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目的 评价血管加压素对合并肝肾综合征（HRS）病人肝移植后肾功能不全的治疗效果。方法 13例合并HRS的肝移植受体，I型行肝肾联合移植。Ⅱ型根据尿量、血肌酐水平等情况选择是否使用三甘氨酰基赖氨酸加压素（terlipressin）或辅助持续肾脏替代疗法（CRRT），观察病人每日尿量、血肌酐水平变化、要后院内病死率和可能出现的副作用。结果 13例HRS病人中Ⅰ型2例。Ⅱ型11例，其中7例术后单独使用Trelipressin，3例使用Terlipressin辅助充CRRT治疗。病人用药前后尿量、血肌酐水平有显著性差异（P＜0．01）。使用Terlipressin后合并HRS病人的肝移植术后院内病死率（15．3％）与未合并HRS病人（14．8％）无显著性差异（P＞0．05）。使用该药可引起高血压、腹泻等副作用，停药后可好转。结论 肝移植术后使用血管加压素可降低合并HRS病人的肝移植术后院内病死率，为治疗合并HRS的肝移植病人术后肾功能不全提供了新的有效措施。     

奥曲肽联合多巴胺治疗肝肾综合征疗效观察

目的观察奥曲肽联合多巴胺对肝癌晚期肝肾综合征（HRS）的疗效。方法将32例肝癌晚期HRS患者随机分成对照组和治疗组,分别采用多巴胺单独和联合奥曲肽进行治疗,比较2组治疗前、后尿量和肾功能。结果与治疗前相比,2组患者治疗后尿量均增加（P〈0．05）,治疗组治疗后血肌酐、尿素氮降低（P〈0．05）,而对照组无差异（P〉0．05）;治疗后,治疗组血肌酐、尿素氮较对照组降低（P〈0．05）;治疗组总有效率为77．8％,对照组总有效率为35．7％,治疗组疗效优于对照组（P〈0．05）。结论奥曲肽联合多巴胺治疗能使患者HRS逆转,对改善HRS患者预后有积极的作用。     

急性肝功能衰竭患者肝移植术后急性肾功能衰竭的病因分析及综合治疗

目的 分析急性肝功能衰竭(acute liver failure,ALF)患者肝移植术后肾功能衰竭的原因,评价以持续肾脏替代治疗(continuous renal replacement therapy,CRRT)为基础的综合疗法的疗效.方法 回顾性分析2001年1月至2006年6月在我院施行的412例肝移植资料,根据UNOS肝功能分级标准筛选出54例ALF患者(UNOS1和2A),其中17例移植术后出现急性肾功能衰竭(acute renal failure,ARF).在CRRT治疗基础上,进行抗排斥、抗感染、营养支持等治疗,并对患者围手术期情况、术后并发症、死亡原因及随访结果进行了分析.结果 CRRT治疗过程中无并发症发生.无ARF组围手术期死亡率为5.4%,术后并发症发生率为35.1%,1、3年生存率分别为89.2%和81.1%.ARF组围手术期死亡率为58.8%,术后并发症发生率为100%,1、3年生存率分别为41.2%和41.2%.结论 肝移植效果主要取决于肝外器官功能和术前肝功能状态.ALF患者围手术期死亡率较高,其中术前血肌酐高术后出现ARF率高,死亡率更高.以CRRT为基础的综合疗法能有效治疗ARF患者.     

两种方案预防肝移植术后巨细胞病毒再感染的临床疗效观察

目的 分析针对性预防方案（targeted prophylaxis）和普遍性预防方案（universal prophylaxis）在预防肝移植术后巨细胞病毒（cytomegalovirus，CMV）再感染中的临床疗效。方法 回顾性分析入选本研究的62例肝移植病人的临床资料。按术后预防CMV再感染方案的不同分为A、B两组。A组（针对性预防方案）：针对高危病例术后应用更昔洛韦预防CMV再感染。B组（普遍性预防方案）：所有病例术后常规应用更昔洛韦预防CMV再感染。对两组病人的CMV再感染率、CMV再感染相关死亡率、CMV病发生率、术后平均住院时间、病人1年生存率及预防和治疗CMV再感染的相关费用作统计分析。结果 CMV再感染率为14．5％（9／62）。A组40例，术后6例（15％，6／40）发生CMV再感染，均为无临床症状的CMV活动性感染，其中5例治愈，1例死于上消化道大出血（与CMV再感染无关）。B组22例，术后3例（13．6％，3／22）发生CMV再感染，2例无临床症状病人治愈，1例CMV肝炎病人最终死于肝功能衰竭。CMV再感染率、CMV再感染相关死亡率、CMV病发生率、术后平均住院时间及病人1年生存率两组间均无明显差异（P〉0．05）。B组用于预防和治疗CMV再感染的人均费用明显高于A组（P〈0．01）。结论 肝移植术后两种方案预防CMV再感染的临床疗效相当。相比之下，针对性预防方案更为经济，适合于我国的肝移植受体。     

