张症,以往又称为先天性胆总管囊肿。是指胆总管包括肝胆管因先天性异常而引起的囊状扩张。在我国并不少见。我院于1994~2005年3月共收治先天性胆管囊状扩张症22例,现总结报告如下:1临床资料1.1一般资料全组22例,男5例,女17例,男女之比1:3.4。年龄:2岁至46岁,平均24岁。按照Todani分型[1]:I型20例,V型2例。1.2临床表现右上腹痛22例(100%),黄疸8例(36.4%),右上腹包块3例(13.6%),同时具有上述三联症者2例(9.1%),寒战、发热5例(22.7%),合并胆汁性肝硬化2例(9.1%),合并胰腺炎1例(4.5%),囊肿内结石形成3例(13.6%)。1.3手术方式…     

超声诊断胆总管囊状扩张症应用价值分析

目的:探讨超声诊断在胆总管囊状扩张症的应用价值。方法:对21例胆总管囊状扩张症患者超声资料总结分析。结果:21例病例中,2例合并肝内胆管囊状扩张,2例合并胆总管结石。结论:超声显示胆总管囊状扩张症灵敏而准确,超声诊断是胆总管囊状扩张症最重要的影像学方法。     

成人先天性胆管囊状扩张症的临床分析

目的:探讨成人先天性胆管囊状扩张症的诊断及治疗。方法:回顾性分析1996年1月—2012年5月收治的53例成人先天性胆管囊状扩张症患者的临床资料。结果:53例患者均行手术治疗,Ia,Ib,Ic型39例和II型4例行囊肿完整切除、肝总管空肠Roux-en-Y吻合术,另3例Ia型行囊肿大部分切除、肝总管空肠Roux-en-Y吻合术;IVa型1例行肝左外叶切除、囊肿完整切除、胆管成形、肝总管空肠Roux-en-Y吻合术,另1例行囊肿完整切除、肝总管空肠Roux-en-Y吻合术;V型1例行左肝内胆管囊肿切除术;2例癌变患者,其中1例行癌变囊肿切除、局部转移淋巴结清扫术,1例行囊肿切除、左肝内胆管肿瘤切除术。53例手术患者中获随访42例,随访时间为6个月至3年,良性患者情况良好;2例癌变患者,1例术后生存26个月,死于肿瘤复发,多系统器官功能衰竭,1例术后26个月肿瘤复发,肝转移,再次手术行左半肝切除、S5(第V段肝脏)切除、肝肠吻合术,术后2个月出现肿瘤进展,死于多系统器官功能衰竭。结论:成人先天性胆管囊状扩张症的手术方式选择与治疗效果密切相关,不同的临床分型应选择不同的手术方式。     

Vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction during major abdominal surgery

Background : We investigated the vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction (MT) with hypotension due to prostacyclin (PGI₂) release in patients undergoing abdominal surgery with a combined general and epidural anesthesia. Methods : In a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study we administered 400 mg ibuprofen (i.v.) in 42 patients scheduled for abdominal surgery. General anesthesia was combined with epidural anesthesia (T4-L1). Before as well as 5, 15, 30, 45, and 90 min after MT we recorded plasma osmolality, hemodynamics and measured 6-keto-PGFlα (stabile metabolite of PGI₂), TXB₂ (stabile metabolite of thromboxane A₂) active renin, and arginine vasopressin (AVP) plasma concentrations by radioimmunoassay. Catecholamine levels were assessed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. Results : Following MT, arterial hypotension occurred along with a substantial PGI₂ release. This was completely abolished by ibuprofen administration. Although plasma levels of 6-keto-PGF_1α (1133 (708) vs. 60 (3) ng/L, median (median absolute deviation), P=0.0001, placebo vs. ibuprofen) remained significantly elevated, blood pressure was restored within 30 min after MT in the placebo group. At the same point in time plasma concentrations of TXB² (164 (87) vs. 58 (1) ng/L, P=0.0001), epinephrine (46 (33) vs. 14 (6) ng/L, P=0.001), AVP (41 ± (18) vs. 12 (7) ng/L, P=0.0004), and active renin (27 (12) vs. 12 (4) ng/L, P = 0.001) were significantly higher in placebo-treated patients. Conclusion : Under combined general and epidural anesthesia arterial hypotension following MT due to endogenous PGI₂ release is associated with enhanced release of AVP, active renin, epinephrine and thromboxane A₂, presumably contributing to hemodynamic stability within 30 min after MT.     

