不同止血带使用方法对TKA围手术期失血量影响的临床研究

目的研究人工全膝关节置换术（TKA）中两种不同止血带使用方法对围手术失血总量的影响。方法选取2009年1月至2010年6月60例60～75岁单侧TKA患者进行研究,随机分成A组（30例,术中采用截骨完成后使用止血带至手术结束）和B组（30例,术中采用全程在止血带下完成手术）,所有手术均由同一组医师完成,比较A、B两组患者围手术期总失血量、显性出血量、隐性失血量、输血比例、输血量及手术时间的差异。结果 A组在显性失血量、手术时间较B组明显增加,差异有统计学意义（P〈0.05）;而在围手术期总失血量、隐性失血量、输血比例、输血量A组较B组明显减少,差异有统计学意义（P〈0.05）。结论在TKA手术当中截骨完成后开始使用止血带的方法,是一种能够明显减少围手术期总失血量、降低输血比例及输血量的新手术方式,同时减少了手术后并发症的发生率。     

止血带释放时机对全膝关节置换术失血的影响

目的 探讨止血带释放时机对全膝关节置换术(TKA)失血的影响.方法 2006年6月至2008年6月,80例TKA患者随机分为两组,每组40例.A组:释放止血带彻底止血后关闭切口,B组:关闭切口弹力绷带包扎后释放止血带.比较两组患者的失血量、输血例数、手术时间、止血带使用时间及膝关节屈曲度.结果 A组术中失血量[(161.5±50.1)mL]多于B组((70.0±19.4)mL],术后失血量[(357.8±104.7)mL]少于B组[(467.9±116.0)mLl,总失血量[(516.8±107.9)mL]少于B组[(579.5±140.2)mL],差异均有统计学意义(P＜0.05);但两组输血例数差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05).A组手术时间为(77.7±14.6)min,B组为(73.6±17.5)min,两组比较差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05).A组止血带使用时间为(69.4±14.4)min,B组为(73.6±17.5)min,两组比较差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05).术后1周膝关节屈曲A组为93°、B组为84°,术后2周A组为113°、B组为103°,两组比较差异均有统计学意义(P＜0.05);但8周后A组膝关节屈曲为117°、B组为113°,差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05).结论 释放止血带彻底止血后关闭切口可减少手术总失血量.     

Effect of tourniquet use on blood loss in total knee arthroplasty

AIM: To reduce blood loss in total knee arthroplasty various physical measures including the use of a tourniquet are recommended. The question of an early tourniquet release is still unsettled. PATIENTS AND METHOD: To confirm our theory that blood loss and need of blood transfusions might be reduced while removing the tourniquet for meticulous hemostasis before wound closure we analysed 70 (41 male, 29 female) consecutive patients with total knee arthroplasty for osteoarthritis performed by a single surgeon in a prospective-randomized study between 1/1996 to 6/1998. In group I the tourniquet was released before, in group II after wound closure. RESULTS: We couldn't find any significant differences in the estimated blood loss, the decrease of hemoglobin and hematocrit level, and the transfusion need. In Group II we observed two cases of deep vein thrombosis. This difference was not significant. CONCLUSION: We conclude that tourniquet release for hemostasis is not an effective tool in reducing blood loss or transfusion need in total knee arthroplasty.     

全膝关节置换术中止血带使用方法对围手术期失血量及术后早期并发症的影响

目的探讨不同止血带使用方法在全膝关节置换（TKA）术中对围手术期失血量及术后早期并发症的影响。方法行单侧TKA的100例膝关节骨性关节炎,随机分成全程组（手术开始至假体安装完成使用止血带）和短时组（术中截骨完成后至假体安装完成使用止血带）,记录2组手术时间、使用止血带时间、肢体肿胀程度、围手术期总失血量、输血率、术后是否能主动直腿抬高、有无大腿疼痛,比较2组间的差异。结果2组间围手术期总失血量差异无统计学意义（P=0．380）;短时组输血率明显低于全程组（P〈0．001）;短时组术后早期并发症的发生率较全程组明显降低（P〈0．001）。结论TKA术中短时应用止血带并未增加围手术期总失血量,可降低输血率以及术后早期并发症的发生率,有利于患者术后早期康复。     

The timing of tourniquet release and its influence on blood loss after total knee arthroplasty

We performed a prospective, randomized study on 76 patients (82 knees) scheduled for total knee arthroplasty to determine the effect of tourniquet release and hemostasis on the peri- and postoperative blood loss. Patients were randomly divided in two groups. Posterior cruciate retaining tricompartmental total knee prostheses were used in all. In group 1, the tourniquet was deflated intraoperatively after the prosthetic components were settled and hemostasis was done. In group 2, the tourniquet was released after the wound was closed and a compressive bandage was applied. Mean blood drainage was 880.85 ml (320–1,315) in group 1 and 745.36 ml (220–1,175) in group 2 (p=0.03). The mean number of blood transfusions given, hemoglobin and hematocrit values, operation time, and tourniquet time were similar in both groups. Intraoperative tourniquet release and hemostasis does not reduce total blood loss in total knee arthroplasty.

