牛脊髓前角匀浆皮下注射损伤豚鼠脊髓运动神经元

目的探讨牛脊髓前角匀浆对豚鼠脊髓、前根及坐骨神经的影响。方法采用新鲜牛脊髓前角匀浆免疫豚鼠。观察脊髓、前根、坐骨神经光镜及超微结构的变化。结果豚鼠体重在第4次免疫后明显下降。脊髓前角运动神经元变性和丢失,有卫星、噬节及墓穴现象形成。电镜下最主要的表现是线粒体异常;其次神经元核周质内异常神经丝聚集,形成包涵体;轴突内异常神经丝聚集形成轴索球。前根及坐骨神经的变化,表现为轴索变性及继发的髓鞘改变。结论牛脊髓前角匀浆可以作为抗原引起豚鼠脊髓、前根及坐骨神经免疫所介导的损伤,为进一步研究运动神经元病的发病机制提供了可靠的方法。     

脱细胞异体神经基质移植物对脊髓前角运动神经元的保护作用

目的探讨脱细胞神经基质移植物异体移植对脊髓前角运动神经元的保护作用。方法W ist-ar大鼠30只,10只用化学提取法制备坐骨神经脱细胞基质移植物;另20只分为实验组(坐骨神经缺损移植物桥接组)和对照组(坐骨神经缺损组),每组10只。动物饲养3到4个月后取移植物、脊髓腰6-骶1节段和术侧腓肠肌,做HE、尼氏和AchE结合镀银染色以及电镜标本,进行组织学和超微结构观察,并对脊髓前角细胞的数量做统计学分析。结果实验组动物移植术后3到4个月术侧下肢行走时,后蹬动作有力,足趾能分开,步态趋于正常;针刺足底有逃避动作。对照组动物术侧下肢的运动和感觉功能未见恢复。实验组动物的移植物内见有大量再生的神经纤维,髓鞘结构清晰,腓肠肌内见有再生的神经纤维束和运动终板。实验组移植侧和对照组缺损侧脊髓腰6到骶1节段前角外侧群细胞的数量比正常侧减少,尤以对照组为甚。实验组移植侧前角细胞比正常侧的前角细胞数减少而移植侧前角细胞数比对照组缺损侧明显减少(P<0.01)。结论脱细胞异体神经基质移植物桥接周围神经缺损对运动神经元胞体的存活具有良好的保护作用。     

雪旺细胞和层粘蛋白对脊髓前角运动神经元损伤的保护作用

选３０只成年Ｗｉｓｔａｒ大鼠，坐骨神经切断后，分别应用体外培养的雪旺细胞，层粘蛋白和生理盐水于神经侧断端，４周后，观察损伤侧腰４、５节段脊髓前角运动神经元的存活率，神经元酸性磷酸酶和胆碱脂酶活性变化。结果：生理盐水组脊髓前角运动神经元存活率为５９％，酸性磷酸酶活性明显增强，胆碱脂酶活性明显降低；雪旺细胞组和层粘蛋白组脊髓前角运动神经元存活率分别为８２．３％和８１．１％，酸性磷酸酶和胆碱脂酶活性较对     

GDNF及dvHSV-GDNF对坐骨神经损伤大鼠脊髓前角运动神经元的影响

为了探讨胶质细胞源性神经营养因子及单纯疱疹病毒载体介导的胶质细胞源性神经营养因子 (dv HSV-GDNF)对坐骨神经损伤大鼠脊髓前角运动神经元的作用 ,本实验对成年大鼠造成双侧坐骨神经损伤后 ,于右侧损伤处分别施加胶质细胞源性神经营养因子和 dv HSV-GDNF;左侧损伤处施加生理盐水作为对照。分别取损伤后 4、7、14和 2 8d大鼠的脊髓 L4 ～ L6 节段 ,经石蜡包埋切片后行 Nissl染色 ,计数前角运动神经元数量并进行统计学分析。结果发现 :坐骨神经损伤后 4、7、14和 2 8d,右侧脊髓前角运动神经元的数量明显高于左侧。提示 :胶质细胞源性神经营养因子和 dv HSV-GDNF可减少坐骨神经损伤大鼠脊髓前角运动神经元的死亡     

