猪内源性逆转录病毒体外感染人胚肾细胞系HEK-293的初步研究

目的对猪内源性逆转录病毒(PERV)体外感染人胚肾细胞系HEK-293的能力进行检测。方法建立体外感染人胚肾细胞系HEK-293的方法,用免疫电镜的方法观察PERV粒子,聚合酶链反应(PCR)、逆转录聚合酶链反应(RT—PCR)检测与PERV共培养24h后HEK-293细胞基因组中PERV前病毒基因的整合、表达并对PERV亚型进行鉴定,激光共聚焦显微镜检测PERV—gag蛋白的表达并进行定量分析。结果电镜下可观察到PERV的圆形病毒粒子;与PERV共培养24h后HEK-293细胞基因组中检测到PERV前病毒DNA,且mRNA也有效表达,PERV亚型为PERV—A,B型;激光共聚焦显微镜观察到PERV—gag蛋白在感染细胞HEK-293的胞质表达,但表达量下降。结论PERV具有体外感染人胚肾细胞系HEK-293的能力,病毒蛋白可以有效表达,因此在猪到人的异种器官移植研究中对PERV可能引起的人兽共患病进行安全性评价是极有必要的。     

过表达泛素偶联酶E2C对293T细胞增殖的影响

目的:构建稳定过表达人类泛素偶联酶E2C(UBE2C)的293T人胚肾细胞株,初步探讨其对293T细胞增殖的影响。方法:采用脂质体法将已成功构建的pcDNA3.1(-)/UBE2C真核表达质粒转入293T人胚肾细胞株中,随后经G418筛选4周,得到阳性克隆细胞株;用Western blot技术检测并鉴定UBE2C基因在293T细胞中的表达情况;用MTT法检测UBE2C对293T细胞增殖的影响。结果:Western blot检测显示,转pcDNA3.1(-)/UBE2C组293T细胞的UBE2C蛋白表达水平明显高于转pcDNA3.1(-)组(P<0.01)。MTT法检测结果显示转pcDNA3.1(-)/UBE2C组293T细胞的增殖速度明显快于转pcDNA3.1(-)组(P<0.01)。结论:成功建立稳定过表达UBE2C的293T细胞株,过表达UBE2C可促进293T细胞的增殖。     

敲低错配修复基因hMLH1可导致人胚肾细胞株293t的微卫星不稳定

 目的：探讨人胚胎肾细胞株293t中错配修复基因hMLH1的表达量与微卫星稳定性的关系。方法：构建针对hMLH1 基因的shRNA 表达载体,并干扰293t细胞hMLH1的表达,评价敲低hMLH1前后293t细胞微卫星状态的变化。结果：干扰组293t细胞相比对照组hMLH1表达明显敲低,微卫星状态由稳定变为不稳定。结论：293t细胞的hMLH1表达量与其微卫星状态密切相关,敲低hMLH1可导致293t细胞的微卫星不稳定。     

Comparison of the continuous cell line 293 with human embryo kidney cells and human embryo fibroblast cells for the cultivation of ocular viruses.

The continuous cell line 293 was evaluated as a replacement for primary human embryo kidney (HEK) cells in the cultivation of ocular viruses. The 293 cells were found to be as sensitive as HEK cells and human embryo fibroblast (HEF) cells for the cultivation of adenoviruses and herpes simplex virus (HSV) respectively. As a continuous cell line, 293 cells are preferable to HEK and HEF cells for the routine isolation of ophthalmic viruses.     

Generation of human pulmonary microvascular endothelial cell lines.

The limited lifespan of human microvascular endothelial cells in cell culture represents a major obstacle for the study of microvascular pathobiology. To date, no endothelial cell line is available that demonstrates all of the fundamental characteristics of microvascular endothelial cells. We have generated endothelial cell lines from human pulmonary microvascular endothelial cells (HPMEC) isolated from adult donors. HPMEC were cotransfected with a plasmid encoding the catalytic component of telomerase (hTERT) and a plasmid encoding the simian virus 40 (SV40) large T antigen. Cells transfected with either plasmid alone had an extended lifespan, but the cultures eventually entered crisis after several months of proliferation. Only those cells that were transfected with both plasmids acquired the capacity to grow in vitro without demonstrating major crisis, and these cells have been in culture for 24 months. HPMEC isolated from two different donors were used, generating two populations of immortalized cells, HPMEC-ST1 and HPMEC-ST2. Single cell-derived clones of the immortalized cells HPMEC-ST1 exhibited growth characteristics that were similar to those of the parental HPMEC. One selected clone, HPMEC-ST1.6R, displayed all major constitutively expressed and inducible endothelial phenotypic markers, including platelet endothelial cell adhesion molecule (PECAM-1, CD31), von Willebrand factor (vWF), and the adhesion molecules, intercellular adhesion molecule (ICAM-1), vascular adhesion molecule (VCAM-1), and E-selectin. In addition, an angiogenic response was demonstrated by sprout formation on a biological extracellular matrix (Matrigel). The HPMEC-ST1.6R cells did not form tumors in nude mice. The microvascular endothelial cell line, HPMEC-ST1.6R, will be a valuable tool for the study of microvascular endothelial physiology and pathology including gene expression, angiogenesis, and tumorigenesis.     