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Résumé Nous avons exécuté une étude prospective et randomisée sur 76 malades (82 genoux) programmé pour arthroplastie du genou total pour déterminer leffet de la levée de garrot- hémostase sur le perte de sang per—et postopératoire. Une prothèse tricompartmentale du genou, avec conservation du croisé postérieur totale a été utilisée dans tous les cas. Les malades étaient randomisés et divisés en deux groupes. Dans le groupe 1 le garrot a été dégonflé en intraopératoire après que les composants prothétiques aient été posés et lhémostase a, alors été faite. Dans le groupe 2 le garrot a été retiré après la fermeture et la mise en place dun pansement compressif. La perte moyenne de sang par drainage était 880.85 ml (320–1315) dans le groupe 1 et 745.36 ml (220–1175) dans le groupe 2 (p=0.03). Le nombre moyen de transfusions du sang effectuées, les valeurs de lhémoglobine et de l› hématocrite, la durée opératoire et la durée du garrot étaient semblables dans les deux groupes.La levée du garrot pendant lopération avec hémostase ne réduit pas la perte totale du sang dans larthroplastie du genou.

     

The effect of tourniquet use on hidden blood loss in total knee arthroplasty

The objective of this study was to examine the characteristics of hidden blood loss and assess the effects of using a tourniquet on postoperative hidden loss in patients undergoing primary total knee arthroplasty. Eighty patients were randomised into two groups: one group underwent operation with a tourniquet and one without. Operating time, perioperative blood loss, hidden blood loss, free haemoglobin, swelling, ecchymosis, straight leg raising action and knee flexion were measured. There were significant differences in the hidden blood loss, free haemoglobin, postoperative swelling, extent of ecchymosis, straight leg raising and postoperative knee flexion in the early period after operation between the two groups. Our results indicate that knee arthroplasty operations with a tourniquet might promote postoperative hidden blood loss and hinder patients’ in early postoperative rehabilitation exercises.     

医源性抽血对全膝关节置换术围术期失血的影响

[目的]评价医源性抽血对初次单侧全膝关节置换术(total knee arthroplasty, TKA)围术期贫血的影响。[方法]回顾性分析2017年8月～2018年1月于四川大学华西医院关节外科行初次单侧TKA的患者141例。依据围术期常规检验抽血量,抽血在17管(约51 ml)的患者66例,列为常规组;抽血在30管(约90 ml)的患者75例,列为额外组。评价两组患者围术期的总失血量和术后血红蛋白变化量。[结果]两组患者的基线指标差异无统计学意义(P0.05),常规组与额外组在总失血量(659.53±429.50 ml vs 610.48±516.71 ml, P=0.329)的差异无统计学意义;两组术后第1、3 d,血红蛋白均显著下降(P0.05),但均未达到中度贫血诊断标准,且于术后15 d恢复至接近术前水平,各时间点两组间血红蛋白的差异均无统计学意义(P0.05)。两组患者围手术期间均没有需要输血的病例。[结论]在血液管理策略干预下,大量的医源性抽血(30管,约90 ml)并不会增加TKA患者围术期的失血量和贫血发生率。     

全膝关节置换术后隐性失血的研究进展

全膝关节置换术后患者血红蛋白的下降程度与观察到的出血明显不符,这是由于隐性失血存在的缘故。隐性失血影响患者伤口的愈合,增加了感染的机会,延长了康复锻炼的时间,严重影响术后疗效。因此,有效地预防隐性失血就显得格外重要。本文分析了性别、年龄、身高与体重、止血带、手术时间与手术创伤、术后抗凝、单双膝置换、自体血回输等因素对隐性失血的影响,为全膝关节置换术隐性失血的预防提供一定的帮助。     

The effects of a pneumatic tourniquet on blood loss in total knee arthroplasty.

