以精神症状为首发症状的成人型甲基戊二酸尿症2例临床分析及文献复习

目的探讨以精神症状为首发症状的成人型甲基戊二酸尿症的临床表现、诊断方法、误诊原因、治疗方法,以减少误诊率。方法回顾性分析2例以精神症状为首发症状的成人型甲基戊二酸尿症的临床资料,并结合文献分析该病病因、临床表现、影像学及治疗情况。结果以精神症状为首发的成人型甲基戊二酸尿症临床少见,易误诊为精神疾病,影像学表现为神经系统的轻度萎缩,缺乏特异性,有机酸代谢筛查明确诊断。结论对于出现精神症状的成年患者,需要排除器质性病变,特别同时伴神经系统体征的患者,应常规进行有机酸代谢筛查。治疗主要以代谢病治疗为主,小量精神药物治疗为辅。     

甲基丙二酸血症合并高同型半胱氨酸血症的临床特点(附1例报告)

目的 探讨甲基丙二酸血症(MMA)合并高同型半胱氨酸血症的临床特点.方法 回顾性分析1例MMA合并高同型半胱氨酸血症患者的临床资料,并进行复习文献.结果 患者女性,30岁,临床表现为双下肢麻木无力.尿甲基丙二酸、血丙酰基肉碱与乙酰基肉碱的比值(C3/C2)、血同型半胱氨酸均升高;基因检测发现MMACHC基因存在c.60...     

晚发型戊二酸尿症Ⅱ型的临床分析(附2例报道)

目的探讨晚发型戊二酸尿症Ⅱ型的临床特征、诊断和治疗。方法收集2例经气相色谱-质谱分析技术确诊的晚发型戊二酸尿症Ⅱ型病例的临床资料,结合相关文献回顾性分析其临床表现、病理、生化特点、诊断、治疗及预后。结果2例晚发型戊二酸尿症Ⅱ型患者临床以进展性或波动性近端型肌无力、运动不耐受和肌肉疼痛为主要表现,应激状态下症状迅速恶化,伴随呕吐及代谢改变,血清肌酸激酶、转氨酶明显升高。尿有机酸分析检出大量戊二酸、乙基丙二酸、己二酸等二羧酸。其中1例患者行肌肉活检表现为肌纤维脂质沉积性改变。经饮食控制和维生素B2、左旋肉碱治疗后,2例患者临床症状均明显改善。结论对于临床上进展性或波动性近端型肌病迅速恶化,尤其是应激引发的伴随呕吐及代谢改变患者,应高度怀疑戊二酸尿症Ⅱ型。早期诊断、合理治疗是改善预后的关键。     

以精神症状为首发的青春期甲基丙二酸尿症患者临床分析

目的探讨以精神症状为首发的青春期甲基丙二酸尿症的临床表现、诊断方法、治疗方法。方法回顾性分析5例以精神症状为首发症状的青春期甲基丙二酸尿症患者的临床资料,并结合文献分析该病病因、临床表现及治疗情况。结果以精神症状为首发的青春期甲基丙二酸尿症临床少见,易误诊为精神疾病,有机酸代谢筛查及基因检测可明确诊断。结论对于出现精神症状的青春期患者,需排除器质性病变,特别是同时伴神经系统体征的患者,应常规进行有机酸代谢筛查。     

11例晚发型甲基丙二酸血症的临床分析

<正>甲基丙二酸血症(methylmalonic aciduria,MMA)是常染色体隐性遗传代谢病,常见于新生儿或婴幼儿,青少年及成人少见,因其临床表现及相关辅助检查缺乏特异性,极易被误诊为病毒性脑炎、线粒体脑肌病、脊髓亚急性联合变性等。本病如及时诊治,预后较好。本文拟对首都医科大学宣武医院2014年8月-2018年2月确诊的11例晚发型MMA患者的临床及相关检查特点进行分析总结,以便对此病能够深刻认识,提高临床诊断水平,减少误诊。1资料与方法1. 1一般资料选取2014年8月-2018年2月在北     

