牵引成骨术治疗青少年上颌骨严重发育不足的初步报告

目的 通过青少年上颌骨严重发育不足,特别是继发于唇腭裂术后严重畸形者行改良Ｌｅ Ｆｏｒｔ Ｉ型截骨,并通过颅骨外固定上颌骨牵引成骨前移术,对牵引成骨后硬组织改建及腭咽闭合功能进行初步探讨。方法 采用颅骨外固定牵引装置（ＫＬＳ－ＭＡＲＴＩＮ公司提供）对６例１１～１５岁唇腭裂术后继发上颌骨严重发育不足及发育性上颌骨严重后缩畸形的青少年实施牵引成骨术。运用正颌外科电脑分析软件对术前、术后头颅定位Ｘ线侧位     

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目的    探讨口内入路牵引成骨术配合语音治疗对唇腭裂术后继发上颌骨发育不良患者的治疗效果。方法    对2007—2009年在南昌大学口腔医院接受治疗的9 ~ 12岁唇腭裂术后继发上颌骨发育不良畸形患者21例采用高位Le Fort I型截骨术,将上颌骨完全断离,安装口内牵引器,术后3个月开始语音训练,定期接受发音指导和语音测评,记录结果并进行统计分析。结果    21例患者手术效果满意,未见严重并发症,通过语音治疗,发音改善明显。结论    骨牵引成骨术用于矫治唇腭裂术后继发上颌骨发育不良,可早期解除上颌骨畸形,在一定程度上改善患者的腭咽闭合功能,再配合语音治疗可有效提高语音效果。     

唇腭裂继发上颌骨发育不足患者牵引成骨后软组织侧貌变化

目的　比较唇腭裂术后继发上颌骨发育不足患者颅外支架式牵引成骨术 (RigidExternalDistraction ,RED)前后软组织面型及鼻唇部变化 ,评价RED治疗上颌发育不足效果。方法　唇腭裂术后继发上颌骨发育不足患者 2 2名 ,其中男性 14名 ,女性 8名 ,平均年龄为 15 3岁。所有患者在改良高位LeFortⅠ型截骨术基础上行颅外支架式上颌骨牵引成骨术。测量RED前后头颅定位侧位片软组织面型、鼻唇部结构各项指标 ,用配对t检验比较RED术前术后变化。结果　RED前后面凸角、软组织鼻根点至零子午线距离、软组织颏前点至零子午线距离、上唇长度、唇间隙、唇颏比和颏唇沟深度变化具高度显著性差异。鼻唇角RED后增加了 7°。上中切牙露出程度无变化。结论　RED治疗唇腭裂术后继发上颌骨发育不足患者 ,在有效地延长前移上颌骨同时 ,面中下部软组织得到适应性改变 ,使面型更为协调 ,上唇长度得到延长 ,鼻唇角趋向增大。     

前段截骨牵引治疗唇腭裂继发上颌骨发育不足

目的 :利用颅外支架外固定牵引技术,采用上颌骨前段截骨牵引的方式治疗唇腭裂继发上颌骨重度发育不足患者,探讨手术效果并进行术后稳定性的评价。方法:选取唇腭裂术后继发上颌骨重度发育不足患者15例,采用上颌骨前段截骨,颅外支架外固定式牵引器进行术后牵引,通过头影测量分析,评价其术后效果及长期稳定性。利用SPSS 13.0软件包对数据进行方差分析。结果 :所有患者均顺利完成上颌骨前段截骨及颅外支架的固定,术后进行牵引,无明显并发症发生,面型及咬合关系显著改善,牵引成骨后上颌骨凸度、前牙覆盖、上颌骨长度和高度等显著增加(P<0.05),术后无明显复发(P>0.05)。而腭咽腔的深度、软腭长度无明显改变,语音功能未受明显影响。结论:上颌骨前段截骨配合颅骨外支架牵引能够显著增加上颌骨长度,同时避免了对腭咽闭合功能的损伤,降低了术后复发的风险,是一种理想的矫治唇腭裂继发上颌骨发育不足的方法。     