OBJECTIVE: In lower-extremity surgery there are significant risks associated with the use of tourniquets. This prospective study was done to assess to what extent these risks may be offset by the potential advantages of tourniquets, namely reductions in blood loss, length of hospital stay and complication rates. DESIGN: A prospective case study. SETTING: A major urban hospital. PATIENTS: Sixty-three consecutive patients scheduled for primary cemented total knee arthroplasty (TKA) were blindly randomized into tourniqet (n = 33) and non-tourniquet (n = 30) groups. INTERVENTION: TKA during which a pneumatic tourniquet was applied or not applied to control blood loss. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Perioperative blood loss, operating time, complication rates, hospital stay and transfusion needs. RESULTS: Differences in the total measured blood loss, intraoperative blood loss and the Hemovac drainage blood loss between the 2 groups were not significantly different (p > 0.25). The calculated total blood loss was actually lower in the non-tourniquet group (p = 0.02). Between the groups there were no statistical differences in surgical time, length of hospital stay, transfusion requirements or rate of complications (although there was a trend to more complications in the tourniquet group (p = 0.06)). CONCLUSION: The effectiveness of a pneumatic tourniquet to control blood loss in TKA is questionable.     

Effect of tourniquet pressure on perioperative blood loss associated with cementless total knee arthroplasty: a prospective, randomized study

Perioperative blood loss is an issue of concern in cementless total knee arthroplasty (TKA). We randomly assigned 57 patients (60 knees) who underwent cementless TKA treatment to 2 groups with tourniquet pressure (TP) of either 350 mm Hg (30 knees) or systolic blood pressure (SBP) plus 100 mm Hg (30 knees) to assess the effect of TP on blood loss. The mean TP in the SBP plus 100 mm Hg group was 238 +/- 13 mm Hg. There was no significant difference between groups. Red blood cell count, hemoglobin levels, and hematocrit recovered to preoperative levels by 3 months after surgery in both groups. In conclusion, we recommend using a TP of 100 mm Hg above SBP during TKA, rather than using the conventional TP of 350 mm Hg.     

骨质疏松对全膝关节置换术后失血量的影响

目的探讨骨质疏松对全膝关节置换(TKA)患者围手术期的总失血量、显性失血量及隐性失血量之间的影响。 方法回顾分析2017年1月至2018年12月在广西壮族自治区人民医院因膝骨关节炎(KOA)伴或不伴原发性骨质疏松症行单侧TKA的89例患者的病例资料,男性40例,女性49例,平均年龄(71±6)岁。骨质疏松组和骨量正常各35例,骨量减少组为19例。记录患者性别、年龄、身高、体重、身体质量指数(BMI)、手术时间、术中失血量以及术前术后血红蛋白(Hb)、红细胞压积(Hct)。应用公式计算出每位患者的总失血量、显性失血量、隐性失血量,采用单因素方差分析比较三组间数据差异,应用SNK-q检验两两比较组间数据差异。 结果所有患者的手术均由同组医师完成。三组患者的一般资料如性别、年龄、BMI、手术时间、手术前Hct、Hb水平等均差异无统计学意义(均为P>0.05)。骨质疏松组总失血量和隐性失血量均显著高于骨量正常组及骨量减少组,差异有统计学意义(F＝25.798、23.502,均为P<0.05),显性出血量的差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。 结论骨质疏松患者在行全膝关节置换术后总出血量、隐性出血量多于骨量减少及骨量正常的患者,因此应重视和治疗有膝关节骨关节炎合并骨质疏松的患者。     

Effect of the timing of tourniquet release on perioperative blood loss associated with cementless total knee arthroplasty: a prospective randomized study

The control of perioperative blood loss is a major concern in cementless knee arthroplasty surgery. We randomized retrospectively 55 patients (60 knees in total) who had undergone cementless total knee arthroplasty and determined the efficacy of tourniquet release either "before" (30 knees) or "after" (30 knees) wound closure. Measurements of total blood loss showed significant differences between the groups ("Before" group, 906 +/- 238 mL; "After" group, 731 +/- 332 mL; P = .0225). The levels of red blood cells, hemoglobin, and hematocrit recovered to the preoperative levels by 3 months after surgery in both groups. In summary, we recommend that the tourniquet be released after wound closure and that a compressive dressing be applied with the aim of limiting or reducing perioperative blood loss without significant effects of the transfer requirement in the 2 groups, provided that tourniquet time is kept below 60 minutes to avoid ill effects of the tourniquet.     