原发性肉碱缺乏致脂质沉积性肌病的临床与病理特点

目的 分析原发性肉碱缺乏致脂质沉积性肌病（LSM）的临床与病理特点。方法 回顾性分析4例可能LSM患者的临床资料。结果 本组患者为亚急性或慢性起病，主要表现为近端肌无力，疲劳不能耐受；血清肌酶有不同程度的升高；肌电图示肌源性损害；病理检查示肌纤维内可见大量细小空泡和裂隙形成；MGT染色无破碎红纤维，油红O染色显示空泡为大量脂滴充填；受累纤维以Ⅰ型纤维为主。电镜证实肌纤维内脂滴堆积，可伴有线粒体的轻度增多。改善能量和糖皮质激素治疗有效。结论原发性肉碱缺乏致LSM是一种以易疲劳和肌无力为主要临床表现的脂质代谢障碍性肌病，病理改变以肌纤维内脂滴堆积为主，一般不伴有线粒体结构的明显异常。糖皮质激素治疗可获得良好疗效。     

迟发型甲基丙二酸血症6例报道并文献复习

正甲基丙二酸血症(methylmalonic acidemia,MMA)或称甲基丙二酸尿症(methylmalonic aciduria,MMA)是先天性有机酸代谢异常中最常见的疾病,为常染色体隐性遗传。临床上有单纯性甲基丙二酸血症(MMA)和甲基丙二酸血症合并同型半胱氨酸尿症(MMA-HC)两种类型。由于甲基丙二酰辅酶A变位酶或其辅酶钴胺素(维生素B12)代谢缺陷导     

核黄素反应性多酰基辅酶A脱氢酶缺乏症的临床表现与基因突变多样性

目的探讨核黄素反应性多酰基辅酶A脱氢酶缺乏症(MADD)的临床表现和基因突变的多样性。方法与结果收集5例核黄素反应性MADD患者的临床特征、血清学指标、肌电图、肌肉组织活检和基因分析结果,对核黄素反应性MADD的临床特点进行回顾分析和总结。5例患者发病年龄为13～32岁,平均20.40岁;临床表现为波动性或进行性肌无力,主要累及面部、颈部、四肢近端和呼吸肌,运动、劳累或感染后症状加重;血清肌酸激酶水平轻至中度升高,其中2例血清乳酸水平于运动后明显升高;4例呈肌源性损害,1例在疾病早期呈神经源性损害、晚期以肌源性损害为主;肌肉组织活检有2例肌纤维内可见大量油红O染色阳性脂肪滴沉积。基因分析显示,4例表现为ETFDH基因纯合或复合杂合突变,分别携带G250A纯合突变(1例)、G250A和G524A复合杂合突变(2例)、T1211C和C1454G复合杂合突变(1例),1例携带ETFDH基因G1399C杂合突变和ETFB基因C725T杂合突变。结论中国大陆核黄素反应性MADD患者主要表现为骨骼肌受累的脂质沉积性疾病,呈进行性或波动性病程,应注意与各种类型的肌营养不良症、线粒体肌病、糖原贮积病、重症肌无力和周围神经病相鉴别;ETFDH基因突变是其主要致病原因。由于核黄素反应性MADD患者预后良好,对于疑似病例可以小剂量维生素B2进行诊断性治疗,同时结合尿有机酸、血酰基肉碱、肌肉组织活检和基因检测以明确诊断。     

伴发脑梗死的成人晚发型戊二酸尿症Ⅰ型1例报告(附临床表现、影像学、生化和基因改变)

目的 报告1例经生化和致病基因分析而确诊的成人晚发型戊二酸尿症Ⅰ型(GA-1)患者,探讨其临床、影像学特点,分析其脑梗死与戊二酸尿症Ⅰ型之间的相关性,并进行治疗后的随访.方法 1例51岁脑梗死患者,报告其临床经过、生化特点和头部核磁共振改变.血液和尿液生化检查包括气相色谱/质谱分析法检测尿有机酸、串联质谱联用法检测血液氨基酸/酯酰肉碱谱.提取患者及其父母的外周血DNA,进行戊二酰辅酶A脱氧酶编码基因(glutaryl CoA dehydrogenase,GCDH)的突变分析.并观察患者在治疗前后临床、生化、尿有机酸及血液酯酰肉碱谱分析等方面的变化.结果 该患者以脑梗死起病,头部MRI示右侧大脑半球多发脑梗死,双外侧裂明显增宽,双侧颞叶前部蛛网膜囊肿,轻度皮质萎缩.尿有机酸分析检出大量戊二酸和3-羟基戊二酸,GCDH基因检测发现为复合杂合性突变(G178E和R402Q),确诊为戊二酸尿症Ⅰ型.同时发现患者血液中同型半胱氨酸水平增高、游离肉碱和多种酯酰肉碱水平显著降低.治疗后血同型半胱氨酸水平接近正常,尿有机酸分析戊二酸浓度较前显著增高,血液酯酰肉碱谱分析结果较治疗前明显好转.结论 尽管戊二酸尿症Ⅰ型多于婴幼儿期发病,但也存在非常罕见的成人晚发型.戊二酸尿症I型可能是造成脑梗死的因素之一.在成人卒中患者中,如果没有发现其他卒中相关危险因素,必要时应进行代谢障碍筛查以除外代谢性疾病.     

