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晚期结直肠癌在结直肠癌病人中占有较高比例,联合脏器切除手术是其惟一可能治愈的手段,R0切除是这类手术的核心,需要严格遵守手术适应证。多学科综合治疗模式是保证晚期结直肠癌病人获得最佳治疗的根本,已成为晚期结直肠癌治疗的标准模式。     

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结直肠癌肝转移发生率高,且临床就诊者大多数肝转移灶为不可切除。尽管关于不可切除结直肠癌肝转移病人原发灶的处理尚有一定争议,但随着结直肠癌原发灶处理经验的积累,多学科综合治疗团队(MDT)模式的开展,转化性治疗思维的应用,"个体化治疗"原则的实施,针对不可切除结直肠癌肝转移病人原发灶的处理逐步形成包括手术切除原发灶在内较合理的综合治疗体系。手术切除、新辅助治疗与姑息治疗的合理选择是改善不可切除结直肠癌肝转移病人生存质量及提高生存期,获得最佳治疗效果的关键。     

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既往认为对于直肠癌术后的复发病例不宜再次手术，仅采用放疗、化疗等姑息治疗手段来缓解症状。近20年来，随着诊断方法的进步及手术技术的提高，外科医生选择其中部分病例进行全盆腔脏器切除术(total pelvic exenteration TPE)，大部分病人达到了根治目的。现结合我院25例直肠癌术后复发行全盆腔脏器切除术的病例进行分析讨论。     

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临床上，开腹(传统)脾切除术及胆囊切除术，不仅历史悠久而且疗效肯定。近年来开展的腹腔镜胆囊切除术，以创伤轻、痛苦小，恢复快等特点，迅速风靡世界，开创了微刨外科的新纪元。腹腔镜脾切除已为同道们所接受，临床疗效较为满意。目前，脾切除术在治疗门静脉高压症和某些血液病中仍占重要地位。这些疾病伴发胆囊(道)结石概率较高。     

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目的 总结吻合环在结肠癌并发肠梗阻行一期切除吻合中的应用经验。方法 回顾性分析1998～2002年间使用吻合环的30例结肠癌并发肠梗阻行一期切除吻合病人的临床资料。结果 全组术中吻合过程均顺利，无手术死亡，术后吻合漏1例(3．3％)，切口感染5例(16．7％)，无吻合口狭窄。结论 吻合环在结肠癌并发肠梗阻手术的应用中具有简单、安全、省时等优点，是提高吻合成功率、减少并发症发生的有效方法之一。     

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根据病人状况和治疗目标设定治疗策略是目前结直肠癌重要治疗原则。对于潜在可切除的转移性结直肠癌,更高的肿瘤缓解率将不可切除病灶转化为可切除病灶的概率进一步提高,达到延长总生存期甚至治愈的目的,因此选择客观缓解率高的联合方案更适合;对于不可切除但肿瘤进展迅速同时合并明显临床症状的病人,缩小肿瘤、延长肿瘤控制时间、改善生活质量应作为主要治疗目标,因此具备近期疗效高的联合方案适于该类病人;对于肿瘤进展缓慢的不可切除的转移性结直肠癌,选择毒性反应相对较小的方案延缓肿瘤增长应作为合理的策略,单药对该类病人也具有一定价值。临床研究证实分子靶向药物联合化疗进一步提高了转移性结直肠癌的客观疗效以及生存期,但在转移性结直肠癌综合治疗中如何根据病人状况及肿瘤特点,通过多学科协作分析,筛选出分子靶向药物敏感的疗效预测因子、探讨分子靶向药物与细胞毒药物之间的相互作用、探寻其耐药机制,合理应用分子靶向药物,优化最佳治疗方案,并选择恰当的时机、是实现治疗目标、改变病人疾病转归的重要保证。     