唇腭裂患者不同截骨方式下上颌骨外置式牵引成骨的比较

目的：利用颅外支架外固定式牵引器治疗唇腭裂继发上颌骨重度发育不足患者,分别采用上颌骨前段截骨和整块截骨方式,探讨不同截骨方式的牵引成骨效果。方法：唇腭裂术后继发上颌骨重度发育不足患者10例,反覆盖均超过10mm。采用传统整块截骨5例,前段分块截骨5例,均利用颅外支架固定式牵引器行术后牵引。通过头影测量分析,比较其矫治效果。利用SPSS13.0软件包对数据进行独立样本t检验。结果：所有患者均成骨良好,无明显并发症,面形及咬合显著改善。牵引成骨后,SNA角、NA与FH夹角、前牙覆盖、零子午线与Sn距离等显著增加。前段截骨组硬腭长度增加7.50mm,2组间有显著差异（P〈0.05）。而软腭长度、静止位腭咽腔深度无显著差异。结论：上颌骨前段截骨牵引在增加硬腭和牙弓长度、避免腭咽腔深度增加及腭咽闭合功能恶化方面具有更大优势,是一种较为理想的矫治唇腭裂术后继发上颌骨发育不足的方法。     

牵引成骨术治疗唇腭裂继发颌骨畸形稳定性的研究进展

牵引成骨术（distraction osteogenesis,DO）在口腔颌面外科的应用越来越广,为唇腭裂继发颌骨畸形治疗提供了新的手段。DO按牵引类型主要分为内置式牵引（intraoral distraction osteogenesis, IDO）和外置式牵引（extraoral distraction osteogenesis, EDO）2种,在大距离前徙上颌骨时,唇腭裂牵引成骨术后的长期稳定性和复发的报道还很少。本文就牵引成骨治疗唇腭裂继发颌骨畸形术后的长期稳定性的临床研究进展作一综述。     

Lefort Ⅰ型截骨牵开术矫正唇腭裂术后上颌畸形

目的　探讨LefortⅠ型截骨快速牵开成骨技术 ,在唇腭裂术后上颌后缩畸形矫治中的应用。方法　上颌LefortⅠ型截骨 ,术中前移上颌骨 4 0～ 12mm ,留间隙期 1天。使用口外颅颌牵引装置—上颌杠杆式牵引支架 ,调节支架前部的刻度调节旋钮和牵引杆 ,3～ 5天内完内快速牵开水平前移 3 0～ 10mm ,矫正 7例唇腭裂术后上颌后缩畸形。结果　 7例LefortⅠ型截骨水平快速牵引成骨完成后 ,除 1例固定为 4周 ,1个月后复查为轻度开合外 ,均无感染、成骨不良、骨不愈合等并发症。 7例牵开成骨矫正效果满意。结论　LefortⅠ型截骨快速牵开成骨技术是治疗唇腭裂术后上颌后缩畸形的有效方法。牵开速度快 ,不影响骨愈合 ,治疗时间短 ,不需植骨 ,疗效满意。     

唇腭裂继发上颌骨发育不足牵引成骨后腭咽部功能变化

目的　通过颅外支架式上颌骨牵引成骨术 (RigidExternalDistraction ,RED)前后唇腭裂患者静止位和[i]发音位头颅定位侧位片腭咽部结构变化 ,拟评价上颌骨牵引成骨术对唇腭裂患者腭咽部结构功能的影响及其相关因素。方法　 1999～ 2 0 0 1年行颅外支架式上颌骨牵引成骨术的唇腭裂术后上颌发育不足患者 2 1名 ,平均年龄15 .0 5岁。所有患者RED术前后拍摄静止位及 [i]位头颅定位片 ,然后对腭咽部结构功能指标测量分析。结果　(1)RED术后PNS A、PNS PPW、NR、ASPHP、RVCR、EASP和MSP具有显著性变化 ;(2 )RVCR的变化与上颌骨前移幅度、PNS PPW增加幅度和NR增大程度呈正相关。上颌前移幅度还与软硬腭夹角增加呈正相关。结论　 (1)上颌骨牵引成骨术后腭咽腔深度增加 ,对唇腭裂患者腭咽闭合功能仍有一定负面影响 ,但同时腭咽部软组织有代偿性改变 ;(2 )上颌骨前移幅度与RED术后腭咽闭合功能变化有关 ;(3)咽后壁瓣的存在对防止和减少RED术后腭咽闭合功能不全产生有积极作用。     