Effects of perioperative recombinant human IFN-gamma (rHuIFN-gamma) application in vivo on T cell response.

In spite of the well-known immunoregulatory effects of recombinant human interferon-gamma (rHuIFN-gamma), in vitro clinical trials in trauma patients remain inconclusive. In vitro studies have shown that IFN-gamma has an effect on lymphocyte responses in addition to immunomodulatory effects on the monocyte/macrophage system. To investigate the in vivo effect of rHuIFN-gamma perioperatively on lymphocyte behavior in surgical patients, we studied 46 anergic patients undergoing major surgery. Treated patients (T, n = 24) received 100 microg rHuIFN-gamma subcutaneously (s.c.), and control patients (C, n = 22) received a placebo on preoperative days -7, -5, and -3 in a controlled, double-blinded placebo trial. Whole blood cultures were stimulated with mitogen on perioperative days, and cytokines were investigated in the supernatants. Interleukin-2 receptor (IL-2R) levels were significantly elevated in the treatment arm during the postoperative period (p < 0.05). The postoperative enhancement of IL-4 in C was completely attenuated in T (p < 0.05). IL-2 levels were elevated perioperatively in T but not in C. No significant effect of rHuIFN-gamma could be demonstrated on IL-10 or lymphocyte proliferation in vitro. From this pilot study, we conclude that preoperative in vivo immunomodulation of lymphocyte function with rHuIFN-gamma in anergic patients is effective. It improves immunoreactivity, as shown by elevated IL-2R levels. Elevated IL-2 and suppressed IL-4 levels indicate a shift toward a Th1-driven lymphocyte response.     

Entry of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) into MT-2, human T cell leukemia virus carrier cell line

Summary The ultrastructural features of early events in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection of HTLV-I-carrying MT-2 lymphocytes were investigated by electron microscopy. Within 10 min after virus inoculation at 37°C, the virus entered the cell in two ways; (1) the virus attached to the lymphocyte membrane and the viral core entered the cell after fusion of the viral envelope with the cell membrane, and (2) part of the cell membrane to which the virus was attached became invaginated, the virus became trapped in a phagosome and the viral core entered after the fusion of viral membrane with the vacuolar membrane. Thereafter, some cells were observed to form syncytia with multiple nuclei. When the proportion of anti-HIV antibody-reactive cells present exceeded 90%, virus production was strongly activated, and budding on the cell membrane was frequently observed.     

重组人肿瘤坏死因子与阿霉素抗人结肠癌细胞株（SW480）的序贯作用研究

目的 评价rHuTNF和阿霉素抗人结肠癌细胞株的序贯作用。方法 采用克隆生成试验（Hamburger-Salmon法）,研究rHuTNF和DOX序贯作用于SW480细胞后的抗增殖效果。结果 对结肠癌细胞系SW480,存在DOX至rHuTNF序贯抗增殖作用;除反序贯给药情况外,出现显著的协同作用。结论 在DOX存在情况下,TNF的抗瘤作用增强,从而支持DOX可干扰细胞保护机制以使瘤细胞对TNF细胞毒作用更为敏感的理论。     

小鼠Prohibitin真核表达质粒的构建及在293T细胞中的表达

目的构建小鼠Prohibitin基因真核表达质粒,在293T细胞中进行表达鉴定,为研究小鼠Prohibitin基因功能奠定基础。方法以小鼠Prohibitin基因cDNA序列为模板,设计特定引物,应用PCR的方法扩增其编码序列全长,并将其克隆到真核表达载体pEFP-C2中,将获得的重组表达质粒转染293T细胞,应用RTPCR、Western blot方法检测其表达。结果成功构建了pEGFP-Prohibitin真核表达质粒,将其成功转染293T细胞,pEGFP-Prohibitin转染组Prohibitin蛋白和mRNA在293T细胞的表达量比转染空载转染组明显增加。结论成功构建了真核表达质粒pEGFP-Prohibitin,并在真核细胞表达良好,为研究小鼠Prohibitin的基因功能奠定了基础。     

Staphylococcal enterotoxin B-specific adhesion of murine splenic T cells to a human endothelial cell line.

