吸烟对氯氮平治疗精神分裂症疗效的影响

目的探讨吸烟对氯氮平治疗精神分裂症患者疗效的影响。方法75例精神分裂症患者分为吸烟组(n=45)与非吸烟组(n=30),均给予氯氮平治疗8周,8周末对吸烟组无显著疗效者增加氯氮平的剂量,继续治疗4周。采用阳性与阴性症状量表(PANSS)和副反应量表(TESS)评定疗效与不良反应。结果非吸烟组疗效显著优于吸烟组(P<0.05),加量组18例,12周末PANSS评分与8周末比较差异有显著性(P<0.05)。结论吸烟能明显降低氯氮平的疗效。     

利培酮并小剂量氯氮平治疗精神分裂症对照研究

目的探讨早晨服一次利培酮联合每晚服一次氯氮平对精神分裂症的临床疗效.方法按入院顺序分层随机法将病人分为研究组(早晨服利培酮并晚上服氯氮平组)和两个对照组(利培酮组和氯氮平组);进行10周对照观察;用四级临床疗效评定法结合简明精神病量表(RPRS)评分评定疗效.结果研究组的起效时间为7.67±2.33天.明显优于氯氮平组的11.56±4.11天(P＜0.05),略优于利培酮组的10.48±3.50天,但无统计学意义(P＞0.05);三组的痊愈率、显进率及显效率均相当;研究组对焦虑抑郁、活力缺乏症状群起效快于氯氮平组,对兴奋、敌对猜疑症状群起效快于利培酮组(P＜0.05);不良反应的发生率较氯氮平组明显减少.结论早晨服一次利培酮联合晚上服小剂量氯氮平的用药方法治疗精神分裂症起效快,疗效好,不良反应少,能综合两者优点,克服两者的缺点;该用药方法值得在临床工作中推广应用.     

氯氮平治疗首发精神分裂症临床效应及影响因素分析

目的　探讨氯氮平治疗首发精神分裂症的效能及影响因素对指导临床用药有很大的实用性。　　方法　 3 0例首发精神分裂症病人均按规定剂量给药 ,选用简明精神症状评定量表 (BPRS)、阴性症状评定量表 (SANS)、临床总体印象量表 (CGI)、总体功能评定量表 (GAF) ,在治疗前及治疗第1、2、4、8、1 2周进行临床评定及血药浓度、催乳素 (PRI)检测 ,治疗前威斯康辛卡片分类测验 (WC ST)。　　结果　氯氮平对首发精神分裂症的阳性、阴性症状均有显著的疗效 ,且起效迅速。此外发现血药浓度大于 40 0 μg/L、基础PRL水平低于 1 1 μg/L、WCST检查表现好的患者 ,选用氯氮平治疗有好的疗效。　　结论　氯氮平可作为较好的一线药物 ,广泛应用于首发精神分裂症的治疗     

D-serine added to clozapine for the treatment of schizophrenia.

OBJECTIVE: D-Serine is a full agonist at the glycine site on the N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor. Previous administration of D-serine to schizophrenic patients taking nonclozapine antipsychotics improved positive, negative, and cognitive symptoms, whereas the partial agonist D-cycloserine improved negative symptoms of patients taking conventional antipsychotics but worsened symptoms in clozapine-treated patients. To study the difference between full and partial agonists at the NMDA receptor glycine site, the clinical effects of adding D-serine to clozapine were assessed. METHOD: In a 6-week double-blind trial, 20 schizophrenic patients received placebo or D-serine (30 mg/kg per day) in addition to clozapine. Clinical efficacy, side effects, and serum levels of D-serine were determined every other week. RESULTS: The patients exhibited no improvement with D-serine, nor did their symptoms worsen, as previously reported with D-cycloserine. CONCLUSIONS: The results suggest either that clozapine may have an agonistic effect on the NMDA system or that clozapine-treated patients do not respond to D-serine.     

Cost-effectiveness of clozapine treatment in therapy-refractory schizophrenia

The costs and effects of clozapine treatment of refractory schizophrenic patients have been discussed recently. This study shows that 18 months of clozapine treatment results in an improvement of symptoms and social functioning in approximately 70% of treatment-refractory schizophrenic patients, compared with treatment with conventional neuroleptics during a similar period of time. Treatment with clozapine reduces the cost of inpatient care but places increased demands on active rehabilitation resources in outpatient care. This leads to increased total costs in a short-term perspective, but clozapine treatment is cost-saving for annual maintenance therapy. These costs must be weighed against the positive effects on psychotic symptoms and social functioning.     