高位LefortⅠ型截骨及同期植骨矫正唇腭裂患者面中部畸形

传统的Lefort型截骨术在矫治唇腭裂患者继发面中部畸形时存在着截骨线位置低,不能有效地关闭口鼻腔瘘,术后上颌骨仍为分离的两部分等缺点。作者采用高位Lefort　I型截骨术并同期行腭部骨裂隙及牙槽嵴裂植骨、修复口鼻腔瘘对15例患者进行治疗,由于在软组织切口、截骨线位置、口鼻瘘关闭、植骨、缝合方面的改进,使矫治唇腭裂患者继发面中部畸形的临床效果更趋于完善。     

缝牵引成骨矫正唇腭裂面中份发育不全

目的:探讨应用缝牵引成骨的方式治疗面中份发育不全。方法:使用自行设计制作的颌骨牵引装置,在全麻手术下将牵引钩置入梨状孔侧缘,从鼻腔引出,结合面弓,对8例唇腭裂术后面中部凹陷畸形患者进行前牵引治疗。结果:!上颌经缝牵引治疗后,患者A点前移2.5～6mm,平均为3.56mm。ANB角增加4～8°,平均为5.38°。面中部侧面凸度有明显改变,软组织侧貌改变明显。结论:!经梨状孔缝牵张成骨可快速、有效的治疗面中部发育不全,避免上颌逆时针旋转。长期效果有待于进一步观察。     

唇腭裂继发上颌骨发育不足牵引成骨后颌骨变化

目的　比较唇腭裂术后继发上颌骨发育不足患者颅外支架式牵引成骨术 (RigidExternalDistraction ,RED)前后上下颌骨前后向和垂直向位置及牙颌关系变化 ,评价RED治疗上颌发育不足效果。方法　唇腭裂术后继发上颌骨发育不足患者 2 2名 ,其中男性 1 4名 ,女性 8名 ,平均年龄为 1 5 3岁。所有患者在改良高位LeFortⅠ型截骨术基础上行颅外支架式上颌骨牵引成骨术。测量RED前后头颅定位侧位片上下颌骨位置及牙颌关系各项指标 ,用配对t检验比较RED术前术后变化。　结果　RED前后SNA角、NA与FH夹角、Ptm至S距离、Ptm至A距离、上中切牙至腭平面距离、上颌第一磨牙至腭平面距离、SNB角、面角、颌凸角、下颌平面角、ANB角、Y轴角、NA与AMe比、覆牙合和覆盖变化具高度显著性差异。　结论　RED用于唇腭裂术后继发上颌骨发育不足患者 ,可有效地延长上颌骨长度和高度并使之前移 ;下颌骨则顺时针旋转 ,上下颌骨间位置和比例更为协调 ,下颌骨的生长发育方向更趋于正常     

Rigid external distraction osteogenesis for a patient with maxillary hypoplasia and oligodontia.

OBJECTIVE: In this report, the orthodontic treatment combined with rigid external distraction osteogenesis in a 5.5-year-old girl with midfacial hypoplasia and oligodontia is described. PATIENT: The child presented with a reduced maxilla, protruding lower lip, skeletal Class III jaw relationship with a low mandibular plane angle, a short and flattened nose, anterior crossbite, and aplasia of 16 permanent teeth. The patient was treated with rigid external maxillary distraction osteogenesis, maxillary protraction headgear, and Class III elastics. Following treatment, the maxilla was displaced in a forward direction with new bone formation at the tuberosities and the mandible rotated backward in relation to the anterior cranial base. The anterior crossbite was corrected, and the skeletal jaw relationship changed from a Class III to a Class I skeletal pattern. The soft tissue facial profile showed that the nasal projection had been increased, the nasolabial angle increased, and the lower lip protrusion was reduced. Postoperative treatment results were acceptable. CONCLUSION: This report documents that early maxillary advancement with rigid external osteogenesis offers a promising treatment alternative for a very young patient with maxillary hypoplasia and oligodontia.     