The presence of a putative autoantigen of autoimmune disorder in a target organ may cause accumulation of specific T cells in the inflammatory region. One of the mechanisms of such accumulation involves the migration of specific-circulating T cells through the endothelial cells into the target lesion. The presence of only a few specific T cells responsive to a putative autoantigen has hampered the investigation of specific migration of circulating T cells to the target organ. We used a superantigen to investigate specific T-cell adhesion to endothelial cells, because it stimulates a large proportion of T cells with particular V beta elements and adhesion of T cells to the endothelium is a vital step in the migration process. Adhesion of murine T cells to the human endothelial cell line, EA.hy926, was specifically increased in the presence of staphylococcal enterotoxin B (SEB). The increase was interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma)-dependent, and consisted mainly of CD4+ T cells. V beta 8.1,2+ T cells preferentially adhered to endothelial cells in the presence of SEB compared with V beta 6+ T cells. Pretreatment of endothelial cells with SEB increased the adherence of V beta 8.1,2+ T cells, while anti-human leucocyte antigen (HLA)-DR and -DQ antibodies inhibited the increased adherence of V beta 8.1,2+ T cells. Our results demonstrate that increased T-cell adhesion to endothelial cells is SEB specific, and that the specificity is dependent on major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II molecules expressed on endothelial cells and on the recognition of the SEB-MHC class II complex by V beta 8.1,2+ T cells.     

6种人DNA甲基转移酶3B典型异构体的克隆、表达及对293A细胞增殖的影响

目的构建6种人DNA甲基转移酶(DNMT)3B典型的异构体的真核表达载体并对其进行过表达,初步探讨其在人胚肾细胞系293A中的生物学作用。方法以人HCT116 c DNA为模板,采用高保真PCR获得DNMT3B1和DNMT3B2的全长,并以DNMT3B2为模板,利用特异的引物扩增出DNMT3B3、DNMT3B4、DNMT3B5和DNMT3B7,将PCR产物连接到真核表达载体p CMV-2B上,并对上述载体进行Bam HⅠ、EcoRⅠ双酶切和测序鉴定,鉴定正确后,将重组质粒转染293A细胞并利用G418筛选出稳定表达的克隆株,MTT法检测细胞增殖活力。结果双酶切和测序结果表明克隆了6种人DNMT3B异构体CDS序列,经蛋白印迹检测,DNMT3B异构体在293A细胞中获得稳定表达;稳定过表达DNMT3B3、DNMT3B4和DNMT3B7可以抑制细胞增殖。结论构建了人DNMT3B异构体真核表达载体及获得了其稳定表达细胞株,DNMT3B异构体蛋白对胚肾细胞系293A的增殖有不同的作用。     

Cross-reactivity among several recombinant calicivirus virus-like particles (VLPs) with monoclonal antibodies obtained from mice immunized orally with one type of VLP

Human caliciviruses (HuCVs) are classified into the Norwalk-like viruses (NLV) and Sapporo-like viruses (SLV) as genera within the family CALICIVIRIDAE: The NLV genus is further classified into genogroups I and II, based on sequence similarities. To study the antigenic determinants on the HuCV capsid protein and develop new diagnostic tools for field samples, we established and characterized monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) against baculovirus-expressed recombinant HuCV virus-like particles (VLPs). Hybrid clones producing MAbs were obtained from cultures of PAI myeloma cells fused with spleen or mesenteric lymph node cells from mice immunized orally with either a single type of recombinant Norwalk virus (rNV), Kashiwa 47 virus (rKAV), Snow Mountain agent (rSMA), or Sapporo virus (rSV) VLP or with mixtures of two types of VLPs from different genogroups. Twenty MAbs, obtained as mouse ascites, were characterized and classified into six groups according to their enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and Western blotting (WB) cross-reactivity patterns to VLPs. Five groups of MAbs reacted by both WB and ELISA and were classified as follows: common cross-reactive MAbs for four genogroup I and six genogroup II VLPs (group A), genogroup I-specific MAbs (group B), genogroup II-specific MAbs (group C), and strain-specific MAbs (groups D and E). One MAb group (group F) reacted only by ELISA. The group A MAbs, which showed broad cross-reactivity with VLPs of both NLV genogroups, were obtained from mice immunized orally with a single type of VLP (either rNV or rKAV). Two MAbs, which were obtained from mice immunized with rSV, reacted with rSV but not with any NLV VLP. These are the first MAbs to be reported for any SLV. These strain-, genogroup-, and genus-reactive MAbs will be useful tools for further study of the antigenic and structural topography of the HuCV virion and for diagnostic assays for HuCVs.     