磁刺激对脊髓前角细胞兴奋性的影响

目的：观察中枢神经系统磁刺激对脊髓前角细胞兴奋性的影响。方法：在枕骨粗隆处用8字形磁刺激头进行磁刺激，在右腕关节处尺神经上进行电刺激，在右手第一背侧骨间肌记录肌肉活动电位。分别记录磁刺激前、磁刺激后间隔30、50、100、300ms时电刺激的F波。每个实验条件下记录10个F波。观察F波的最小潜伏期，F波的波幅与M波波幅之比，F波的平均持续时间及F波出现频率，并与实验前进行比较。结果：磁刺激后F波的波幅增高，平均持续时间延长和出现频率明显增大，而F波的最短潜伏期没有明显变化。结论：在枕骨粗隆处施行的磁刺激可以明显增加脊髓前角运动神经元的兴奋性。     

高压氧前处理脊髓损伤大鼠前角运动神经元的凋亡*☆

背景：脊髓损伤后难以修复,损伤后保护残存的神经元是促进神经再生的关键。 目的：验证高压氧预处理可以通过抑制早期的细胞凋亡来保护脊髓前角运动神经元。 方法：随机将26只雄性Wistar大鼠等分成模型组和实验组。实验组在给予高压氧5 d后与模型组同时制作脊髓T9~10全横断模型。 结果与结论：尼氏染色显示脊髓T9~T10全横断后8 h及1 d,脊髓前角的浓染的细胞多见,与模型组相比,实验组脊髓前角浓染的细胞较少。TUNEL染色也显示脊髓T9~T10全横断后脊髓损伤后8 h~1 d,2组大鼠脊髓前角内均可见大量的凋亡神经元,3 d时凋亡神经元数量减少。相比于模型组,高压氧预处理8 h,1 d后大鼠脊髓前角凋亡神经元较少(P < 0.05,        P < 0.01)。说明高压氧预处理能对脊髓损伤后前角运动神经元起保护作用。       

运动对小鼠寿命和脊髓前角神经元形态和数量的影响

用Ｃ５７ＢＬ／３Ｊ小鼠２９只，分成运动组（１２只），对照组（１２只）和青年组（５只）三组。运动组从第６个月起隔天跑转笼２小时，对照组不跑转笼。当这两组小鼠死亡总数达５０％时（经过１６个月零８天），将两组余下的小鼠（２２月龄）全部杀死，到出脊髓前角神经元总数比青年组的少，但运动组神经元减少较轻，Ｐ＜０．０５，减少的主要的是小神经元，大，中神经元并没有减少；而对照组神经元减少明显，Ｐ＜０．０１，减少的     

条件性损伤的时间与频次对神经根撕脱伤后脊髓前角运动神经元死亡及NOS表达的影响

目的　探索条件性损伤 (CL)的时间和频次对神经根撕脱 (TL)后脊髓前角运动神经元一氧化氮合酶 (NOS)表达及细胞死亡的影响。方法　成年SD雌性大鼠 116只 ,体重 2 0 0～ 30 0g ,以钳夹神经干为CL ,分为两个系列。时间系列 :在CL后 1d、3d、1w、2w后进行TL ,频次系列分别在 1w和 2w内行 1次、2次、6次钳夹 ,术后不同时间点处死动物 ,以单纯撕脱臂丛为对照 ,取C5～C8节段脊髓 ,行NADPH d组化染色 ,中性红复染。定量观察前角运动神经元NOS表达及神经元数目。结果　单纯撕脱组术后第 5d脊髓前角运动神经元开始表达NOS ,术后 3wNOS阳性神经元数达到高峰 ,随后逐渐下降并伴有神经元丢失。时间系列 :撕脱后 3d和 2w ,CL与TL间隔 1d组的NOS表达和神经元数目与对照组无显著性差异 ,但 3d、1w、2w组的NOS细胞数及神经元的丢失均较对照组明显 (P <0 0 5P <0 0 1) ,但在撕脱后 4w各CL时间的NOS表达和神经元存活均较对照组减少 (P <0 0 5 )。频次系列 :在 1w和 2w内增加CL次数可使NOS的表达水平和神经细胞的死亡数目有显著增加 ,在撕脱后 2w和 4w等较后的时间点更为明显 ;但在一定时间内 2次与 6次钳夹之间则无显著性差异。结论　条件性损伤与二次损伤之间的间隔影响撕脱后神经元NOS表达和神经元的死亡 ,以间隔时间     

Immunologically induced purulent anterior segment inflammation of the guinea pig eye