A Teaspoon Pump for Pumping Blood with High Hydraulic Efficiency and Low Hemolysis Potential

Abstract: Virtually all blood pumps contain some kind of rubbing, sliding, closely moving machinery surfaces that are exposed to the blood being pumped. These valves, internal bearings, magnetic bearing position sensors, and shaft seals cause most of the problems with blood pumps. The original teaspoon pump design prevented the rubbing, sliding machinery surfaces from contacting the blood. However, the hydraulic efficiency was low because the blood was able to "slip around" the rotating impeller so that the blood itself never rotated fast enough to develop adequate pressure. An improved teaspoon blood pump has been designed and tested and has shown acceptable hydraulic performance and low hemolysis potential. The new pump uses a nonrotating "swinging" hose as the pump impeller. The fluid enters the pump through the center of the swinging hose; therefore, there can be no fluid slip between the revolving blood and the revolving impeller. The new pump uses an impeller that is comparable to a flexible garden hose. If the free end of the hose were swung around in a circle like half of a jump rope, the fluid inside the hose would rotate and develop pressure even though the hose impeller itself did not "rotate"; therefore, no rotating shaft seal or internal bearings are required.     

A comparison of the inhibitory effects of four volatile anaesthetics on the metabolism of chlorzoxazone, a substrate for CYP2E1, in rabbits

Background: Halothane inhibits in vitro and in vivo activity of cytochrome P-450 (CYP) 2E1. There are several fluorinated volatile anaesthetics besides halothane, and most of them are defluorinated by CYP2E1. It is unclear whether other fluorinated anaesthetics inhibit the in vivo activity of CYP2E1.
Methods: We compared the inhibitory effects of therapeutic concentrations of four inhalational anaesthetics, halothane, enflurane, isoflurane, and sevoflurane, on chlorzoxazone metabolism in rabbits receiving artificial ventilation.
Results: All four inhalational anaesthetics decreased arterial blood pressure and increased plasma chlorzoxazone concentration. However, no significant differences in the plasma chlorzoxazone concentration were found between the four anaesthetics. The estimated chlorzoxazone clearance increased after beginning inhalation with all four agents, but no significant difference in clearance was noted between agents.
Conclusions: At therapeutic concentrations, the in vivo inhibitory effect on chlorzoxazone metabolism was similar for all four inhalational anaesthetics examined, even though their chemical characteristics and extent of hepatic metabolism differ considerably.     

Microspheres Based Detoxification System: A New Method in Convective Blood Purification

Abstract: A variety of protein-bound or hydrophobic substances, accumulating as a result of pathologic conditions such as exogenous or endogenous intoxications, are removed poorly by conventional detoxification methods because of low accessibility (hemodialysis), insufficient adsorption capabilities (hemosorption), low efficiency (peritoneal dialysis), or economic limitations (high-volume plasmapheresis). Combining advantages of existing methods with microspheric technology, a module-based system was designed. Major operating parameters of the latter can be modified to allow for adjustment to individual clinical situations. An extracorporeal blood circuit including a plasmafilter is combined with a secondary high-velocity plasma circuit driven by a centrifugal pump. Different microspheric adsorbers can be combined in one circuit or applied in sequence. Thus, a prolonged treatment can be tailored using specially designed selective adsorber materials. Comparing this system with existing methods (high-flux hemodialysis, molecular adsorbent recycling system), results from our in vitro studies and animal experiments demonstrate the superior efficiency of substance removal.     