肝移植术后他克莫司血药浓度与尿α1微球蛋白及微量白蛋白的相关性研究

目的选择能够早期反映同种异体原位肝移植术后他克莫司（FK506）对患者肾功能损伤的灵敏指标。方法回顾性分析我院自2000年2月至2005年5月的15例肾功能正常的肝移植患者的临床资料，重点分析其尿α1微球蛋白（α1-MG）和微量白蛋白（mAlb）以及血肌肝（Cr）和尿素氮（BUN）与FK506血药浓度之间的关系。结果15例肝脏移植患者，尿α1-MG及mAlb含量与FK506血药浓度呈正相关（r=0．939，P〈0．005；r=0．893，P〈0．05），血Cr及BUN与FK506血药浓度无相关性（r=0．490，P〉0．05；r=0．382，P〉0．05）。结论尿α1-MG和mAlb可作为反映肾功能损伤的早期的灵敏指标，有利于监测肝移植术后FK506的理想全血浓度，能够为临床早期诊断和治疗肾功能损伤提供参考指标。     

重型肝炎肝移植术后急性肾功能衰竭的防治

目的 总结重型肝炎肝移植术后急性肾功能衰竭（ARF）的防治经验。方法 回顾性分析2002年9月至2004年10月上海交通大学医学院附属瑞金医院因重型肝炎行肝移植治疗的37例病人的临床资料。结果 37例病人术后1年移植物存活率为83.8％，围手术期死亡6例（16．2％），术后并发ARF12例（32．4％），ARF组与非ARF组术前血总胆红素、肌酐、腹水量、凝血酶原时间比较，差异有显著性意义；两组术中出血量、血制品输入量、无肝期、手术时间比较，差异亦有显著性意义。结论 重型肝炎肝移植术后ARF诱发因素众多，多数病人经过综合治疗后肾功能能够得到恢复，必要时可选择连续性肾替代治疗（CRRT）。     

肝移植病人术后急性肾功能衰竭18例临床分析

目的:探讨影响肝移植术后发生急性肾功能衰竭的原因及处理方法。方法:回顾性分析我院91例肝移植病人中发生与未发生术后急性肾功能衰竭病人的临床资料,采用单因素分析和Logistic回归模型进行多因素分析。结果:肾衰组病人1年生存率低于对照组;与术后发生早期急性肾功能衰竭的有关因素包括术前血清肌酐、总胆红素、总手术时间、术中出血量、输血量、术中输液总量、术中尿量。术前血清肌酐高和术中尿量是术后早期急性肾功能衰竭发生的独立影响因素。移植术后发生急性肾功能衰竭的病人ICU留置时间延长,术后住院时间延长,住院费用升高。结论:肝移植术后有较高的急性肾功能衰竭发生率,对术后少尿、血清肌酐水平升高的病人及早实施肾脏替代等治疗能有效降低其发病率和死亡率。     

连续肾脏替代治疗在肝移植围手术期的应用

目的探讨连续肾脏替代治疗(continuousrenalreplacementtherapy,CRRT)对肝移植围手术期患者肾功能衰竭的预防作用。方法回顾性分析21例肝移植围手术期应用CRRT的患者的肾功能情况。结果所有行CRRT的患者血清肌酐值均有不同程度下降,21例患者中存活13例,死亡8例(38.1%)。其中有12例患者肾功能恢复,9例患者肾功能未恢复。肾功能恢复患者死亡率8.3%,未恢复患者死亡率77.8%,两者相比差异有统计学意义(χ2=5.838,P<0.05)。治疗期间无严重的并发症。结论CRRT是肝移植术后患者的肾脏替代治疗的首选,尽管如此在围手术期应用CRRT治疗的患者仍有较高的死亡率。     