以周围神经损伤为主的晚发型甲基丙二酸血症合并同型半胱氨酸血症1例

<正>甲基丙二酸血症(MMA)又称甲基丙二酸尿症,是一种常染色体隐性遗传代谢病。MMA患者根据发病年龄可分为早发型和晚发型[1],以早发型多见。MMA合并同型半胱氨酸血症临床表型复杂[2],可以导致多系统受累,以CNS损害为主,引起智力下降、运动功能障碍、癫痫及锥体外系症状,周围神经损伤较为少见。关于以周围神经损伤为主的MMA合并同型半胱氨酸血症的病例,临床诊断困难,国内外仅有个别报道。     

Abnormal metabolism of carnitine and valproate in a case of acute encephalopathy during chronic valproate therapy.

We analyzed the urinary metabolic profiles of valproate (VPA) and carnitine metabolism in an epileptic patient who died of acute encephalopathy during VPA therapy. On admission, the serum free carnitine level was greatly decreased and gas chromatographic mass spectrometric analysis of organic acids in urine showed a complete lack of beta-oxidation metabolites of VPA, while omega-oxidation was markedly increased. After administration of L-carnitine, the levels of acylcarnitine in both serum and urine, and of serum free carnitine increased, and the metabolites of beta-oxidation appeared in urine, while there was no improvement in the liver and renal functions. This is not a typical case of VPA-induced hepatotoxicity and the main cause of the disease is not clear. But the results show that the mitochondrial beta-oxidation of VPA was greatly disturbed in this patient, which may be related to the carnitine deficiency induced by the chronic VPA-therapy.     

Acquired encephalopathy associated with carnitine deficiency after cefditoren pivoxil administration

We describe a 47-year-old woman who presented with palinopsia and subacute altered mental change after cefditoren pivoxil administration. The patient showed characteristic clinical manifestations of hypocarnitinemia, which affected her state of consciousness and she had radiologic findings that revealed metabolic encephalopathy with cytotoxic edema in the right occipital area and intracranial hemorrhages in right occipital and left frontal areas. Follow-up imaging after oral carnitine supplementation demonstrated complete resolution of the bilateral frontal subcortical T2 high-intensity lesions. Carnitine deficiency due to cefditoren pivoxil treatment may present as metabolic encephalopathy in adults. This possibility should be considered with the differential diagnosis of encephalopathies, and carnitine levels should be checked in patients treated with cefditoren pivoxil.     

A case of myopathy with carnitine deficiency

Clinical and biological criteria of myopathies associated with carnitine deficiency allow to distinguish a muscular and a systemic form of the condition. In this report, the results of clinical, pathological and electrophysiological data obtained from a patient with carnitine deficiency-linked myopathy are described. The patient was a 23-year-old girl who was previously known to suffer from muscle weakness when suddenly acidosis associated with a severe drop in plasma carnitine appeared. In addition there were hypermetabolic symptoms similar to those described in Luft's syndrome. Biopsy from the quadriceps femoris muscle before treatment revealed that all type I fibers were either hypotrophic or atrophic. They showed lipid overloading manifested by triglyceride droplets adjacent to the mitochondrial membrane. Furthermore, the level of soluble muscle carnitine was 83 p. 100 less than in controls and membrane linked muscle carnitine was also 73.5 p. 100 less than in controls. The patient rapidly recovered after the initiation of daily treatment with 4.40 g carnitine chlorhydrate associated with 50 g Lipogram 20. Nine months later, lipid overloading completely disappeared and the level of plasma carnitine returned to near normal whereas the level of both soluble and linked carnitine remained very low. To provide more information on the origin of the myopathy (myogenic, neurogenic or humoral) we carried out an electrophysiological investigation of cultured skeletal muscle cells from the patient and from biopsies of patients not known to be suffering from myopathy. The electrophysiological data showed that the patient myotubes were less polarized than myotubes from control patients. Furthermore, the amplitude of the action potential was smaller than the amplitude of the action potential measured in control cells. Daily addition of 50 microM carnitine chlorhydrate to the cultured myotubes induced a recovery of the action potential amplitude. Taken together these results indicate that the carnitine deficiency reported here was probably of systemic origin in addition to a myogenic component. Muscle deficiency could be either linked to an alteration in the carnitine pathway or to overconsumption of carnitine by muscle. This latter point is discussed.     

