Medical thoracoscopy in the diagnosis of unexplained pleural effusion

Abstract Approximately 20% of pleural effusions remain without an established aetiology after evaluation. Thoracoscopy has a very high sensitivity for the diagnosis of both benign and malignant diseases and greatly increases the diagnostic yield for pleural effusion. We sought to evaluate the diagnostic yield and safety of medical thoracoscopy at this institution. The records of all patients undergoing medical thoracoscopy for the evaluation of undiagnosed pleural effusion between 1990 and 1996 were reviewed. The procedure was performed under local anaesthesia with sedation using a Stortz rigid thoracoscope. Fifty-eight patients had thoracoscopy, most having had two (range: 1–6) non-diagnostic pleural aspirations and biopsies of the pleura. Nineteen patients were found to have mesothelioma and nine metastatic malignancy. Three patients were considered likely to have tuberculous pleural disease, six had asbestos related benign pleural fibrosis and three post-cardiotomy syndrome. There was one chylous effusion of uncertain aetiology, one post-traumatic and two other benign effusions, both of which resolved without clear aetiology. On seven occasions the pleural space could not be adequately accessed, but none of these patients had prior computerized tomography (CT) or ultrasound of the pleural space. There were five false negative diagnoses of malignancy, but no false positives. The diagnostic sensitivity for pleural malignancy was 85% and specificity 100%. There were no major complications, but four patients had late tumour seeding at the thoracoscopy site. Medical thoracoscopy is a safe procedure with a high diagnostic yield. Pre-operative evaluation of the pleural collection using ultrasound or CT increases the likelihood of successful access to the pleural space and may increase diagnostic yield.     

135例胸腔积液患者内科胸腔镜检查及临床意义

目的探讨内科胸腔镜检查对不明原因胸腔积液患者的临床意义。方法分析内科胸腔镜检查135例患者的临床资料。结果135例中,经胸腔镜胸膜活检确诊104例（77．0％）,其中病理为恶性肿瘤和结核性胸膜炎各51例（49．0％）,脓胸2例（1．9％）。135例胸腔积液患者经胸腔镜检查病因诊断阳性率85．9％。恶性肿瘤和结核性胸膜炎患者经胸腔镜胸膜活检阳性率分别为79．7％和91．1％。结论内科胸腔镜检查对不明原因胸腔积液患者有获得病理诊断、病因诊断及准确肺癌分期等临床意义。     

胸腔镜对恶性胸腔积液诊断的价值

目的探讨内科胸腔镜对恶性胸腔积液诊断价值。方法 138例恶性胸腔积液患者行内科胸腔镜,取病变组织病理检查。结果获得明确病理结果 130例。镜下表现分为以下4种:①结节120例;②胸膜增厚、纤维组织增生形成分隔或粘连带10例;③胸膜充血、水肿6例,④胸膜弥漫性肥厚、凹凸不平2例。确诊病例中肺癌110例,肺腺癌转移93例,恶性间皮瘤8例,转移癌10例,病理无法定性的恶性胸腔积液5例。所有病例无严重并发症。结论内科胸腔镜检查对恶性胸腔积液诊断是一种安全、有效的方法。     

胸腔镜检查诊断不明原因的胸腔积液临床分析

目的探讨胸腔镜检查对不明原因胸腔积液的诊断价值。方法25例不明原因的胸腔积液患者行胸腔镜检,直视下取病变组织行病理检查。结果镜下表现灰白色粟粒样结节,多发结节状突起,胸膜局灶不规则增厚,胸膜充血、水肿,纤维粘连。胸腔镜检查确诊率92％。确诊病例中恶性肿瘤15例（60％）,其中肺癌转移11例,恶性胸膜间皮瘤4例,良性疾病共8例（32％）,其中结核性胸膜炎7例,慢性炎症1例,无严重并发症。结论胸腔镜检查对不明原因的胸腔积液是一种安全、确诊率高的诊断方法。     

可弯曲内科胸腔镜术对恶性胸腔积液的诊治价值

目的探讨可弯曲内科电子胸腔镜在诊治恶性胸腔积液中的价值。方法经可弯曲内科电子胸腔镜检查确诊的118例恶性胸腔积液的临床资料进行了分析,118例中55例经内科胸腔镜行滑石粉喷洒胸膜固定术。结果 118例均经胸膜活检病理确诊,包括肺癌胸膜转移106例(腺癌74例、鳞癌22例、小细胞癌7例、大细胞癌1例、病理未能分型2例),其他部位胸膜转移6例,胸膜间皮瘤4例,胸膜淋巴瘤2例。胸膜病变主要表现为大小不等的结节、肿块、扁平隆起、白斑、胸膜充血等。胸腔镜下滑石粉胸膜固定术组的胸水控制率为96.4%(53/55),通过胸腔闭式引流管注药的对照组胸水控制率为67.3%(37/55),两组疗效相差显著(P0.01)。胸膜固定术患者术后出现胸痛52例、发热45例,均对症治疗后好转,118例均未发现严重并发症。结论可弯曲内科电子胸腔镜术诊治恶性胸腔积液是一种安全、微创、高效而实用的方法,值得临床广泛推广。     