肝移植术后应用前列地尔对血清内皮素和肾脏血流的影响

目的研究肝移植术后静脉应用前列地尔（PGE1）对患者血清内皮素和肾脏血流的影响。方法将肝移植术后的患者分为治疗组（38例）及对照组（18例）。治疗组术后持续静脉泵人PGE1，连续应用10d，对照组不应用PGE1。检测围手术期两组患者的血清内皮素含量及肾脏血流指数。结果肝移植术前和术后当天治疗组和对照组血清内皮素含量均高于正常，但两组间差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）；术后10d时，两组的血清内皮素均显著下降，但治疗组明显低于对照组（P〈0．01）。对照组和治疗组术前及术后当天肾脏血管阻力指数均高于正常值，两组间差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）；术后10d时肾脏血管阻力指数下降，而治疗组要明显低于对照组（P〈0．01）。术后10d时治疗组血清肌酐也明显低于对照组（P〈0．01）。结论肝移植术后应用PGE，能够明显改善肾功能；其主要作用机制为降低血清内皮素含量，扩张肾脏血管，增加其有效灌注量。     

重度肾功能损害患者行不停跳冠脉搭桥术后持续肾脏替代治疗影响因素分析

目的探讨重度肾功能损害患者行非体外循环冠状动脉旁路移植术(off-pump coronary artery bypass grafting,OPCABG)术后应用持续肾脏替代治疗(continuous renal replacement therapy,CRRT)的术前独立危险因素。方法访问首都医科大学附属北京安贞医院麻醉科OPCABG围术期数据库,收集2012年2月至2016年7月术前血清肌酐(Cr)重度升高(血清Cr值≥正常值1.5倍)患者行OPCABG的临床资料,统计术后CRRT发生情况,采用Logistic回归分析CRRT的术前独立危险因素。结果共纳入45例患者,术后应用CRRT有9例(20%)。与非CRRT患者比较,CRRT患者术前血清Cr和尿素氮(BUN)浓度明显升高,术中尿量明显减少,术后12、24h血清Cr浓度明显升高,术后ICU时间明显延长,院内死亡率明显升高(P0.05或P0.01)。Logistic回归分析显示,术前血清Cr浓度升高为术后CRRT的独立危险因素(OR=1.05,95%CI 1.05~1.10,P=0.046)。当术后12h血清Cr浓度166μmol/L时,每升高1μmol/L,术后CRRT治疗率增加5%(OR=1.05,95%CI 1.01~1.08,P=0.013),但在血清Cr浓度350μmol/L时,达到封顶效应。结论术前血清Cr重度升高患者OPCABG术后CRRT治疗率为20%,而术前血清Cr浓度升高是OPCABG患者术后CRRT的独立危险因素。     

Renal failure and dialysis therapy in children with hepatic failure in the perioperative period of orthotopic liver transplantation

Severe renal failure (GFR less than or equal to 20 ml/min/1.73 m2) complicated the clinical course in 27 of 146 children (18.5%) admitted for orthotopic liver transplantation (OLT). Hepatorenal syndrome (HRS) was the cause of renal failure in 12 of 15 patients in whom renal failure preceded OLT while acute tubular necrosis, pre-renal factors and cyclosporine nephrotoxicity were the major causes of renal failure post-OLT. Eight patients died from hemorrhage, infection or other complications of hepatic failure before OLT could be performed. Survival in the remaining 19 patients undergoing OLT was significantly lower compared to 114 patients with OLT and no renal failure (53% vs 81%, p less than 0.025). Dialysis therapy in 13 of the 27 patients with renal failure (10 hemodialysis and 3 peritoneal dialysis) was frequently complicated by severe gastrointestinal hemorrhage and hypotension, and directly contributed to the death of two patients prior to OLT. Among the 19 patients with renal failure who were actually transplanted, the survival rate was similar whether dialysis was used or not (5/10 vs 5/9) even though the mean GFR was significantly lower in dialyzed patients (p less than 0.05). However, although small patient numbers precluded meaningful statistical analysis, dialysis appeared to be beneficial for the subgroup of 12 patients with HRS, 4 of whom had complete recovery of renal function after successful OLT. We conclude that, renal failure is common in children with advanced liver failure; dialysis in such patients may increase morbidity and does not improve overall mortality; and dialysis support may improve survival in the subgroup of patients with HRS.     