Nonspecific mitochondrial disease with epilepsy in children: diagnostic approaches and epileptic phenotypes

OBJECTIVES: This study sought to characterize epileptic phenotypes in children with nonspecific mitochondrial disease (MD) and to evaluate MD diagnostic approaches. METHODS: A retrospective analysis of the medical, electroencephalogram, and laboratory records of 142 patients with epilepsy was performed. The patients were evaluated for MD, and 124 patients were included in the final cohort. The MD criteria used included an oral glucose lactate stimulation test (OGLST) and urine organic acid/plasma amino acid (UOA/PAA) assays as metabolic indicators of modified Walker criteria, as suggested by Bernier et al. (Neurology 59:1406-1411, 2002). RESULTS: Twenty-two patients were classified as having definite MD (9), probable MD (5), possible MD (6), or pyruvate dehydrogenase (PDH) deficiency (3), including one patient which showed a respiratory chain (RC) defect and PDH deficiency. Seven out of eight patients in whom significant RC defects were observed showed complex I defects. In 14 patients, epileptic seizures start at infantile ages. Of 17 patients who substantially presented generalized seizures, 4 patients started with partial seizures. Five patients consistently presented only partial seizures. The OGLST and UOA/PAA assays were useful for a more precise diagnosis of MD, although low positive predictive value of the OGLST was regrettable. No patient was classified as definite MD by Walker's original criteria, but the use of our revised MD criteria resulted in the classification of nine additional patients as definite MD. CONCLUSIONS: MD manifested considerable diverse epileptic phenotypes and should be considered in the differential diagnosis of epilepsy in children with unexplained encephalomyopathy and progressive and fluctuating clinical courses.     

Primary systemic carnitine deficiency under successful therapy: clinical, biochemical, ultrahistochemical and renal clearance studies

Systemic carnitine deficiency is an often fatal, but treatable metabolic disorder which should be considered in any child with repeated episodes of a Reye-like syndrome or a cardiomyopathy. A 4-year-old girl with a typical history and clinical findings was successfully treated with oral carnitine. Despite low liver carnitine, ketogenesis upon fasting was normal. Normal muscle function under therapy was associated with unchanged low muscle carnitine levels. Improvement of mitochondrial structure and function was demonstrated by controlled ultrahistochemical studies. A renal carnitine leak, evident from renal clearance studies, may contribute to the pathogenesis of systemic carnitine deficiency.     

Treatment of mitochondrial encephalomyopathies with a xanthine oxidase inhibitor

Five females with mitochondrial encephalomyopathies were treated for 3 to 7 years with a xanthine oxidase inhibitor (allopurinol, oral route, 20 mg/kg/day, in 2 or 3 doses daily). Clinical course was monitored in all patients. In addition, various metabolic variables, namely blood lactic acid, blood adenosine triphosphate, adenosine diphosphate, and adenosine monophosphate were monitored, as well as energy charge. Data obtained were compared with data for an age-matched control group of 10 healthy children. Four of the five patients manifested clinical improvement, and the remaining patient exhibited slower disease progression. Three of the four patients who exhibited clinical improvement also had normalization of blood lactic acid level. All five patients had an increase in blood adenosine triphosphate levels and a decline in blood adenosine monophosphate; four of the five manifested a decline in blood adenosine diphosphate and increased energy charge. Mean blood adenosine triphosphate was significantly increased with respect to pretreatment levels and with respect to the control group; mean energy charge displayed an increase, though this was not statistically significant. In one patient, reduction of the allopurinol dose to 10 mg/kg/day was followed by a decline in both blood adenosine triphosphate level and energy charge, and by clinical worsening. In conclusion, the xanthine oxidase inhibitor allopurinol appears to have had beneficial effects in these patients in terms of both energy metabolism and clinical course.     