盆腔脏器联合切除在局部进展期直肠癌治疗中的意义

约6%~10%的原发直肠癌及50%的复发直肠癌局部病变广泛,肿瘤长时间浸润盆内脏器或组织而不发生远处转移[1],这些肿瘤被称为局部进展期直肠癌(locally ad-vanced rectal carcinoma,LARC),传统手术难以根治,放疗仅能短暂缓解疼痛。LARC未经手术切除治疗者平均生存时间为7~8个月,不     

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联合肝脏分隔和门静脉结扎的二步肝切除术(ALPPS)作为一种全新的手术方式,为许多剩余肝脏体积不足,采用其他方法无法切除的巨大肝癌或多发性肝癌病人提供了治愈性切除的机会,显示出确切疗效和广阔应用前景,引起了国际肝胆外科领域的广泛关注。尽管ALPPS的适应证不断拓展,但其最佳适应证仍为结直肠癌肝转移。通过严格把握手术指征,不断改进技术,尤其是腹腔镜、手术机器人及射频等微创技术的应用,ALPPS的围手术期并发症发生率和病死率已显著降低。现有的研究结果显示,ALPPS应用于结直肠癌肝转移的治疗安全、可行,可获得良好的远期肿瘤学结果,但尚需大样本、前瞻性随机对照研究进一步证实。目前,亟需进一步规范、完善ALPPS系列技术方法,总结技术要点和并发症防治措施,明确其适应证和禁忌证,并制定实施规范。     

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目的探讨经提肛肌外腹会阴联合切除术(extralevator abdom inoperineal excision,ELAPE)在低位直肠癌手术中的初步应用结果。方法回顾性分析2011年9月至2012年4月北京大学人民医院胃肠外科7例接受ELAPE的低位直肠癌病人的临床资料。结果 7例病人平均手术时间280min,平均出血量150mL,术中未发生医源性肠管穿孔,切除标本均无"外科腰",术后会阴切口延迟愈合1例,肠梗阻1例。结论 ELAPE治疗低位直肠癌安全可行,可降低术中穿孔发生率、可能降低环周切缘阳性率,短期随访预后良好,有望成为治疗进展期低位直肠癌的推荐术式。     

A 10-year experience of total pelvic exenteration for primary advanced and locally recurrent rectal cancer based on a prospective database

Aim The study was conducted in a dedicated centre treating the majority of Danish patients with intended curative total pelvic exenteration for primary advanced (PARC) or locally recurrent (LRRC) rectal cancer. We compared PARC and LRRC and analysed postoperative morbidity and mortality, and long‐term outcome. Method There were 90 consecutive patients (PARC/LRRC 50/40) treated between January 2001 and October 2010, recorded on a prospectively maintained database. Results The median age was 63 (32–75) years with a gender ratio of 7 women to 83 men. All patients were American Society of Anesthesiologists level I or II. Sacral resection was performed in five patients with PARC and 15 with LRRC (P = 0.002). R0 resection was achieved in 33 (66%) patients with PARC and in 15 (38%) with LRRC, R1 resection in 17 (34%) with PARC and 20 (50%) with LRRC and R2 resection in five (13%) with LRRC. R0 resection was more frequent in PARC (P = 0.007). Forty‐four (49%) patients had no postoperative complications. Fifty‐five major complications were registered. Two (2.2%) patients died within 30 days, and the total in‐hospital mortality was 5.6%. The median follow‐up was 12 (0.4–91) months. The 5‐year survival was 46% for PARC and 17% for LRRC (P = 0.16). Conclusion Pelvic exenteration is associated with considerable morbidity but low mortality in an experienced centre. Pelvic exenteration can improve long‐term survival, especially for patients with PARC. However, pelvic exenteration is also justified for patients with LRRC.     