Hepatorenales Syndrom

Hepatorenal syndrome (HRS) is a unique form of acute renal failure occurring in patients with advanced cirrhosis or acute liver failure. In patients with ascites the incidence of HRS is 8?% and in end-stage liver disease 75?% of patients suffer from HRS. Vasodilation of splanchnic arteries with subsequent decrease of effective blood volume, arterial pressure and renal vasoconstriction is hypothesized to be the central pathophysiological mechanism leading to acute renal failure. Moreover, cardiac output might be decreased in advanced cirrhosis. There are two types of HRS: while HRS type 1 is characterized by a rapid progression to acute renal failure often triggered by a precipitating event, e. g. bacterial peritonitis, which can rapidly develop into multiorgan failure, HRS type 2 shows a more steadily or slowly progressive course to renal failure with increasing ascites. Type 1 HRS has the worst prognosis. Treatment options include pharmacological treatment with vasoconstrictors and albumin and placement of transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunts (TIPS) but can only partially improve the survival rate. Liver transplantation is the ultimate and only definitive treatment of patients with HRS.     

Early renal replacement therapy in patients with postoperative acute liver failure associated with acute renal failure: effect on postoperative outcomes

BACKGROUND: Acute liver failure after major surgical procedures is associated with a high risk of multiple organ failure, including acute renal failure. The optimal time to initiate renal replacement therapy for acute renal failure is controversial because of the poor overall clinical outcomes. STUDY DESIGN: From July 2002 to January 2005, all patients who had no history of liver disease, but developed acute liver failure and subsequent renal failure requiring renal replacement therapy after major surgery, at a surgical intensive care unit, were retrospectively analyzed. Patients were divided into early or late dialysis groups based on an arbitrary blood urea nitrogen cut-off level of 80 mg/dL before renal replacement therapy. RESULTS: Eighty consecutive patients (21 women), with a mean age of 57.8+/-17.0 (SD) years, comprised the study group. The late dialysis group (n=26) had a higher ICU mortality rate (p=0.02) and a lower renal function recovery rate (p=0.02) than the early dialysis group (n=54). Fifty-three (66.3%) patients died during their ICU stay. Independent risk factors for ICU mortality were renal replacement therapy modality (intermittent hemodialysis versus continuous venous-venous hemofiltration; odds ratio [OR]=4.32, 95% CI 1.26 to 14.79; p=0.02), predialysis APACHE II score> 20 (OR=6.52, 95% CI 1.61 to 26.36; p < 0.01), and late dialysis (OR=4.01, 95% CI 1.05 to 15.27; p=0.04). CONCLUSIONS: The mortality rate in postoperative patients with acute liver failure-associated acute renal failure was very high. Earlier initiation of renal replacement therapy, based on the predialysis blood urea nitrogen level, with continuous venous-venous hemofiltration might provide a better ICU survival rate.     

肝或肾移植术后受者再次行一期肝肾联合移植三例报告

目的 探讨肝或肾移植术后受者再次行一期肝肾联合移植的手术适应证、术后并发症及存活情况.方法 对2003年10月至2008年12月施行的3例肝或肾移植术后再次行一期肝肾联合移植的受者进行随访,并进行文献复习.对其围手术期死亡率、术后并发症及存活情况进行总结.结果 围手术期死亡率为33.3%(1/3).术后并发症:1例因腹腔出血术后第29天死于肺部感染、急性移植肾功能衰竭和多器官功能衰竭;3例患者均发生了肺部感染;无急性排斥反应发生.2例存活患者,从首次移植计算,已经分别存活56个月和228个月;从一期肝肾联合移植计算,已经分别存活40个月和48个月.结论 肝肾联合移植是治疗终末期肝肾疾病的有效方法.肝或肾移植术后受者再次行一期肝肾联合移植是可行的.     