Tissue perfusion in relation to cardiac output during continuous positive-pressure ventilation and administration of propranolol or verapamil

Background : Our objective was to determine whether administration of propranolol or verapamil modifies the hemodynamic adaptation to continuous positive-pressure ventilation (CPPV), in particular the regional distribution of cardiac output (CO).
Methods : General hemodynamics and regional blood flows assessed by microsphere technique (15 (μm) were recorded in 16 anesthetized pigs during spontaneous breathing (SB) and CPPV with 8 cm H₂O end-expiratory pressure (CPPV8) before and after intravenous administration of propranolol (0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.15 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8) or verapamil (0.1 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8).
Results : CPPV8 depressed CO by 25% without shifts in its relative distribution with the exception of a noteworthy increase in adrenal perfusion. Propranolol increased arterial blood pressure, and due to a fall in heart rate, CO dropped by 25%. The kidneys and, to a lesser extent, the splanchic region and central nervous system received increased fractions of the remaining CO at the expense of skeletal muscle flow. Similar patterns were seen during SB and CPPV8 such that the combination of propranolol and CPPV8 depressed CO by 50%. The circulatory effects of verapamil were less evident but myocardial perfusion tended to increase.
Conclusions : The combination of propranolol or verapamil with CPPV does not result in any specific hemodynamic interaction in anesthetized pigs, except that the combined effect of propranolol and CPPV may severely reduce CO.     

Bariatric Surgery in Some "Central and East-European (former Eastern bloc)"Countries - Current Status and Prediction for the Next Millennium

Background: Obesity is increasing globallly, including in the formerly "Eastern Bloc" countries. Methods: A survey was made of obesity and bariatric surgery. Results: In the 8 East and Central European countries studied, with total population 300 million, roughly 43% of the population was overweight (BMI 25-30), 23% obese (BMI > 30), with about 15 million people morbidly obese (BMI > 40). From 0-10 morbidly obese individuals/100,000/year undergo bariatric surgery. Conclusion: Most countries were found to provide inadequate treatment for obesity.The majority of the morbidly obese are not treated effectively. However, health-care awareness of obesity and bariatric surgeons are slowly increasing.     

Volatile anaesthetics reduce adhesion of blood platelets under low-flow conditions in the coronary system of isolated guinea pig hearts

Background : Inhibitory effects of volatile anaesthetics on platelet aggregation have been demonstrated in several studies. However, the influence of volatile anaesthetics on intracoronary platelet adhesion has not been elucidated so far.
Methods : Isolated hearts of guinea pigs were perfused with buffer in the absence or presence of volatile anaesthetics (0.5 and 1 MAC) at constant coronary flow rates of 5 ml/min for 25 min, then 1 ml/min for 30 min and again 5 ml/min for 10 min. Before, during and after low-flow perfusion, a bolus of human platelets was applied into the coronary system. To simulate thrombogenic conditions, 0.3 U/ml human thrombin was infused during low-flow perfusion and reperfusion. The number of platelets sequestered to the endothelium was calculated from the difference between coronary in- and output of platelets. The myocardial production of lactate and consumption of pyruvate and coronary perfusion pressure were also determined.
Results : At a flow rate of 5 ml/min only about 3% of the applied platelets did not emerge from the coronary system, in any group. In contrast, 13.1±1.2% (mean±SEM) of infused platelets became adherent in low-flow perfusion in the control group without anaesthetic. The adherence was reduced with each 1 MAC isoflurane (to 6.2±1.2%), sevoflurane (to 4.4±0.9%) or halothane (to 3.2±1.5%) (each P <0.05 vs. control). Volatile anaesthetic, 0.5 MAC, did not inhibit platelet adhesion to a statistically significant extent in any case. Perfusion pressure and metabolic parameters were not statistically different between the control and the hearts exposed to anaesthetics.
Conclusion : Volatile anaesthetics in a concentration of 1 MAC can reduce the adhesion of platelets in the coronary system under reduced flow conditions. This action does not arise from vasodilation or inhibition of ischaemic stress.     