T cell reactivity to human insulinoma cell line (CM) antigens in patients with type 1 diabetes.

Autoimmune (type 1) diabetes mellitus results from a progressive destruction of insulin secreting beta cells operated by T lymphocytes in pancreatic islets. Circulating autoreactive T cells to specific beta cell antigens are detected in patients with type 1 diabetes. To date, several beta cell autoantigens have been identified in this disease (GAD, IA-2, 38kD secretory protein, insulin, ICA69 etc.), however, it is possible that also other unidentified self molecules contribute to trigger beta cell autoimmunity. In this study we used the human insulinoma cell line CM as source of beta cell antigens to detect reactive T lymphocytes in patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus. This cell line has been previously shown to express a number of recognized beta cell antigens. Since the expression of several beta cell antigens is affected by glucose stimulation we tested two preparations of CM cells cultured under different conditions containing low (0.8 mM) and high glucose concentration (11 mM). T cell proliferation was measured using cells from 32 patients with type 1 diabetes (19 of recent onset and 13 at 3 to 22 months from diagnosis) and 27 age-matched control subjects. A significant increase in T cell proliferation to CM cells grown in high glucose conditions (11 mM) (p < 0.05) was found in type 1 diabetic patients compared to controls. No significant differences were observed when using CM cells cultured at the low glucose concentration. Furthermore, the response to both extracts of CM cells was independent of disease duration (p = 0.6 for both CM cells cultured at 0.8 and 11 mM glucose). These data indicate that T cell reactivity to homogenates of CM cells is detectable in patients with type 1 diabetes and suggest that this human insulinoma cell line is an interesting potential source of beta cell material for immunological studies of autoimmune diabetes.     

Effect of morpholino antisense oligonucleotide against lumican mRNA in human embryonic kidney (HEK) 293 cells

Lumican is a member of the small-leucine-rich proteoglycan (SLRP) family and is overexpressed during wound healing of the cornea, in ischemic and reperfused heart, and in several cancer tissues. Lumican is considered to regulate the collagen fibril diameter and interfibrillar spacing. However, the effect of lumican on cell growth has not been adequately examined. In the present study, we attempted to clarify whether lumican contributes to human embryonic kidney (HEK) 293 cell growth, using the morpholino antisense oligonucleotide (m-anti oligo) against lumican mRNA. M-anti oligo is a novel oligonucleotide and exhibits a higher antisense activity, higher water solubility, and greater resistance to nucleases in target cells than phosphorothioate types of oligonucleotide. After delivery of m-anti oligo against lumican mRNA, the fluorescein 5-isothiocyanate (FITC) conjugated oligonucleotides were observed in the cytoplasm and nucleus of HEK 293 cells at 24 h by confocal laser microscopy. M-anti oligo for lumican mRNA strongly inhibited the synthesis of lumican protein in the HEK 293 cells, and the HEK cell growth rate was higher than those in the control groups. These findings may indicate that lumican protein has an inhibitory effect on HEK 293 cell growth in vitro .     

Genotoxic effects of carbon black particles, diesel exhaust particles, and urban air particulates and their extracts on a human alveolar epithelial cell line (A549) and a human monocytic cell line (THP-1)

The possible genotoxicity of small particulate matter has been under investigation for the last 10 years. Diesel exhaust particles (DEP) are considered as "probably carcinogenic" (IARC group 2A) and a number of studies show genotoxic effects of urban particulate matter (UPM). Carbon black (CB) is carcinogenic in rats. In this study the cytotoxic and genotoxic potency of these three particle types was investigated by exposing human cells (A549 and THP-1 cell lines) in vitro to CB, DEP (SRM 1650, NIST), and UPM (SRM 1648, NIST) for 48 hr. Cytotoxicity was assessed using the Alamar Blue assay, whereas genotoxicity was assessed using the single-cell gel electrophoresis (comet assay). The particles were characterized with regard to their mean diameter in tissue culture medium (CB 100 nm, DEP 400 nm, UPM 2 microm), their total carbon content (CB 99%, DEP 85%, UPM 15%), and their acid-soluble metal composition (UPM > CB approximately DEP). The concentrations ranged from 16 ng/ml to 16 microg/ml for cytotoxicity tests and from 16 ng/ml to 1.6 microg/ml for genotoxicity tests. In both assays, paraquat was used as a reference chemical. The CB, DEP, and UPM particles showed no significant cytotoxicity. However, all three particles were able to cause significant DNA damage, although to a different extent in the two cell lines. The genotoxicity of washed particles and dichloromethane extracts was also investigated. In THP-1 cells CB washed particles and DEP extracts caused significant DNA damage. This difference in effect may be related to differences in size, structure, and composition of the particles. These results suggest that CB, DEP, and UPM are able to cause DNA damage and, therefore, may contribute to the causation of lung cancer. More detailed studies on influence of size, structure, and composition of the particles are needed.     