Clinical predictors of response to clozapine treatment in ambulatory patients with schizophrenia

BACKGROUND: Despite the advent of new atypical antipsychotics, clozapine remains an important option in the treatment of patients with poor response to conventional antipsychotics. Clinicians would be well served if clinical characteristics could be identified that predict a favorable response to clozapine. A few studies addressing this issue have reported inconsistent results. METHOD: The association of clinical characteristics with a sustained response was investigated in 37 partially treatment-refractory outpatients with a DSM-III-R diagnosis of chronic schizophrenia who had been assigned to clozapine treatment in a double-blind, haloperidol-controlled, long-term (29-week) study of clozapine. Response was defined as a 20% decrease of the Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale (BPRS) psychosis factor score sustained over 2 consecutive ratings. Differences between responders and nonresponders with regard to selected baseline variables were analyzed with t tests and chi2 tests. In addition, Cox regression analyses were performed to identify variables that best predicted a response to clozapine treatment. RESULTS: Clozapine responders were rated as less severely ill, showed a lesser degree of negative symptoms, and demonstrated fewer extrapyramidal side effects at baseline as compared with nonresponders. In addition, higher BPRS total scores--after controlling for the effects of the other variables--were associated with a response. CONCLUSION: In a cohort of partially treatment-refractory outpatients, a favorable response to clozapine was associated with characteristics describing less severely ill patients. The history of patients did not affect their response to clozapine.     

利培桐合并氯氮平治疗难治性精神分裂症观察

目的 观察利培酮合并氯氮平治疗难治性精神分裂症的疗效。方法 对32例难治性精神分裂症用利培酮2－6mg／日、氯氮平50－250mg/日治疗共12周,入组前及治疗后2、4、8、12周经BPRS评定。结果 两药合并治疗对难治性精神分裂症有效率为46．88％,治疗中无因明显副反应而停药者。结论 两药合并治疗难治性精神分裂症不失为一种有效的治疗方法。     

喹硫平与氯氮平对精神分裂症患者疗效及体重的影响

目的比较喹硫平与氯氮平对精神分裂症的疗效及对患者体重的影响。方法对80例精神分裂症患者随机分组治疗,喹硫平组40例平均剂量(701.3±150.5)mg/d,氯氮平组40例平均剂量为(375.4±101.6)mg/d。观察8周。两组于治疗前及治疗第2、4、8周末分别测定阳性与阴性症状量表(PANSS)、副反应量表(TESS)、体重和体重指数(BMI),并与健康人对照。结果喹硫平组各时点的PANSS总分及减分率与氯氮平组差异无显著性(P>0.05);氯氮平组不良反应较多(P<0.05);氯氮平组在治疗第4、8周末的体重及体重指数均显著高于喹硫平组和健康对照组(P<0.05)。喹硫平组和健康对照组的体重及体重指数各时点比较差异无显著性(P>0.05)。结论喹硫平治疗精神分裂症的疗效与氯氮平相当,但副作用较少,对患者体重无显著影响。     

The efficacy and safety of clozapine versus chlorpromazine in geriatric schizophrenia

BACKGROUND: There has been an absence of controlled studies focusing specifically on neuroleptic treatment in the elderly schizophrenic population. Therefore, we conducted a 12-week double-blind comparison study to assess the efficacy and tolerability of clozapine and chlorpromazine in a group of elderly inpatients with chronic schizophrenia. METHOD: Forty-two elderly DSM-IV schizophrenic veterans were randomly assigned to clozapine or chlorpromazine and assessed for efficacy at baseline and at termination with the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) and the Clinical Global Impressions scale (CGI). Side effects were also monitored. Medications were titrated, on the basis of clinical response and side effects, to a maximum dose of 300 mg/day of clozapine or 600 mg/day of chlorpromazine. RESULTS: The results suggest that both the chlorpromazine and clozapine groups improved their PANSS scores at termination compared with baseline, but the difference between the 2 groups was not statistically significant. The mean CGI scores reflecting severity of illness also demonstrated improvement in both groups over time. Both groups had similar incidences of side effects. One patient in each group had a life-threatening side effect. More patients taking clozapine had tachycardia and weight gain, while more chlorpromazine patients noted sedation. CONCLUSION: We concluded that both clozapine and chlorpromazine are effective treatments for psychosis and behavioral disturbances in geriatric schizophrenia. Both agents had similar incidences of side effects. With careful monitoring and titration of dosage, both clozapine and chlorpromazine were fairly well tolerated in this population.     