胸腔镜与经皮胸膜活检在胸腔积液诊断中的临床价值

目的比较内科胸腔镜和经皮胸膜活检在胸腔积液诊断中的价值。方法分析我院同期开展内科胸腔镜(胸腔镜组)和经皮胸膜活检(闭式活检组)的胸腔积液患者,比较两组的病理诊断阳性率及安全性。结果胸腔镜组病理诊断阳性率显著高于闭式活检组,胸腔镜组恶性肿瘤诊断率显著高于闭式活检组,胸腔镜组胸膜结核的诊断率与闭式活检组无显著性差异;两组并发症比较无显著性差异。结论经皮胸膜活检和内科胸腔镜对于胸腔积液诊断均是安全、有效的方法。     

可弯曲内科胸腔镜术对胸膜疾病的诊治价值

目的探索可弯曲内科电子胸腔镜诊治胸膜疾病的价值及可行性。方法采用Olympus LTF-240型可弯曲内科胸腔镜对114例胸膜疾病患者在局麻下行开放式胸腔镜术，包括诊断组（含不明原因胸腔积液者及肺癌分期诊断者）、气胸组、胸膜固定术组及脓胸组。结果72例不明原因胸腔积液中确诊58例（80．1％），包括胸膜转移癌39例（肺癌胸膜转移38例、食管癌胸膜转移1例），胸膜间皮瘤3例，结核性胸膜炎15例，矽肺累及胸膜1例；未确诊的病例包括12例病理示非特异性炎症、2例胸腔镜检查未见异常。6例肺癌分期诊断者2例证实胸膜转移。13例气胸治愈7例（53，8％），胸膜固定术28例胸水均得到控制，脓胸6例均得到治愈。无1例出现严重并发症。结论可弯曲内科电子胸腔镜术容易耐受、安全、微创、费用低，是诊断疑难胸膜疾病及治疗难治性胸腔积液、脓胸的有效而实用的方法。     

Medical thoracoscopy in an Australian regional hospital

Medical thoracoscopy is not widely available in Australia. A medical thoracoscopy service has been set up in a regional hospital using no specialized equipment and at minimal cost. Of the first 100 procedures carried out, 89 were for investigation of pleural effusion, 6 for pneumothorax and 6 for empyema. Of the 89 pleural effusions, 73 were diagnosed as malignant (43 carcinoma, 24 mesothelioma, 3 lymphoma, 2 melanoma and 1 sarcoma). The sensitivity for a malignant diagnosis was 94.5%, with 100% specificity. Four patients had unsuspected tuberculous effusions. Pleurodesis was carried out with instillation of dry sterile talc in 67 cases. In 92.5% of these, no further drainage procedure was needed. There was one fatality caused by pre-existing sepsis in a debilitated patient with disseminated carcinoma. Medical thoracoscopy is a simple, safe and cost-effective technique for diagnosing and treating pleural effusions and provides a useful service in the setting of a regional hospital.     

胸膜活检对原因不明的渗出性胸腔积液的诊断价值

目的观察胸膜活检术在渗出性胸腔积液诊断中的价值。方法对146例渗出性胸腔积液患者行胸膜活检，同时取胸水及痰送检抗酸杆菌及癌细胞。结果146例胸膜活检第一次活检成功率71．9％，特异性病理诊断92例，病理诊断阳性率63％。恶性胸腔积液胸膜活检阳性率58％，胸水细胞学检查阳性率22％，痰找癌细胞阳性率16％。结核性胸腔积液胸膜活检阳性率66．6％，痰找抗酸杆菌阳性率5．2％。结论胸膜活检是一项安全、简单、有效的胸膜疾病的重要的内科确诊手段。     

内科胸腔镜对老年疑难性胸腔积液的诊断价值

目的内科胸腔镜在诊断老年疑难性渗出性胸腔积液的价值。方法应用内科胸腔镜对56例老年疑难性渗出性胸腔积液患者进行检查,术中对可疑病变部位进行直视下多点活检,比较镜下表现与病理结果相关性,评价手术的安全性。结果56例疑难性渗出性胸腔积液患者中病理确诊51例,诊断阳性率92．9％,其中转移性腺癌16例（28．5％）,鳞癌7例（12．5％）,小细胞癌2例（3．6％）,食道癌胸膜转移1例（1．8％）,淋巴瘤2例（3．6％）,恶性胸膜问皮瘤4例（7．1％）,结核病20例（35．7％）,非特异性慢性炎症2例（3．6％）;2例（3．6％）病理为阴性,所有病例均未发生严重并发症。结论内科胸腔镜检查对老年性疑难性渗出性胸腔积液诊断阳性率高、简单、安全、并发症发生率低。     