A single conjunctival application of ovalbumin to inbred guinea pigs (IMM/S 209) immunized with the same antigen in Freund's complete adjuvant provoked an acute purulent inflammation of the anterior segment of the eyes with a duration of up to 1 week. Intense conjunctival injection and chemosis were followed by a purulent discharge. A corneal haze was observed regularly, and a considerable proportion of the animals developed a pronounced pannus and corneal ulcers. Tear fluid cytology revealed a rapid increase in cell concentration, from the normal level (less than 10(8)/l) to greater than 10(11)/l. Seventy to 95% of the cells were polymorphonuclear leukocytes. Histological examination revealed an acute inflammatory reaction which radiated from the conjunctival fornices to the entire anterior segments of the eyes. The process was characterized by an intense oedema, vasodilation and perivascular aggregations of polymorphonuclear leukocytes, and to a lesser extent eosinophilic granulocytes which characteristically infiltrated and penetrated the epithelial layers. Neovascularization could be observed early after challenge in the stroma of all parts of the outer eye. Ulcerations of the conjunctival and corneal epithelia were observed frequently. After a number of reiterations of the antigenic challenge, a marked infiltration with lymphocytes and basophils/mast cells was observed, and significant scarring of the conjunctival mucosa developed. In several animals, a slight, but significant co-reaction of the contra-lateral, non-challenged eye was observed.     

Somatotopic organization of lumbar muscle-innervating neurons in the ventral horn of the rat spinal cord

The ventral horn of the rat spinal cord was investigated with respect to the somatotopic organization of the motor neurons that innervate the lumbar muscles. Neurotracer 1,1′‐dioctadecyl‐3,3,3′,3′‐tetramethylindocarbocyanine perchlorate (DiI) was applied to specific sites in lumbar muscles. Spinal cord segments at L1 through L4 levels were cut into 40‐μm serial transverse sections. Labeled neurons were located in the ventromedial nucleus (VM) and lateromedial nucleus (LM) nuclei of Rexed’s lamina IX. Motor neurons innervating the m. interspinales lumborum and m. multifidus were without exception present in the VM, whereas all motor neurons innervating the m. rectus abdominis were present in the LM. Forty percent of motor neurons innervating the m. quadratus lumborum were present in the VM and the other 60% were in the LM. Although most of the motor neurons innervating the m. psoas major were present in the LM, a few labeled neurons existed in the VM. These results suggest that the border zone demarcating the areas of innervation of the dorsal and ventral rami of spinal nerves crosses the m. quadratus lumborum.     

Molecular cloning and functional characterization of guinea pig IL-12

IL-12 is a heterodimeric cytokine that plays a central role in cell-mediated immunity. We cloned complete cDNAs of guinea pig homologues of IL-12 p35 and p40 subunits, and compared their functional properties with human IL-12. Both p35 and p40 mRNA were constitutively expressed in the testis and peritoneal macrophages. On immunoblotting, anti-guinea pig p40 antibody detected the constitutive expression of p40 protein in the testis, while in macrophages it was induced in response to lipopolysaccharide. An unidentified 200-kDa macromolecule was also expressed in the testis. All recombinant hybrid heterodimer p70 (guinea pig p70, human p70 and two interspecies heterodimers) exerted proliferative activity toward concanavalin A-primed guinea pig and human lymphoblasts in a dose-dependent manner. A similar tendency was observed in IFN-gamma production in IL-2-treated human lymphocytes. All hybrid heterodimers also induced IFN-gamma mRNA from IL-2-treated guinea pig splenocytes. Thus, unlike the current concept that the p35 subunit determines the species incompatibility of IL-12 in humans and mice, p35 has marginal ability to define its species-specific functional expression between humans and guinea pigs. In addition, constitutive expression of IL-12 or related molecules in the testis indicated a potential role of this molecule in regulation of physiological or pathophysiological conditions in the reproductive system.     

Protection of Lassa virus-infected guinea pigs with Lassa-immune plasma of guinea pig, primate, and human origin

Lassa virus-immune plasma has been used to treat human Lassa fever patients; however, criteria for plasma selection were based arbitrarily on available serologic tools and protective efficacy was never directly assessed. To test the validity of plasma therapy for Lassa virus infections in an animal model, and to develop biologically relevant criteria for selection of protective immune plasma, inbred, strain 13 guinea pigs were infected with a lethal dose of Lassa virus and treated with various Lassa-immune plasmas obtained from guinea pigs, primates, and convalescent human patients. Neutralizing antibody titers were determined in a virus dilution, plaque reduction test, and were expressed as a log10 plaque-forming units (PFU) neutralization index (LNI). All guinea pigs treated with immune plasma 6 ml/kg/treatment on days 0, 3, and 6 after virus inoculation were protected, provided the LNI exceeded 2.0. Plasmas obtained from donors in early convalescence (32-45 days) had low titers of N-antibody (LNI less than 2) and failed to confer protection, despite high titers of Lassa antibody measured in the indirect fluorescent antibody (IFA) test. Higher doses of marginally titered plasma conferred increased protection. The degree of protection and suppression of viremia was closely associated with LNI an not IFA titers. Administration of low-titered plasma did not result in immune enhancement. A high dose of human plasma from Liberia (12 ml/kg/treatment) was required to confer complete protection to guinea pigs infected with a Lassa virus strain from Sierra Leone (LNI = 1.6), while a lower dose (3 ml/kg/treatment) was sufficient for protection against a Liberian strain (LNI = 2.8), suggesting that a geographic matching of immune plasma and Lassa virus strain origin may increase treatment success. These studies support the concept of plasma therapy for Lassa infection and suggest that the plaque reduction neutralization test is more appropriate than the IFA test for predicting protective efficacy of passively administered plasma.     