Skeletal stability in patients with clefts after large maxillary advancements using intraoral distraction

Maxillary hypoplasia is a common outcome in patients with cleft lip and palate after surgical and orthodontic interventions, and maxillary distraction osteogenesis has become a useful procedure for patients with extensive maxillary deformities. The aim of this study was to evaluate long term (two years) stability after maxillary advancement of more than 10 mm by distraction osteogenesis in cleft patients using internal devices. We organised a retrospective study on 42 patients with cleft lip and palate using cephalometric analysis before and after maxillary distraction osteogenesis and evaluated them for 24 months. Postoperative measurements showed a marked advancement with an increase of 13.3 mm and 10.8° in the length of the maxilla (Co-A) and SNA, respectively, including a shift from Angle class III to class I in dental relations. Follow-up observations showed preservation of maxillary length with a relapse of only 6.0 % (mean (SD) 0.8 (0.7) mm) and 10% relapse in SNA angle (mean (SD)1.1 (1.4) °) one year postoperatively and a negligible regression at the two years’ follow up. This large-scale study shows stable results of skeletal advancement using distraction osteogenesis, indicating safe and reliable outcomes among patients with cleft lip and palate.     

Treatment of severe maxillary hypoplasia with oligodontia and complete bilateral cleft lip and palate by maxillary anterior segmental distraction osteogenesis

Effective maxillary advance treatment is difficult to achieve without impairing velopharyngeal function in patients with severe maxillary deficiency. We describe successful orthodontic treatment using maxillary anterior segmental distraction osteogenesis (MASDO) in a patient with cleft lip and palate. A 20-year-old woman with bilateral cleft lip and palate, multiple congenitally missing teeth, reduced maxilla, concave soft-tissue profile, and skeletal Class III jaw relationship was treated with a combination of orthodontic treatment and MASDO. After treatment, the anterior maxilla was displaced forward with new bone formation induced in the distraction gap for insertion of dental implants. Maxillary hypoplasia was successfully treated while preserving the velopharyngeal function with MASDO. We suggest that MASDO is useful for patients with severe maxillary hypoplasia.     

Long-term follow-up after maxillary distraction osteogenesis in growing children with cleft lip and palate.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the changes in maxillary position after maxillary distraction osteogenesis in six growing children with cleft lip and palate. DESIGN: Retrospective, longitudinal study on maxillary changes at A point, anterior nasal spine, posterior nasal spine, central incisor, and first molar. SETTING: The University Hospital Craniofacial Center. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE: Cephalometric radiographs were used to measure the maxillary position immediately after distraction, at 6 months, and more than 1 year after distraction. RESULTS: After maxillary distraction with a rigid external distraction device, the maxilla (A point) on average moved forward 9.7 mm and downward 3.5 mm immediately after distraction, moved backward 0.9 mm and upward 2.0 mm after 6 months postoperatively, and then moved further backward 2.3 mm and downward 6.8 mm after more than 1 year from the predistraction position. CONCLUSION: In most cases, maxilla moved forward at distraction and started to move backward until 1 year after distraction, but remained forward, as compared with predistraction position. Maxilla also moved downward during distraction and upward in 6 months, but started descending in 1 year. There also was no further forward growth of the maxilla after distraction in growing children with clefts.     

Soft tissue profile changes after maxillary advancement with distraction osteogenesis by use of a rigid external distraction device: a 1-year follow-up.

PURPOSE: This study was conducted to evaluate the soft tissue profile changes after maxillary advancement with distraction osteogenesis (DO). PATIENTS AND METHODS: Sixteen subjects underwent maxillary advancement with rigid external distraction after a high Le Fort I osteotomy. There were 11 male and 5 female patients, ages 5.2 to 25.7 years. The subjects included 9 with unilateral cleft lip and palate (UCLP), 4 with bilateral CLP, 2 with facial clefts and bilateral CLP, and 1 with cleft palate. Pretreatment and posttreatment lateral cephalograms were compared to evaluate the changes in soft tissue profile. A line 7 degrees below the SN plane was used as the horizontal coordinate, and a perpendicular line through Sella was used as the vertical coordinate in an XY coordinate system. RESULTS: The preoperative facial concavity (N'SnPg') was reduced by 15.59 degrees, and the nasal tip moved 3.75 mm forward and 2.05 mm upward. These changes were positively correlated with the change of ANS position. The soft-tissue-to-hard-tissue ratio was 0.53:1 for nasal tip and ANS. The ratio was negatively correlated with the age of the patient. The ratio of soft tissue A point to skeletal A point was 0.96:1 and for the incisal edge to vermilion border of the upper lip it was 0.8:1. The soft tissue B point and Pg did not change significantly with maxillary distraction. However, the nasolabial angle increased by 4.96 degrees, the upper lip curvature flattened by 0.65 mm, and the lower lip curvature was accentuated by 0.89 mm after distraction. The amount of upper incisal exposure increased from 1.1 to 5.01 mm in the rest position. CONCLUSION: Maxillary DO improved the soft tissue profile by increasing nasal projection, normalizing the nasolabial angle, and making the upper lip more prominent. More upper anterior tooth show in the rest position was obtained, but the upper lip length did not change. The concave facial profile became convex, with improved facial balance and aesthetics.     

Longitudinal cephalometric analysis after maxillary distraction osteogenesis

The aim of this study was to analyze the long-term dentoskeletal changes in patients who received distraction osteogenesis of the maxilla. Seventeen patients aged 12 to 31 years underwent rigid external distraction osteogenesis for treatment of maxillary hypoplasia. Cephalograms were evaluated retrospectively regarding linear and angular measurements. Follow-up times ranged from 1 to 5 years. In two patients, there was no consolidation of the Le Fort I segment to the midface. After the 0- to 12-month period, the maxilla had a stable position in all patients. Nevertheless, there was further decrease of SNA and ANB and an increase of the facial concavity thereafter. Ongoing growth of the facial skeleton must be considered when distraction osteogenesis is chosen for the advancement of the maxilla in adolescents.     

计算机辅助牵引成骨术的模拟和初步评价

目的 介绍并应用计算机辅助正颌外科模拟系统（CASSOS 2001）模拟，预测上颌骨牵引成骨术，评价治疗前后的软，硬组织变化。方法 1例男性，14岁唇腭裂术后上颌严重发育不足患者，应用CASSOS 2001系统作术前头影测量分析，手术和牵引方向模拟，牵引后面型预测,实际牵引成骨治疗后的头影测量分析等，手术模拟中分别进行了Le Fort I型截骨术和Le Fort Ⅱ型截骨术的模拟。对多项头影测量作了比较。结果 牵引前后数据比较显示，面中部凹隐畸形获得了显著改善；手术模拟与实际术后结果比较显示，上颌骨Le Fort I型截骨后牵引成骨术所获得的面型改善可以达到正颌外科Le Frot Ⅱ型截骨前移后的效果。结论 上颌牵引成骨对于严重的上颌骨局部畸形，尤其是唇腭裂术后上颌骨严重发育不足，是一种极其有效的治疗方法：CASSOS 2001系统不仅为正颌外科手术，也为牵引成骨治疗提供了一种对医生和患者都有极大帮助的模拟和预测方法。     

Incomplete mobilization of the maxilla resulting in failed maxillary distraction: a case report

Maxillary distraction osteogenesis has become an accepted alternative method in the treatment of patients with severe maxillary hypoplasia in craniofacial syndromes and cleft-related deformities. Insufficient distraction, undesirable soft tissue changes, and occurrence of defective distraction vectors are among the potential complications of intraoral maxillary distraction osteogenesis. A 2-stage procedure combining maxillary advancement by distraction technique with genioplasty and mandibular setback surgery was planned to correct jaw deformities in a 22-year-old patient with severe maxillary retrusion, mandibular prognathism, and excessive lower facial height. In the first stage, osteotomies were performed and maxilla was lightly mobilized after down-fracture. Distractors were placed to the maxilla intraorally. During activation period, the maxilla rotated in a clockwise direction, producing a discrepancy between the planned and the actual vectors. Complete distraction was unsatisfactory and the complication was due to surgical technique. This case report presents the failure of maxillary distraction due to incomplete mobilization of the maxilla. Treatment of the case was achieved by the conventional osteotomy techniques at final operation. The maxilla was successfully advanced to the desired position producing good occlusion and an improved facial profile.