Is there any role for thoracoscopy in the diagnosis of benign pleural effusions

Thoracoscopy in the endoscopy suite, has a high diagnostic yield of undiagnosed pleural effusions with minimal and mild complications. Whereas relatively minimal invasive techniques, such as thoracentesis, image‐guided pleural biopsy or blind pleural biopsy, can yield sufficient cell or tissue material to establish the diagnosis of the underlying condition, more definite invasive diagnostic and therapeutic procedure, such as thoracoscopy, may be required for accurate sampling and diagnosis, and further provide real‐time treatment options in same procedure. If thoracoscopy is considered the gold standard for the diagnosis is a fact in case. The current review aims to provide informations on thoracoscopy indications in benign pleural diseases according to up to date publications.     

开放式胸腔镜术在血性胸腔积液病因诊断中的应用

目的探讨开放式胸腔镜术对血性胸腔积液病因的诊断价值。方法对95例不明原因的血性胸腔积液患者实施局麻下开放式胸腔镜术,直视下取病变组织行病理检查。结果病因诊断阳性率为90.5%(86/95),均未发生并发症。结论开放式胸腔镜术对不明原因的血性胸腔积液诊断阳性率高。     

内科胸腔镜联合快速现场评估对不明原因胸腔积液的诊断价值

目的 探讨内科胸腔镜联合快速现场评估(ROSE)对不明原因胸腔积液的诊断价值及临床应用.方法 回顾性分析98例不明原因胸腔积液患者的临床资料,其中内科胸腔镜联合ROSE检查的患者52例,未联合ROSE检查的患者46例.比较两组患者胸膜活检情况、二次检查率、并发症发生率、诊断率,分析ROSE结果 与术后病理一致性及ROS...     

可弯曲式内科胸腔镜在恶性胸膜间皮瘤中的诊断价值

目的探讨可弯曲式胸腔镜对恶性胸膜间皮瘤的诊断价值。方法对30例不明原因胸腔积液患者进行胸腔镜检查。全麻下于腋部胸壁第6～7肋间置入胸腔镜套管,吸去大部分胸腔积液后按照内、前、上、后、侧、下的顺序观察胸膜腔并进行胸膜活检。结果 30例患者中有6例经直视下取活检病理证实为恶性胸膜间皮瘤。结论胸膜间皮瘤,单纯依靠影像学诊断较为困难,通过内科胸腔镜可在直视下取到理想的胸膜组织,提高了诊断阳性率。     

结核性与恶性胸腔积液内科胸腔镜下特征比较及诊断相关因素分析

目的对比结核性与恶性胸腔积液内科胸腔镜下的特征及常见危险因素、临床表现的差异,为不明原因胸腔积液鉴别诊断提供依据。方法收集山西医科大学第一医院呼吸科2016年1月至2018年1月“胸腔积液待查”的90例患者临床资料,均因病因不明行内科胸腔镜下胸膜活检,按病理结果分为结核组与恶性组,对比分析2组镜下特征和常见危险因素、临床表现等指标。结果90例患者经胸腔镜和病理检查明确诊断85例,确诊率为944%,其中结核性胸腔积液40例,恶性胸腔积液36例。结核组镜下表现以胸膜充血水肿、广泛粘连、胸膜均匀一致小结节为主(χ^2值分别为23.175、7.361、6.064,P值均<005);恶性组镜下表现以胸膜增生增厚、大小不等结节、白斑样改变、肿块为主(χ^2值分别为23.095、8.717、11.577、5.127,P值均<005)。单因素回归分析:发热、体质量减轻对结核性胸腔积液诊断有意义;年龄>40岁、气促、病程>1个月、吸烟指数>400年支及血性胸腔积液对恶性胸腔积液的诊断有提示意义。多因素回归分析:发热和体质量减轻是结核性胸腔积液的特征性表现;年龄>40岁、病程>1个月、吸烟指数>400年支和血性胸腔积液对恶性胸腔积液诊断有较大价值。结论内科胸腔镜是确诊不明原因胸腔积液的有效检查方法,恶性胸腔积液和结核性胸腔积液是最常见的病因。危险因素、临床表现等指标及内镜下特征性表现对结核性与恶性胸腔积液鉴别有较大提示意义。     

