The Effect of Sleep Deprivation on Cardiac Function and Tolerance to Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury in Male Rats

Background

Sleep deprivation (SD) is strongly associated with elevated risk for cardiovascular disease.

Objective

To determine the effect of SD on basal hemodynamic functions and tolerance to myocardial ischemia-reperfusion (IR) injury in male rats.

Method

SD was induced by using the flowerpot method for 4 days. Isolated hearts were perfused with Langendorff setup, and the following parameters were measured at baseline and after IR: left ventricular developed pressure (LVDP); heart rate (HR); and the maximum rate of increase and decrease of left ventricular pressure (±dp/dt). Heart NOx level, infarct size and coronary flow CK-MB and LDH were measured after IR. Systolic blood pressure (SBP) was measured at start and end of study.

Results

In the SD group, the baseline levels of LVDP (19%), +dp/dt (18%), and -dp/dt (21%) were significantly (p < 0.05) lower, and HR (32%) was significantly higher compared to the controls. After ischemia, hearts from SD group displayed a significant increase in HR together with a low hemodynamic function recovery compared to the controls. In the SD group, NOx level in heart, coronary flow CK-MB and LDH and infarct size significantly increased after IR; also SD rats had higher SBP after 4 days.

Conclusion

Hearts from SD rats had lower basal cardiac function and less tolerance to IR injury, which may be linked to an increase in NO production following IR.     

mitoKATP通道在瑞舒伐他汀联合缺血后处理减轻糖尿病大鼠心肌缺血再灌注损伤中的作用

目的观察瑞舒伐他汀后处理联合缺血后处理是否能减轻2型糖尿病大鼠缺血再灌注损伤并探讨其相应机制。方法建立2型糖尿病大鼠模型,并随机分成7组(每组9只):假手术组、缺血再灌注损伤组(IRI组)、瑞舒伐他汀后处理+缺血后处理组(RPO+IPO组)、瑞舒伐他汀后处理+缺血后处理组+5-羟基喹酸盐组(5-HD组)、瑞舒伐他汀后处理+缺血后处理组+二氮嗪组(二氮嗪组)、瑞舒伐他汀后处理+缺血后处理组+HMR-1098组(HMR-1098组)、瑞舒伐他汀后处理+缺血后处理组+克罗卡林组(克罗卡林组)。进行45 min缺血和120 min再灌注,观察心肌梗死区面积及心肌细胞线粒体超微结构和血清心肌肌钙蛋白T水平。结果 RPO+IPO组、二氮嗪组、HMR-1098组和克罗卡林组心肌梗死面积较IRI组明显减小(P<0.05),5-HD组心肌梗死面积明显大于RPO+IPO组、二氮嗪组、HMR-1098组及克罗卡林组(P<0.05)。IRI组和5-HD组心肌细胞线粒体超微结构损伤重,RPO+IPO组、二氮嗪组、HMR-1098组及克罗卡林组心肌细胞线粒体超微结构基本完整。RPO+IPO组、二氮嗪组、HMR-1098组及克罗卡林组血清心肌肌钙蛋白T水平较IRI组明显减少(P<0.05),5-HD组血清心肌肌钙蛋白T水平与IRI组无明显差异,但明显高于RPO+IPO组、二氮嗪组、HMR-1098组及克罗卡林组(P<0.05)。结论瑞舒伐他汀后处理联合缺血后处理可明显减轻2型糖尿病大鼠缺血再灌注损伤,mitoKATP通道开放在此作用中起主导地位。     

Nuclear Factor (Erythroid-Derived 2)-Like-2 Factor (Nrf2), a Key Regulator of the Antioxidant Response to Protect Against Atherosclerosis and Nonalcoholic Steatohepatitis

Tissue oxidative stress is a common hallmark of atherosclerosis and non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), 2 conditions linked epidemiologically and pathophysiologically. Nuclear factor (erythroid-derived 2)-like 2 (Nrf2) is the master regulator of inducible antioxidant responses, that can attenuate cellular injury from oxidative stress induced by obesity and other redox insults. Nrf2 expression and activation is reduced in mouse and human vessels that harbor accelerated atherosclerosis and in livers with histologic criteria of NASH. Systemic antioxidants have thus been attractive therapeutic targets, but clinical trials have been largely unsuccessful in improving cardiovascular health. Macrophage-selective Nrf2 activation may, however, provide an approach to reduce vascular and hepatocyte injury without the complications of systemic antioxidants, since macrophages play key roles in the development and progression of both atherosclerosis and NASH. In this article, we review the common mechanisms of oxidative stress and inflammation in atherosclerosis and NASH, and discuss the role of Nrf2 in vascular and hepatocyte protection.     

Predicting Myocardial Injury and Other Cardiac Complications After Elective Noncardiac Surgery with the Revised Cardiac Risk Index: The VISION Study

BackgroundThe Revised Cardiac Risk Index (RCRI) is widely used to estimate risk of cardiac complications after noncardiac surgery; its estimates do not capture myocardial injury after noncardiac surgery (MINS). We evaluated the incidence of cardiac complications including MINS across RCRI risk classes and the RCRI's ability to discriminate, before surgery, between patients who will experience these complications and those who will not.MethodsThis was a secondary analysis of a prospective cohort study of 35,815 patients ≥ 45 years old who had elective inpatient noncardiac surgery from 2007 to 2013 at 28 centres in 14 countries. The primary outcome was a composite of MINS, myocardial infarction, nonfatal cardiac arrest, or cardiac death within 30 days after surgery. The secondary outcome was this composite without MINS.ResultsThe primary outcome occurred in 4725 patients (13.2%); its incidences across RCRI classes I (no risk factors), II (1 risk factor), III (2 risk factors), and IV (≥ 3 risk factors) were, respectively, 8.2%, 15.4%, 26.6%, and 40.2% (C-statistic for discrimination 0.65 [95% confidence interval 0.62-0.68]). The secondary outcome occurred in 1174 patients (3.3%) with incidences of 1.6%, 4.0%, 7.9%, and 12.9%, respectively (C-statistic 0.69 [0.65-0.72]). Thirty-five percent of primary outcome events and 26.9% of secondary outcome events occurred in patients with no RCRI risk factors.ConclusionThe RCRI alone is not sufficient to guide postoperative cardiac monitoring because 1 in 12 patients ≥ 45 years of age without any RCRI risk factors have a cardiac complication after major noncardiac surgery, and most of them would be missed without systematic troponin testing.     

The Effect of Remote Ischemic Conditioning and Glyceryl Trinitrate on Perioperative Myocardial Injury in Cardiac Bypass Surgery Patients: Rationale and Design of the ERIC‐GTN Study

Remote ischemic conditioning (RIC) using transient limb ischemia/reperfusion has been reported to reduce perioperative myocardial injury in patients undergoing coronary artery bypass grafting and/or valve surgery. The role of intravenous glyceryl trinitrate (GTN) therapy administered during cardiac surgery as a cardioprotective agent and whether it interferes with RIC cardioprotection is not clear and is investigated in the ERIC‐GTN trial ( http://www.clinicaltrials.gov : NCT01864252). The ERIC‐GTN trial is a single‐site, double‐blind, randomized, placebo‐controlled study. Consenting adult patients (age > 18 years) undergoing elective coronary artery bypass grafting ± valve surgery with blood cardioplegia will be eligible for inclusion. Two hundred sixty patients will be randomized to 1 of 4 treatment groups following anesthetic induction: (1) RIC alone, a RIC protocol comprising three 5‐minute cycles of simultaneous upper‐arm and thigh cuff inflation/deflation followed by an intravenous (IV) placebo infusion; (2) GTN alone, a simulated sham RIC protocol followed by an IV GTN infusion; (3) RIC + GTN, a RIC protocol followed by an IV GTN infusion; and (4) neither RIC nor GTN, a sham RIC protocol followed by IV placebo infusion. The primary endpoint will be perioperative myocardial injury as quantified by the 72‐hour area‐under‐the‐curve serum high‐sensitivity troponin T. The ERIC‐GTN trial will determine whether intraoperative GTN therapy is cardioprotective during cardiac surgery and whether it affects RIC cardioprotection.