Synergistic interaction between the effects of propofol and midazolam with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity in rabbits

Background: It has been shown that the depressive effects of both propofol and midazolam on consciousness are synergistic with opioids, but the nature of their interactions on other physiological systems, e. g. respiration, has not been fully investigated. The present study examined the effect of propofol and midazolam alone and in combination with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity (PNA) and whether such interactions are additive or synergistic. Methods: PNA was recorded in 27 anaesthetised and artificially ventilated rabbits. In three groups, propofol, fentanyl and midazolam were administered intravenously in incremental doses to construct dose-response curves for the depressant effects of each one on PNA. In another two groups, the effect of pretreatment with either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. on the effects of propofol and fentanyl respectively on PNA were studied. Results: Propofol and fentanyl caused a dose-dependent depression of PNA with complete abolition at the highest total doses of 16 mg · kg^?1 i. v. and 32 μg · kg^?1 i. v., respectively. In contrast, midazolam in incremental doses to a total of 0.8 mg · kg^?1 reduced mean PNA by 63%, but approximately 12% of PNA remained at a total dose as high as 6.4 mg · kg^?1. The mean ED₅₀s, calculated from dose-response curves, were 5.4 mg · kg^?1, 3.9 μg · kg^?1 and 0.4 mg · kg^?1 for propofol, fentanyl and midazolam, respectively. Initial doses of either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. acted synergistically with subsequent doses of either propofol or fentanyl to abolish PNA at total doses of 8 mg · kg^?1 and 8 μg · kg^?1, respectively. Conclusion: Fentanyl has a synergistic interaction with both propofol and midazolam on PNA and hence potentially on respiration.     

Influence of dopexamine hydrochloride on haemodynamics and regulators of circulation in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery

Background: Catecholaminergic support is often used to improve haemodynamics in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery. Dopexamine is a synthetic vasoactive catecholamine with beneficial microcirculatory properties. Methods: The influence of perioperative administration of dopexamine on cardiorespiratory data and important regulators of macro- and microcirculation were studied in 30 patients undergoing Whipple pancreaticduodenectomy. The patients received randomized and blinded either 2 μg · kg^?1 · min^?1 of dopexamine (n=15) or placebo (n=15, control group). The infusion was started after induction of anaesthesia and continued until the morning of the first postoperative day. Endothelin-1 (ET-1), vasopressin, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), and catecholamine plasma levels were measured from arterial blood samples. Measurements were carried out after induction of anaesthesia, 2 h after onset of surgery, at the end of surgery, 2 h after surgery, and on the morning of the first postoperative day. Results: Cardiac index (CI) increased significantly in the dopexamine group (from 2.61±0.41 to 4.57±0.78 1 · min^?1 · m^?2) and remained elevated until the morning of the first postoperative day. Oxygen delivery index (DO₂I) and oxygen consumption index (VO₂I) were also significantly increased in the dopexamine group (DO₂I: from 416±91 to 717±110 ml/m² · m²; VO₂I: from 98±25 to 157±22 ml/m² · m²), being significantly higher than in the control group. pHi remained stable only in the dopexamine patients, indicating adequate splanchnic perfusion. Vasopressive regulators of circulation increased significantly only in the untreated control patients (vasopressin: from 4.37±1.1 to 35.9±12.1 pg/ml; ET-1: from 2.88±0.91 to 6.91±1.20 pg/ml). Conclusion: Patients undergoing major abdominal surgery may profit from prophylactic perioperative administration of dopexamine hydrochloride in the form of improved haemodynamics and oxygenation as well as beneficial influence on important regulators of organ blood flow.     

Systemic analgesia adapted to the children's condition

A concept of balanced analgesia using nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), paracetamol (acetaminophen), opioids, and corticosteroids can also be used in patients with pre-existing illnesses. NSAIDs are the most effective treatment for acute pain of moderate intensity in children; however, these drugs should be avoided in patients at increased risk for serious side effects, e.g. patients with renal impairment, bleeding tendency, or extreme prematurity. NSAIDs can be given with minimal risks to the younger child with mild to moderate asthma, and, in these patients, the use of steroids can be encouraged; in addition to their antiemetic and analgesic action, a beneficial effect on asthma symptoms can be expected. In the non-intubated child with cerebral trauma, exaggerated sedation caused by opioids and increased bleeding tendency caused by NSAIDs must be avoided. In neonates and small infants, the oral administration of sucrose or glucose is helpful to minimize pain reaction during short uncomfortable interventions.