氯氮平合并改良电抽搐治疗难治性精神分裂症的对照研究

目的评价氯氮平合并改良电抽搐治疗（MECT）难治性精神分裂症的临床疗效及安全性。方法将94例难治性精神分裂症患者按照就诊顺序分为两组,联合治疗组47例,在应用氯氮平的基础上合并MECT治疗,疗程8周;单药治疗组47例,仅给予氯氮平治疗。采用阳性与阴性症状量表（PANSS）及治疗中出现的症状量表（TESS）评定疗效和不良反应。结果联合治疗组的显效率为51.1%,单药治疗组的显效率为27.7%。联合治疗组不良反应较少。结论氯氮平合并改良电抽搐治疗难治性精神分裂症有效、安全。     

利培酮与氯氮平治疗难治性精神分裂症对照研究

目的 比较利培酮与氯氮平治疗难治性精神分裂症的疗效和副反应。方法 将符合入组条件的病人随机分为2组,分别服用利培酮和氯氮平治疗12周,用PANSS和TESS评定疗效和副反应情况。结果 利培酮组总有效率为62.9％,氯氮平组为60.0％,经统计学处理无显著性差异(P>0.05)。结论 利培酮对难治性精神分裂症的疗效与氯氮平相当,副作用轻,易被病人接受。     

阿立哌唑联用小剂量氯氮平治疗女性难治性精神分裂症对照研究

目的 探讨阿立哌唑联合小剂量氯氮平对女性难治性精神分裂症（TRS）的疗效和安全性。方法 将62例女性TRS患者随机分成研究组和对照组各31例,对照组采用阿立哌唑治疗,研究组采用阿立哌唑联用小剂量氯氮平治疗,观察26周。于治疗前及治疗后第8、12、26周末进行阳性和阴性综合征量表（PANSS）评定;治疗后第1、2、6、12、26周末用治疗中需处理的不良反应症状量表（TESS）评定不良反应。结果 治疗后第8、12、26周末两组PANSS总分均较治疗前下降（P〈0.01）,研究组PANSS总分低于对照组（P〈0.05）。两组间不良反应发生率比较差异无统计学意义（P〉0.05）。结论 阿立哌唑联合小剂量氯氮平治疗女性TRS更有效且安全。     

左旋千金藤啶碱与氯氮平治疗精神分裂症双盲对照研究

目的：探讨中药提取物左旋千金藤啶碱（L－SPD）对精神分裂症的治疗效果及副作用。方法：采用双盲，双模拟，氯氮平对照，随机入组方法，实验期六周，疗效评定采用简明精神病评定量表（BPRS），阳性症状量表（SAPS），阴性症状量表（SANS）及四级临床疗效评定标准，不良反应采用副作用量表（TESS）评定。结果：左旋千金藤啶碱与氯 平治疗精神分裂症总体疗效相当，均明显地消除阴，阳性症状（P＞0．05），千金藤副作用明显少于氯氮平治疗精神分裂症总体疗效相当，均能明显地消除阴，阳性症状（P＞0．05），千金藤副作用明显少于氯氮平（P＜0．05），结论：左旋千金藤啶碱对精神分裂症有显著疗效，且副作用更少。     

奥氮平与氯氮平治疗精神分裂症的对照研究

目的 评价奥氮平治疗精神分裂症的疗效和副作用。方法 将39例精神分裂症患者随机分成2组，分别给予奥氮平与氯氮平治疗8周，采用PANSS．CGI评价临床疗效，TESS评价不良反应。结果 奥氮平组与氯氮平组之间疗效无显著性差异，奥氮平组治疗前后PANSS减分率45．7％，有效率78．90％；氯氮平组治疗前后PANSS减分率44．9％，有效率75．0%；氯氮平组副反应明显高于奥氮平组。结论 奥氯平是一种安全有效的新型抗精神病药。     