氨甲环酸对全膝关节置换术围手术期失血量的影响及安全性评估

目的 探讨氨甲环酸对全膝关节置换术围手术期失血量的影响及安全性.方法 2008年5月至2009年2月,选取98例拟行全膝关节置换术的患者.男35例,女63例.病因:骨性关节炎66例,类风湿关节炎32例.病程2～12年,平均5年.随机分为A、B两组,每组49例:A组在松止血带时将氨甲环酸1 g稀释于250ml生理盐水后静脉点滴,3 h后以相同剂量再次给药;B组仅给予等量生理盐水静脉点滴.以术中失血量、术后可见失血量、输血量、输血人数、术后血红蛋白和术后纤维蛋白原、凝血酶原时间等为评价指标,对两组进行比较.观察患者术后是否出现下肢深静脉栓塞的临床症状,并于术后14d进行下肢血管多普勒检查.结果术中失血量两组比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05),但术后可见失血量、输血量、输血人数A组均明显少于B组(P<0.05).术后血红蛋白值,A组明显大于B组(P<0.05).两组患者术中松止血带和术后3 h纤维蛋白原、凝血酶原时间和活化部分凝血活酶时间的比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05).术后14d未发现卜肢深静脉血栓形成.结论 在全膝关节置换术中及术后短期使用氨甲环酸能明显降低患者失血量及输血量,并且不增加静脉血栓形成的风险.     

止血带对全膝关节置换术中股骨远端旋转定位时髌骨轨迹的影响

Objective To explore, the influence of tourniquet application on patellar tracking with using the surgical transepieondylar axis as distal femur alignment in total knee arthroplasty (TKA). Methods From December 2002 to August 2008, 349 cases (526 knees) of primary TKA were performed. There were 124 males and 225 females with an average age of 68 years from 33 to 84 years. A total of 387 knees had varus deformity and 94 had valgus deformity. All of prosthesis were rotating platform with posterior cruciate ligament retaining provided by Gemini MK Ⅱ. All patients underwent anterior medial parapatellar approach. The surgical transepieondylar axis had been principally used as the distal femur alignment. Patellar tracking was checked with no thumb test. For maltracking ones, we prefered to use a single retinacular closing stitch at the superior medial arthrotomy and deflate tourniquets. Patellar tracking was checked again. Finally, later-al retinaeular releases (LRR) had been performed to obtain optimizing patellar tracking. Results Intraoper-atively, no thumb test were positive in 138 knees, including patellar subluxation (vaigus deformity) in 12 knees and patellar inclining (74 of valgns deformity and 52 of varus deformity) in 126 knees. After using a single retinacular closing stitch at the superior medial arthrotomy and deflating tourniquets, no thumb test were positive in 40 knees, including patellar subluxation (valgus deformity) in 8 knees and patellar inclining (29 of valgns deformity) in 32 knees. The total rate of LRR was 7.6% (40/526), the rate of LRR in valgus deformity was 39.4% (37/94) and that in yarns deformity and no deformity was 0.7% (3/432). Conclusion There was significant influence of tourniquet application on patellar tracking during the TKA. We were not falsely correcting patellar tracking problems with using a single retinaeular closing stitch at the superior me-dial arthrotomy anti deflating tourniquets intraoperatively and reducing the rate of LRR.     

止血带对全膝关节置换术中股骨远端旋转定位时髌骨轨迹的影响

目的 探讨止血带对全膝关节置换术中以外科髁上轴线为股骨远端旋转定位线的髌骨轨迹的影响.方法 2002年12月至2008年8月,首选以外科髁上轴线为股骨远端旋转定位标志的初次全膝关节置换349例(526膝),男124例(155膝),女225例(371膝);年龄33～84岁,平均68岁.膝内翻387膝,膝外翻94膝.均使用同一种保留后十字韧带的活动平台假体,由同一位手术医生操作.采用前内侧髌旁入路,以外科髁上轴线为股骨远端旋转定位线,以no thumb test检测髌骨轨迹.对髌骨轨迹不良者,缝合髌骨内上缘支持带并松开止血带.对再次检查髌骨轨迹不良者行外侧支持带松解术.术后3个月患者能够极度屈曲膝关节时摄X线片检查髌骨轨迹.结果 术中no thumb test阳性138膝,其中半脱位12膝(膝外翻),髌骨倾斜126膝(膝外翻74膝).缝合髌骨内上缘支持带并松开止血带后,no thumb test阳性40膝,其中半脱位8膝(膝外翻),髌骨倾斜32膝(膝外翻29膝).髌骨外侧支持带松解率7.6%(40/526),膝外翻松解率39.4%(37/94).结论 在全膝关节置换术中,高压止血带对髌骨轨迹有干扰作用.术中缝合髌骨内上缘支持带并松开止血带,可降低外侧支持带松解率.     