新辅助治疗联合盆腔脏器切除术治疗复发直肠癌

目的 探讨新辅助治疗联合盆腔脏器切除术对复发直肠癌的临床治疗价值。方法 对35例复发直肠癌患者,采用新辅助治疗方案。常规分次放疗,放疗总剂量（DT）46Gy,每周5次,每次2Gy。全身化疗2个疗程,每次予以奥沙利铂130mg／m^2,第1天静脉点滴;甲酰四氢叶酸钙（CF）200mg／m^2,第1～3天静脉点滴;氟脲嘧啶（5-Fu）500mg／m^2,第1～3天静脉点滴。治疗结束后4～6周进行盆腔脏器切除手术。结果 经新辅助治疗后,病理完全缓解6例,肿瘤平均缩小38．4％,65．7％的病例T期下降。全组无手术死亡,R0切除率为88．5％,手术并发症发生率为13．3％。本组总的3年生存率为82．8％;5年生存率为48．5％;其中获得R。切除的患者,3年生存率为90．3％,5年生存率为54．6%。结论 新辅助治疗联合盆腔脏器切除术是治疗复发直肠癌的有效方法。通过降低肿瘤病期,提高手术切除率,从而提高患者生存率。     

Combined radical prostatectomy and abdominoperineal resection for locally invasive rectal cancer

INTRODUCTION

An infiltration of urological organs is found in 5–10% of patients with colorectal carcinoma. Total pelvic exenteration is the standard procedure for locally advanced rectal cancer. In selected patients with rectal cancer involving the prostate or seminal vesicles, the bladder can be preserved and en bloc radical prostatectomy with abdominoperineal rectal resection can be performed. We report two patients who treated with this combined approach.

PRESENTATION OF CASE

Two patients with symptoms of rectal bleeding and pelvic pain were investigated. Colonoscopy demonstrated a tumor in the lower rectum. Biopsies revealed adenocarcinoma. Both pelvic MRI and endorectal ultrasound showed tumors that invaded the prostate and the seminal vesicles directly but without invasion of the bladder. After neoadjuvant chemoradiation, combined radical prostatectomy and abdominoperineal amputation was performed. None has developed local recurrence, but one of them was operated on for a single lung metastasis. After a follow-up of 28 and 20 months, respectively, the patients are alive without evidence of local recurrence or distant disease.

DISCUSSION

This procedure obviates the need for urinary diversion without compromising the local tumor control. Intraoperative and postoperative diagnostic difficulties, and clinical aspects in relation to postoperative anastomotic leak and survival of patients are discussed.

CONCLUSION

En bloc radical prostatectomy and proctosigmoidectomy is feasible in selected patients with rectal cancer and invasion limited to the prostate or seminal vesicles because it provides good local tumor control and significantly improves the patient''s quality of life in comparison to total pelvic exenteration.     

新辅助治疗联合盆腔脏器切除术治疗复发直肠癌

目的探讨新辅助治疗联合盆腔脏器切除术对复发直肠癌的临床治疗价值。方法对35例复发直肠癌患者,采用新辅助治疗方案。常规分次放疗,放疗总剂量(DT)46Gy,每周5次,每次2Gy。全身化疗2个疗程,每次予以奥沙利铂130mg/m2,第1天静脉点滴;甲酰四氢叶酸钙(CF)200mg/m2,第1~3天静脉点滴;氟脲嘧啶(5-Fu)500mg/m2,第1~3天静脉点滴。治疗结束后4~6周进行盆腔脏器切除手术。结果经新辅助治疗后,病理完全缓解6例,肿瘤平均缩小38.4%,65.7%的病例T期下降。全组无手术死亡,R0切除率为88.5%,手术并发症发生率为13.3%。本组总的3年生存率为82.8%;5年生存率为48.5%;其中获得R0切除的患者,3年生存率为90.3%,5年生存率为54.6%。结论新辅助治疗联合盆腔脏器切除术是治疗复发直肠癌的有效方法。通过降低肿瘤病期,提高手术切除率,从而提高患者生存率。     