Liver transplantation for fulminant hepatic failure: Importance of renal failure

One hundred eighty-one consecutive patients with fulminant hepatic failure (FHF) presenting in a 2-year period were reviewed. In this cohort we examined the impact of pretransplant renal failure on mortality and morbidity following orthotopic liver transplantation (OLTx). Twenty-seven patients (18 female, 9 male) with a median age of 43.5 years (range 19–65 years) underwent OLTx. FHF was due to idiosyncratic drug reaction (n = 4), paracetamol overdose (n = 3), seronegative hepatitis (n = 17), hepatitis B (n = 1), veno-occlusive disease (n = 1), and Wilson's disease (n = 1). Renal failure was present in 14 patients, 7 of whom died (whereas there was 100% survival in patients without renal failure). Pretransplant renal failure was associated with prolonged mechanical ventilation (13 days vs 6 days,P = 0.05), prolonged intensive care stay (17 days vs 8 days,P = 0.01) and prolonged hospital stay (27 vs 21 days,P = NS). Pretransplant renal failure did not predict renal dysfunction at 1 year after OLTx. We conclude that the survival of patients transplanted for FHF is inferior to that of patients transplanted for chronic liver disease (67% vs 88% 1-year survival in Birmingham). For patients with FHF undergoing transplantation, pretransplant renal failure strongly predicts poor outcome with significantly greater consumption of resources.     

Does Hepatorenal Syndrome Affect the Result of Liver Transplantation? Clinical Observations

Hepatorenal syndrome (HRS) is a reversible, functional renal failure that occurs in patients with advanced hepatic failure. However, the reported rates of complete recovery of renal function and patient survivals after orthotopic liver transplantation (OLT) are variable. The aim of this study was to compare the outcomes after OLT between patients with HRS and those without HRS (no-HRS). We established exclusion criteria to select study patients who underwent OLT in a single center between January 2005 and October 2008. The exclusion criteria included the following: (1) malignancy, (2) <18 years of age, (3) other than primary OLT, (4) ABO mismatch or hemophilia, (5) no liver cirrhosis, and (6) survival >1 month after OLT. We selected 71 subjects, including 8 HRS and 63 no-HRS patients. No significant differences were observed in the estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) between the 2 groups except for a lower eGFR on the day of and 1 month after OLT in the HRS group: 108.3 ± 40.5 versus 31.4 ± 14.1 mL/min and 85.4 ± 15.0 versus 57.3 ± 12.1 mL/min (P = .000 and P = .014, respectively). The renal function of 6/7 HRS patients who survived >1 year improved. The 1-year patient survival rate after OLT in HRS patients was similar to that without HRS: 95% versus 86% (P = .37). We concluded that HRS had minimal effects on patient survival and return of acceptable renal function.     

肝移植术后严重胆管损伤并发症行再次肝移植治疗

目的探讨肝移植术后发生胆管损伤并发症行再次肝移植治疗的临床经验。方法回顾性分析2002年4月至2004年8月实施的250例次肝移植,其中5例患者因术后出现严重胆管损伤并发症而再次行肝移植。结果5例再次肝移植患者中,3例治愈,已经分别存活5个月、6个月和8个月;2例分别于手术后8d和43d死亡,1例死于肝移植术后肝脏功能丧失,并发肺部感染和心力衰竭,另外1例死于肾功能衰竭。再次肝移植术后并发症有腹腔积液、肝脓肿、胆系感染和肺部感染。结论肝移植术后发生严重胆管损伤并发症行再次肝移植是有效的治疗方法。正确把握适应证和手术时机,手术中精细操作,围手术期严密监测和正确处理,是提高再次肝移植患者存活率的关键。     