豚鼠胆汁酸盐输出泵（BSEP）基因克隆及其在胆结石豚鼠肝组织中的表达分析

 目的：克隆并分析豚鼠BSEP基因全长cDNA序列,检测BSEP基因在胆结石豚鼠肝组织中的表达。方法：采用3'、5'RACE方法扩增获得豚鼠肝组织BSEP基因全长cDNA,用生物信息学方法对其进行分析鉴定。实时荧光定量PCR检测BSEP基因在胆结石豚鼠肝组织的表达。结果：豚鼠BSEP基因全长cDNA5579bp,共包含28个外显子,开放性阅读框（ORF）长为3963bp,编码蛋白长1320aa。该基因在胆结石豚鼠肝组织的表达较正常豚鼠显著下调（P<0.01）。结论：豚鼠BSEP基因在胆结石豚鼠肝组织中表达下调可能与结石形成有关。     

大鼠坐骨神经损伤后脊髓前角神经元死亡数量的研究

目的：研究周围神经损伤后，脊髓前角运动神经元胞体的死亡数量变化。方法：选择10只正常SD大鼠，先计算两侧的脊髓前角运动神经元胞体数量是否对称；再选择35只SD大鼠，切断并原位吻合其右侧坐骨神经，左侧不作任何处理、作为对照，于术后不同时间取L4～6节段脊髓作HE染色，计算脊髓前角运动神经元胞体数量的变化。结果：正常SD大鼠两侧的脊髓前角运动神经元胞体数量呈对称分布；右侧坐骨神经损伤后，其脊髓前角运动神经元胞体数量较左侧减少。结论：大鼠坐骨神经损伤后，脊髓前角运动神经元的胞体有死亡，其死亡具有一定的时间特征。     

Action of a helium-neon laser on regenerative powers of adult guinea pig skeletal muscles

Laboratory of Evolutionary Histology, A. N. Severtsov Institute of Evolutionary Morphology and Ecology of Animals, Academy of Sciences. Laboratory of Evolutionary Biochemistry, A. N. Bakh Institute of Biochemistry, Academy of Sciences, Moscow. (Presented by Academician A. P. Avtsyn, Academy of Medical Sciences.) Translated from Byulleten' Éksperimental'noi Biologii i Meditsiny, Vol. 113, No. 4, pp. 411–414, April, 1992.     

腺病毒介导的神经营养素-3基因能够在大鼠脊髓前角运动神经元内过表达神经营养素-3

目的观察腺病毒介导的神经营养素-3(NT-3)基因在发出坐骨神经传出纤维的大鼠脊髓前角运动神经元的过表达。方法在坐骨神经内直接注射含有绿色荧光蛋白(GFP)基因(报告基因)的NT-3基因重组腺病毒(Ad-NT-3-GFP),7d后应用免疫荧光组织化学染色技术,在荧光显微镜下观察脊髓前角运动神经元的NT-3过表达。结果 GFP表达组(对照组)和NT-3加GFP表达组两组动物的L4和L5脊髓段横切片上,有绿色荧光蛋白阳性标记的细胞。在NT-3加GFP表达组,还可以观察到NT-3阳性标记的细胞,这种细胞能与绿色荧光蛋白阳性标记的细胞重合,是过表达NT-3的前角运动神经元。与GFP表达组的前角运动神经元形态比较,NT-3加GFP表达组的过表达NT-3的前角运动神经元呈现更富有分支的突起。结论腺病毒介导的NT-3基因能够在发出坐骨神经传出纤维的大鼠脊髓前角运动神经元内过表达NT-3,这为下一歩应用NT-3基因治疗策略修复实验性脊髓损伤提供初歩的实验资料。