A case of young adult presenting with cerebral infarction caused by homocystinuria]

Homocystinuria is a congenital metabolic disorder, and has been known as life-threatening risk factor of vascular disease including ischemic stroke. We report a case of cerebral infarction due to homocystinuria. The patient was a 21-year-old woman exhibiting left hemiparesis and a previous history of ectopia lentis. Magnetic resonance imaging showed multiple fresh infarctions in the right frontal and temporal lobes, basal ganglia, corona radiata, and internal capsule. The right common carotid angiogram demonstrated complete occlusion at the origin of the right internal carotid artery. Further investigation clarified increased level of serum methionine and homocysteine and urinary homocystin due to cystathionine beta-synthase deficiency. Homocystinuria was diagnosed as the cause of cerebral infarction. The patient was treated by low methionine diet and administration of folic acid, cobalamin, and aspirin. It should be recognized that some patients with homocystinuria are missed in the neonatal screening for congenital metabolic disorders. Recent studies indicated that the homocysteinemia is one of risk factors of ischemic stroke in the general population as well as in the patients of homocystinuria. We recommend metabolic screening for homocystinuria, when treating a juvenile patient with ischemic stroke of unknown etiology.     

Lipid storage myopathy associated with recurrent Reye syndrome-like attacks, but with a normal carnitine level

A 7-year-old girl developed recurrent episodes of hepatic and cerebral dysfunction which mimicked those in Reye syndrome (RS). Because of mild muscle weakness, she had repeated muscle biopsies which showed markedly increased amounts of lipid droplets, predominantly in type 1 fibers. Liver histological examination showed widespread hepatocellular steatosis. However, diffuse microvesicular fat, seen in RS, was not found in the cytoplasm. The concentrations of free- and acylcarnitine in serum and muscle were within normal ranges. Normal ketogenesis was induced by fasting. Based on the clinical, laboratory, and histopathological findings, our patient was initially thought to have systemic carnitine deficiency. However, the serum and muscle carnitine levels were within normal limits. Although the primary metabolic defect has yet to be elucidated, the present study indicates that lipid storage myopathy in the absence of carnitine deficiency can be complicated with RS-like episodes.     

Unrecognized citrullinemia mimicking encephalitis in a 14-year-old boy: unexpected result through the use of a standardized lumbar puncture protocol

Citrullinemia is a urea cycle disorder caused by deficiency of argininosuccinate synthetase. Late onset forms can remain undiscovered until a decompensation that can resemble encephalitis. Herein, we report a 14-year old patient with suspected encephalitis with fluctuating episodes of confusion. EEG mainly showed bilateral slowing with some spikes plus spike waves; and was interpreted as suspicious for encephalitis. Brain MRI was normal. Leukocytes in CSF were slightly elevated. Treatment for a CNS infectious disease was begun. Symptoms did not resolve and there were several episodes of confusion, so a repeat lumbar puncture was performed according to a standardized protocol including an amino acid profile. An elevation of citrulline in CSF was found, which ultimately led to the diagnosis of a late onset citrullinemia. The establishment of this diagnosis will protect the patient from the sequelae of unrecognized and thus untreated episodes of hyperammonemia. Thus, following a standardized lumbar puncture protocol can be essential to detect patients with otherwise unrecognized underlying metabolic disorders that are not suspected because of clinical symptoms. In addition, it is important to stress that an ammonia concentration should be determined in any patient with neurological signs like confusion.     

Periodic EEG complexes in infectious mononucleosis encephalitis.

The presence of periodic EEG complexes in patients with an acute viral encephalitis is generally held to suggest that infection is due to herpes simplex. We now report a patient with clinical and laboratory findings of infectious mononucleosis, and neurologic involvement manifested by lymphocyte meningitis, coma, seizures, aphasia, hemiparesis and hemianopsia. Serial EEGs showed periodic, predominantly left-sided slow wave complexes occurring every 4 to 5 seconds, which disappeared with clinical resolution of the illness. In view of our findings and the similar findings reported previously by others in another case of infectious mononucleosis encephalitis, an EEG showing periodic complexes in the clinical setting of acute viral encephalitis should not be considered pathognomonic of herpes encephalitis, and infectious mononucleosis should be included in the differential diagnosis.