Management of chronic viral hepatitis before and after renal transplantation

Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection is present in 2-50% of renal transplant recipients and patients receiving hemodialysis. Renal transplantation confers an overall survival benefit in HCV positive (HCV+) hemodialysis patients, with similar 5-year patient and graft survival to those without HCV infection. However, longer-term studies have reported increased liver-related mortality in HCV-infected recipients. Unfortunately, attempts to eradicate HCV infection before transplant have been disappointing. Interferon is poorly tolerated in-patients with end-stage renal disease and ribavirin is contraindicated because reduced renal clearance results in severe hemolysis. Antiviral therapy following renal transplantation is also poorly tolerated, because of interferon-induced rejection and graft loss. Although the prevalence of hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection has declined in hemodialysis patients and renal transplant recipients since the introduction of routine vaccination and other infection control measures, it remains high within countries with endemic HBV infection (especially Asia-Pacific and Africa). Renal transplantation is associated with reduced survival in HBsAg+ hemodialysis patients. Unlike interferon, lamivudine is a safe and effective antiviral HBV treatment both before and after renal transplantation. Lamivudine therapy commenced at transplantation should prevent early posttransplant reactivation and subsequent progression to cirrhosis and late liver failure. This preemptive therapy should also eradicate early liver failure from fibrosing cholestatic hepatitis. Because cessation of treatment may lead to severe lamivudine-withdrawal hepatitis, most patients require long-term therapy. The development of lamivudine-resistance will be accelerated by immunosuppression and may result in severe hepatitis flares with decompensation. Regular monitoring with liver function tests and HBV DNA measurements should enable early detection and rescue with adefovir. Chronic HCV and HBV infections are important causes of morbidity and mortality in renal transplant recipients. The best predictor for liver mortality is advanced liver disease at the time of transplant, and liver biopsy should be considered in all potential HBsAg+ or HCV+ renal transplant candidates without clinical or radiologic evidence of cirrhosis. Established cirrhosis with active viral infection should be considered a relative contraindication to isolated renal transplantation.     

Liver transplantation for fulminant hepatic failure: importance of renal failure

Abstract One hundred eighty-one consecutive patients with fulminant hepatic failure (FHF) presenting in a 2-year period were reviewed. In this cohort we examined the impact of pretransplant renal failure on mortality and morbidity following orthotopic liver transplantation (OLTx). Twenty-seven patients (18 female, 9 male) with a median age of 43.5 years (range 19–65 years) underwent OLTx. FHF was due to idiosyncratic drug reaction ( n = 4), paracetamol overdose ( n = 3), seronegative hepatitis ( n = 17), hepatitis B ( n = 1), veno-occlusive disease ( n = 1), and Wilson's disease ( n = 1). Renal failure was present in 14 patients, 7 of whom died (whereas there was 100 % survival in patients without renal failure). Pretransplant renal failure was associated with prolonged mechanical ventilation (13 days vs 6 days, P = 0.05), prolonged intensive care stay (17 days vs 8 days, P - 0.01) and prolonged hospital stay (27 vs 21 days, P = NS). Pretransplant renal failure did not predict renal dysfunction at 1 year after OLTx. We conclude that the survival of patients transplanted for FHF is inferior to that of patients transplanted for chronic liver disease (67 % vs 88 % 1-year survival in Birmingham). For patients with FHF undergoing transplantation, pretransplant renal failure strongly predicts poor outcome with significantly greater consumption of resources.     

Management of renal dysfunction in patients with liver cirrhosis: role of pretransplantation hemodialysis and outcomes after liver transplantation

Patients with end-stage liver disease (ESLD) who develop hepatorenal syndrome (HRS) have very high mortality rates. For patients with HRS type I, median survival without specific therapy is only 2 weeks. Due to worsening clinical condition in such patients secondary to uremia and hepatic disease, some form of renal replacement therapy (RRT), either intermittent hemodialysis IHD or continuous veno−venous hemodialysis (CVVHD), must be instituted. However, the literature regarding the survival benefits of the hemodialysis for the worsening renal failure in liver cirrhotic patients remains limited. In this review, we performed a meta-analysis of nine different studies done in the last 2 decades that included 464 patients with end-stage liver disease with renal failure who received either pretransplantation or post-transplantation CVVHD. Survival of the patients was then analyzed with respect to patients with end-stage liver disease without renal failure that underwent liver transplantation (LT). Outcomes for the patients with pre-LT CVVHD were comparable with those of liver transplant recipients without renal failure. However, patients requiring post-LT hemodialysis for prolonged periods showed poor outcomes and a tendency to progress to chronic kidney disease. In all selected studies, patients with post-transplantation CVVHD for a prolonged period had a 3-year survival rate of ≤40%. This review highlights the role of pretransplantation CVVHD in selected patients with HRS who could achieve significantly better survival rates compared with patients without any renal replacement therapy or patients with post-transplantation CVVHD.