全膝关节置换术围手术期隐性失血的危险因素研究

目的探讨影响人工全膝关节置换术（TKA）术后隐性失血的危险因素及发生机制。方法选取2008年5月至2011年5月136位患者192例TKA,患者平均年龄67．5岁,其中单侧膝关节置换80例,双膝关节同期置换56例,同组医师采用同种术式完成,术后24h补液总量不超过2000ml。利用Gross方程,计算患者的术后总失血量,隐性失血量以及血红蛋白降低情况,记录年龄、性别、术侧、BMI、输血等危险因素,通过SPSS13．0进行统计学分析,比较各组之间隐性失血量有无差别,分析影响TKA围手术期隐性失血的危险因素。结果单侧TKA总失血量1650ml,隐性失血830ml;双膝同期置换者总失血量2864ml,隐性失血1487ml。无论是单侧还是双侧TKA,男性及应用自体血回输患者的围手术期失血量多于对照组（P〈0．01）,双膝同期置换隐性失血量比例较大（X^2=6．836,P〈0．01）,高龄肥胖患者隐性失血量明显多于对照组（单膝）X^2=21．587,P〈0．01,双膝X^2=29．233,P〈0．01）。结论TKA术后失血量较高,其中隐性失血比例占50％以上。男性双膝同期置换的患者,年龄〉70且BMI〉27．0,使用自体血回输均是增加围手术期隐性失血的危险因素。     

全膝关节置换术中放开止血带并缝合内上缘支持带对髌骨轨迹的影响

目的 探讨在初次全膝关节置换术(TKA)中放开止血带且缝合内上缘支持带对髌骨轨迹的影响.方法 选择2006年3月至2008年2月初次行TKA的83例患者136侧膝关节.使用前内侧髌旁人路,检测髌骨轨迹.对于不良的髌骨轨迹,术中松开止血带且仅用一针缝合髌骨内上缘支持带.再次检查髌骨轨迹.最后,对残留不良髌骨轨迹的患者行外侧支持带松解术,以求获得满意的髌骨轨迹.采用no-thumb试验作为检测髌骨轨迹的标准.结果 在初次行TKA的83例患者136侧膝关节中,在未松开止血带前,髌骨轨迹不良率为64.7%(88/136).放开止血带且缝合髌骨内上缘支持带后,髌骨外侧支持带松解率为26.5%(36/136),差异有统计学意义(X2=38.55,P＜0.01).其中,膝外翻畸形患者的松解率为58.6%(17/29),膝内翻和无明显畸形患者的松解率为17.8%(19/107).结论 高压止血带对行前内侧髌旁人路TKA的患者髌骨轨迹的干扰作用非常明显.术中松开止血带且缝合髌骨内上缘支持带明显降低了外侧支持带的松解率,从而降低了其可能带来的并发症.     

止血带对全膝关节置换术后深静脉血栓形成的影响

目的 探讨止血带对全膝关节置换术后深静脉血栓形成的影响.方法 采用随机对照研究,将连续入院的拟行初次全膝关节置换的80例患者随机分为两组:一组使用止血带(止血带组,40例),一组不使用止血带(非止血带组,40例).全部采用后十字韧带替代型骨水泥固定人工膝关节(Smith-Nephew),手术由同一组医生完成.比较两组患者围手术期失血量、深静脉血栓和肺动脉栓塞发生率、术中栓子面积百分率%Ae(即总栓子面积占右心房面积的百分率).术前及术后第1～10天行彩色多普勒超声检查,观察双下肢深静脉血栓的发生;术中使用经食道超声心动图监测右心房,评估止血带释放后的%Ae.结果 止血带组患者术中失血最小于非止血带组患者,但两组患者围手术期总失血量比较差异无统计学意义.止血带组患者和非止血带组患者深静脉血栓发生率比较无统计学差异,两组均未发生肺动脉栓塞.止血带组患者%Ae在释放止血带后的1 min达到高峰;非止血带组患者%Ae仅在扩髓和植入假体时出现高峰,然后缓慢下降;止血带组患者%Ae在释放止血带后大于非止血带组患者.结论 止血带的使用对全膝关节置换术围手术期总失血量并无明显影响,不增加深静脉血栓和肺栓塞的发生风险.