Role of medical thoracoscopy in the diagnosis of pleural effusions

BackgroundMedical thoracoscopy (semi-rigid and rigid thoracoscopy) have revolutionized the management of undiagnosed pleural effusions. Though semi-rigid thoracoscopy has a good diagnostic yield in malignant and tubercular effusions, its role in the management of a complicated pleural effusions is debatable. Hence, rigid thoracoscopy becomes handy in these cases. The present study looked into the role of medical thoracoscopy in the diagnosis of pleural effusions in different conditions.MethodsThis study included all patients who underwent medical thoracoscopy at our center between May-2010 and March-2020. Basic demographics data, type of medical thoracoscopy used, and histopathology details were collected and analyzed.ResultsA total of 373 patients were subjected to medical thoracoscopy (202 semi-rigid thoracoscopy and 171 rigid thoracoscopy). Out of whom 246 (66%) were males, the mean age was 51.9 ± 13.2 years. Diagnosis was achieved in 370 patients with a yield of 99.2%. The diagnostic yield in semi-rigid thoracoscopy was 99.5% with lung malignancy being the most common diagnosis (41%; n = 81), followed by tuberculosis (31%; n = 61). The diagnostic yield in rigid thoracoscopy was 100% in our study. Along with high diagnostic yield, complete drainage and lung expansion was seen in 93.5% (160 out of 171 patients) without requiring a second procedure.ConclusionsSemi-rigid thoracoscopy and rigid thoracoscopy should complement each other in the diagnosis of pleural effusions. Rigid thoracoscopy should be considered as the procedure of choice in a complicated pleural effusion.     

局麻下胸腔镜介入治疗结核性包裹性胸腔积液的疗效观察

目的观察内科胸腔镜治疗结核性包裹性胸腔积液的疗效。方法结核性包裹性胸腔积液病人126例,随机分为治疗组(胸腔镜组)及对照组(尿激酶组),每组各63例,胸腔镜组采用胸腔镜介入下治疗,对照组于胸腔内注入尿激酶10万U。比较两组胸腔积液胸腔粘连、引流量及胸膜厚度,治疗后肺功能以及住院费用。结果治疗组胸水纤维分隔粘连多房形成发生率7.9%,而对照组为34.9%(P0.05);胸腔镜组胸腔积液引流量平均为(2500±450)ml,显著多于对照组的(1500±320)ml(P0.01);治疗组胸膜厚度为(1.15±0.32)mm,显著低于对照组(1.97±0.45)mm(P0.01);肺功能治疗组FEV1(%)为89.8±1.8,对照组82.2±2.2;治疗组FVC(%)96.1±2.3,对照组88.3±2.5(P0.01);住院天数治疗组8.0±3,对照组7.5±2(P0.05);住院费用治疗组2700±500,对照组2500±450。结论内科胸腔镜治疗包裹性胸腔积液,可以显著减少胸腔分隔,粘连,多房形成,减轻胸膜肥厚,以及改善肺功能,而住院天数费用较传统方法无明显增加。     

内科胸腔镜在108例病因不明的胸腔积液患者中的应用

目的 探讨内科胸腔镜对不明病因胸腔积液的诊断价值.方法 回顾性分析我院呼吸内科2011-2013年2年内对108例病因不明的胸腔积液患者进行内科胸腔镜检查并行胸膜活检的过程、结果及安全性.结果 108例胸腔积液患者中的106例获得活检病理组织及病理诊断.其中结核性胸膜炎52例,恶性肿瘤45例,肺炎并胸膜炎3例,非特异性炎症6例,黏连严重未能活检2例.其诊断阳性率为92.6％.2例患者手术后并发气胸,其余患者手术中及术后无严重并发症.结论 内科胸腔镜用于胸腔积液的病因诊断安全有效,诊断率高,具有较高的临床价值.     

内科胸腔镜结合尿激酶治疗结核性包裹性胸腔积液的临床应用

目的观察内科胸腔镜结合尿激酶治疗结核性包裹性胸腔积液的疗效。方法结核性包裹性胸腔积液病人72例,随机分为治疗组(胸腔镜+尿激酶组)及对照组(尿激酶组),每组各36例,治疗组采用胸腔镜介入下治疗后再注入尿激酶治疗。对照组只于胸腔内注入尿激酶治疗。比较两组胸腔积液引流量及住院费用、住院天数,治疗两个月后再粘连情况、胸膜厚度以及肺功能改善情况。结果治疗组胸水纤维分隔粘连多房形成发生率5.6%,低于对照组为25.0%(P<0.05);治疗组胸腔积液引流量平均为(1100±250)ml,显著多于对照组的(700±180)ml(P<0.01);治疗组的FEV1/FVC及FVC(%)改善率、胸膜厚度改善值较对照组有显著差异(P<0.01)。结论内科胸腔镜结合尿激酶治疗包裹性胸腔积液,可以显著减少胸腔分隔,粘连,多房形成,减轻胸膜肥厚,以及改善肺功能。