全盆腔脏器切除术治疗直肠癌术后盆腔局部复发

目的评价全盆腔脏器切除术(total pelvic exenteration，TPE)治疗盆腔局部复发直肠癌(locally recurrent rectal cancer，LRRC)的疗效。方法对1989-2003年行TPE治疗的35例直肠癌患者的临床资料进行分析。结果行TPE30例、保肛TPE2例、TPE联合骶、尾骨切除2例、TPE联合半骨盆切除1例。根治性切除率80％，手术死亡率3％，术后盆腔再复发率48％。全组术后5年生存率16％，根治性切除组为19％，无淋巴结转移者5年生存率24％，有淋巴结转移者为0。结论TPE手术成功的关键在于严格的适应证选择和作到真正的根治性切除。     

Patterns of recurrence following pelvic exenteration and external radiotherapy for locally advanced primary rectal adenocarcinoma

Background: Local recurrence remains the main site of failure after pelvic exenteration for locally advanced primary rectal adenocarcinoma. This is a report on the patterns of recurrence in a group of such patients treated with pelvic exenteration and radiotherapy. Methods: Between 1980 and 1992, we treated 49 patients. Thirty-one received preoperative radiotherapy (pre-RT), 4,500 cGy. Six weeks later, we performed posterior pelvic exenteration (PPE) in 21 patients, and total pelvic exenteration (TPE) in 10. Nine patients received postoperative radiotherapy (post-RT), 5,000 cGy after a PPE. Nine patients had surgery only, PPE (n=7) and TPE (n=2). Results: Surgical mortality occurred in 16% of those patients who received pre-RT. The median follow-up was 52 months. Recurrences occurred in 23% of those patients who received pre-RT (local, one; local/distant, one; distant, four); in 88% of those patients treated with surgery only (local/distant, four; distant, four); and in 11% of those treated with post-RT (distant, one). The 5-year survival for patients who received radiotherapy was 66 versus 44% for those treated with surgery only. Conclusion: Local control of locally advanced primary rectal adenocarcinoma requiring a pelvic exenteration is improved by the addition of radiotherapy. When recurrences do occur they are predominantly at extrapelvic sites.Results of this study were presented at The 48th Annual Cancer Symposium of the Society of Surgical Oncology, Boston, Massachusetts, March 23–26, 1995.     

应用盆腔脏器联合切除术治疗局部复发型直肠癌

目的 评价盆腔脏器联合切除术对局部复发型直肠癌的治疗意义。方法 对我院33例局部复发型直肠癌应用盆腔脏器联合切除术治疗的病例进行回顾性总结。结果 33例患中17例接受全盆腔脏器切除术治疗，14例接受后盆腔脏器切除术；2例为直肠癌合并输尿管下段切除。29例（87．9％）手术为根治术，手术死亡率3．0％。盆腔受累最多的器官是骶前组织和阴道。术后约88．9％的患疼痛症状消失。8例（24．2％）再次复发，并再用手术。全组2、3、4年生存率分别为36．4％、21．2％、18．2％。结论 积极的盆腔脏器联合切除术可以明显改善局部复发型直肠癌的预后，提高术后生活质量。     

The role of pelvic exenteration in the management of recurrent rectal cancer

BACKGROUND: Use of extirpative surgery in the setting of recurrent rectal cancer is controversial given the poor overall outcome of such patients and the morbidity associated with exenteration. METHODS: A retrospective review of patients treated for recurrent rectal cancer from 1990 to 2002 was performed. RESULTS: Twenty-two patients underwent pelvic exenteration. Seventeen underwent potentially curative resection, 5 were for palliation only. There was 1 operative death. Fifteen suffered at least 1 complication; 9 suffered multiple complications. Ten patients required readmission to the hospital. The overall disease-free interval was 11 months. Potentially curative and palliative resections resulted in median survivals of 20.4 and 8.4 months, respectively (P = 0.049). CONCLUSIONS: While patients may derive oncologic and palliative benefits from exenteration, the price in terms of operative morbidity remains high. Newer measures of operative morbidity are necessary to better appraise the value of this radical approach to recurrent rectal cancer.