利培酮与氯氮平治疗精神分裂症对照研究

目的 评价利培酮治疗精神分裂症的疗效和副作用。方法 将５９例精神分裂症住院病人随机分配到利培酮１组,利培酮２组和氯氮平组（２０例）,治疗８周。用阳性与阴性症状量表（ＰＡＮＳＳ）评定疗效,用副反应量表及锥体外系副反应量表评定副反应。结果 利培酮两个剂量组与氯氮平组之间疗效无显著性差异。在认知因子,阴性因子,ＰＡＮＳＳ总分减分率方面,利培酮组与氯氮平组有显著性差异,利培酮的副反应有锥体外系反应、失眠、     

氯氮平与舒必利治疗老年精神分裂症阳性症状的观察

目的观察氯氮平与舒必利对老年性精神分裂症阳性症状的疗效及安全性对比分析。方法选择74例阳性症状为主的老年精神分裂症患者,随机分为对照组及观察组各37例。对照组给予舒必利治疗,观察组给予氯氮平治疗,观察2组患者的疗效、阳性症状评分及不良反应。结果 2组有效率比较,观察组优于对照组(P0.05)。2组治疗前在幻觉、妄想、行为怪异、阳性思维障碍等阳性症状和阳性症状总分比较,差异均无统计学意义(P0.05),2组在治疗后幻觉、妄想、行为怪异、阳性思维障碍等阳性症状和阳性症状总分比较,观察组均优于对照组(P0.05)。2组在白细胞减少、流涎、心电图异常及血糖升高方面不良反应比较,对照组明显少于观察组(P0.05),在静坐不能、泌乳闭经不良反应比较,观察组少于对照组(P0.05),在嗜睡、便秘不良反应比较,2组差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。结论氯氮平改善精神分裂症患者的阳性症状效果好,有效率高,但氯氮平在白细胞减少、流涎、心电图异常及血糖升高方面不良反应较多,临床应用对于有以上特殊情况的患者应该避免应用。     

奥氮平与氯氮平治疗精神分裂症对照研究

目的　研究奥氮平治疗精神分裂症的疗效及安全性。方法　分析 6 1例用奥氮平治疗 6周的精神分裂症病例 ,并与 6 1例用氯氮平治疗的精神分裂症病例作对照 ,采用阳性及阴性症状量表 (PANSS)的减分率评价疗效 ,用副作用量表 (TESS)评价 6周末的副作用。结果　 6周末PANSS量表总分、阳性症状分、阴性症状分和一般病理分与治疗前比较 ,两组差异均有非常显著性 (P <0 .0 1) ,但两组间差异无显著性 (P >0 .0 5 )。于 2周末两组间除一般病理分外 ,余差异均有极显著性 (P <0 .0 1) ;于第四周末一般病理分差异也有非常显著性 (P <0 .0 1) ;副作用两组间比较 ,奥氮平组明显小于氯氮平组。结论　奥氮平治疗精神分裂症疗效好、起效快、副作用小。     

阿立哌唑与氯氮平治疗精神分裂症的疗效比较

目的探讨阿立哌唑治疗精神分裂症的疗效及安全性。方法按照CCMD-3诊断标准选择100例住院精神分裂症患者,并随机分为阿立哌唑组（47例）及氯氮平组（43例）分别进行治疗。疗程为8周。结果在治疗第8周末,两组的显效率分别为72．34％及69．77％（P〉0．05）;两组的PANSS总分的减分率分别为69．3％及67．8％（P〉0．05）;两组治疗前后的PANSS总分及各分量表分同组比较有显著性差异（P〈0．01）,两组间比较除治疗末PANSS的阴性症状分阿立哌唑组较低,且有显著性差异（P〈0．01）外,其它均无显著性差异（P〉0．05）。其次,阿立哌唑组不良反应为焦虑、头痛、失眠、胃肠道反应等,未发现有明显的体重增加、锥体外系反应。结论阿立哌唑治疗精神分裂症的阳性及阴性症状有较好疗效,不良反应较微,安全性良好。