The pattern of integration of viral DNA sequences in the adenovirus 5-transformed human cell line 293

The pattern of integrated adenovirus 5 DNA in the adenovirus 5-transformed human cell line 293 was analyzed by DNA blot hybridization. In contrast to a previous report, only sequences from the left end of the genome were detected. The viral DNA was contained in a unique DNA fragment generated by cleavage of 293 DNA with either EcoRI or BamHI, two enzymes which do not cut the integrated viral DNA. Further mapping studies indicated that the integrated sequence was probably colinear with viral DNA. The joining to host cell sequences occurred between viral nucleotide base pairs 1 and 270 (a site for BalI) on one end and 4123 (SmaI site) and 5372 (BalI site) at the other end. The viral DNA was not tandemly repeated. These results suggest that integration of viral sequences into the host genome probably occurred at a single site. If any subsequent duplications of viral DNA took place, then duplication of extensive cellular sequences also must have occurred.     

猿猴病毒40 T抗原转化的人脐静脉内皮细胞系PUMC-HUVEC-T1的建立

目的 建立猿猴病毒40（SV40）T抗原转化的人脐静脉内皮细胞（HVUEC）模型,为内皮研究提供可利用资源。方法 分离人脐静脉内皮细胞,原代培养。感染含有SV40大T、小T抗原的慢病毒,连续传代培养。对感染后的HUVEC,RT-PCR检测大T的表达,免疫细胞化学检测vWF、CD31、CD34的表达及结合凝集素能力,透射电镜观察内皮细胞的超微结构,Matrigel检测管状成型,进行染色体核型分析,皮下接种BABL/c-nu裸鼠检测致瘤性,PCR法进行种属鉴定及支原体检测,短串联重复序列（STR）检测鉴定细胞身份。结果 转化后的人脐静脉内皮细胞命名为PUMC-HUVEC-T1,扁平多角状,汇合时典型铺路石排列,体外传代40代以上（1∶3～4）;细胞中有SV40LT mRNA的表达;vWF、CD31、CD34表达均阳性,可结合荆豆凝集素-1（UEA-1）;电镜可见WP小体;不同代数细胞核型正常稳定,裸鼠体内接种不成瘤。PUMC-HUVEC-T1种属鉴定为人源性,STR结果与原代HUVEC一致,无支原体的污染,国家实验细胞资源共享平台收藏。结论 建立了易获得、背景清楚、质量可靠的SV40 T抗原转化的HUVEC细胞系PUMC-HUVEC-T1。     

Increased permeability of human endothelial cell line EA.hy926 induced by hantavirus-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes

Hantavirus infection causes two human diseases, hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome and hantavirus pulmonary syndrome. The typical feature of these diseases is increased permeability in microvascular beds in the kidneys and the lungs, respectively. The mechanism of capillary leakage, however, is not understood. Some evidence suggests that hantavirus disease pathogenesis is immunologically mediated by cytotoxic T lymphocytes and other immune cells in target organs producing inflammatory cytokines. In this study we examined the roles of virus-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes in increased permeability of human endothelial cells infected with hantavirus. We used a human CD8(+) hantavirus-specific cytotoxic T lymphocyte line, 1A-E2, specific for the HLA-A24-restricted epitope in Sin Nombre and Puumala virus G2 protein, and the human endothelial cell line, EA.hy926 that expresses HLA-A24 molecule. The cytotoxic T lymphocyte line recognized and lysed target cells infected with Sin Nombre virus, and in transwell permeability assays increased permeability of EA.hy926 cell monolayer infected with Sin Nombre virus or recombinant adenovirus expressing the Sin Nombre virus G2 protein. These results suggest that cytotoxic T lymphocyte activity contribute to capillary leakage observed in patients with hantavirus pulmonary syndrome or hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome.