胰十二指肠切除术后迟发性胰瘘并出血的护理体会

胰十二指肠切除术(Pancreaticoduodenectomy,PD)是治疗胰头癌和壶腹周围癌的首选治疗方法。胰瘘、出血是PD术后常见的严重并发症。如何有效预防和治疗PD术后胰瘘、出血,一直是外科临床的棘手难题。本文结合1例PD术后迟发性胰瘘并出血的壶腹癌患者治疗成功的护理经验,探讨PD术后迟发性胰瘘并出血的护理体会。     

胰十二指肠切除治疗壶腹周围恶性肿瘤

目的 探讨降低胰十二指肠切除后并发症及死亡率的措施。方法 回顾性分析1998年～2001年间连续实行的46例胰十二指肠切除的并发症及死亡率。总结其经验与教训。结果 本组46例术后出现并发症的12例(26.1％),其中胰瘘5例。住院期死亡率2.2％。采用胰管空肠黏膜对合吻合及胆管空肠器件吻合,进行胰肠、胆肠重建的18例无1例术后并发胰瘘、胆瘘,也无手术死亡。结论 降低胰十二指肠切除后并发症及死亡率的关键在于外科手术操作术式及积极的围术期处理。胰管空肠黏膜对合吻合及胆管空肠器件吻合技术用于胰十二指肠切除胰肠、胆肠重建是降低术后胰瘘、胆瘘的有效措施。     

胰十二指肠切除术后并发症的防治（附22例分析）

目的 探讨胰十二指肠切除术后并发症的防治措施。方法 对行胰十二指肠切除术(PD)69例进行回顾性分析。结果 69例PD术后有并发症22例(28例次)，占31．9％。4例患者发生两种或以上的并发症。主要包括胰瘘5例次，胆瘘3例次，出血3例次，切口感染6例次，腹腔感染4例次，肺部感染2例次，皮下血肿1例次，肝衰、肾衰、心衰、乳糜腹各1例次。死亡9例，病死率13％。结论 预防是关键，术前、术中和术后的处理均要周到，术前尽早应用营养支持，纠正贫血，防止水电解质紊乱，改善重要器官功能和凝血功能，术中仔细解剖和精细操作，防治低血压，术后妥善处理才能降低并发症和手术死亡率。     

21例胰十二指肠切除术的体会

胰十二指肠切除术(PD)迄今仍为治疗胰头癌、壶腹部周围癌的标准术式。但由于术中术后易致出血、感染、胆漏、胰漏等致命性并发症，基层医院较少开展。近年来，我院成功进行了21例PD，除1例术后发生胰漏外，其余均顺利恢复出院，现报道如下。     

whipple手术探讨

自1935年whipple对十二指肠乳头癌减黄后行胰头十二指肠切除术(PD)以来,PD一直是治疗壶腹周围癌的经典术式。目前主要采用whipple、child法重建消化道,二者都将胃肠吻合口放在胰肠、胆畅吻台口之下,以便胃肠道内酸碱中和,减少吻合口溃疡的发生。且手术的根本问题是提高手术切除率、降低死亡率、提高5年生存率。作者收集本院1993～1995年中3例PD,时如何提高胰头癌或壶腹部周围癌切除率、术中估价、手术技术等问题加以探讨。     

捆绑式胰肠吻合在胰十二指肠切除术中的应用

胰十二指肠切除术是治疗胰头及十二指肠、胆总管壶腹恶性及部分良性肿瘤的主要方法。然而其术后并发症发生率高,胰瘘是胰十二指肠切除术后严重的并发症和主要的死亡原因之一。捆绑式胰肠吻合术是1996年由彭淑墉设计的。经大量临床实践证实其可以明显减少术后胰漏的发生率[1]。我科自1998年至2004年共有36例病人采用捆绑式胰肠吻合术,无1例发生胰瘘,疗效满意。临床资料本组共36例,男24例,女12例。年龄37～73岁,平均54.6岁。其中胰头癌21例,壶腹部肿瘤12例,十二指肠癌3例,全部病人均行胰十二指肠切除术及捆绑式胰肠吻合术。上述诊断术后全部经…     

胰十二指肠切除术后胰瘘的临床分析

目的 探讨胰十二指肠切除术(pancreaticoduodenctomy,PD)后胰瘘发生的危险因素及预防措施.方法 对1997年2月-2006年10月完成的108例PD进行回顾性分析.结果 胰瘘发生率为13.9%,胰瘘组其他并发症发生率及围手术期死亡率显著高于无胰瘘组(66.7%vs.20.4%,P=0.001;33.3%vs 7.5%,P=0.012),十二指肠肿瘤及手术时间长是胰瘘发生的高危因素,而胰管引流、捆绑式胰肠吻合术、术后预防性应用奥曲肽是胰瘘的保护因素.结论 胰瘘仍是目前PD术后最常见、最严重的并发症.PD集中于有经验的外科医师进行,采用捆绑式胰肠吻合术、胰管引流、术后预防性应用奥曲肽可减少胰瘘发生率.     

20例保留幽门的胰十二指肠切除术临床体会

目的探讨保留幽门的胰十二指肠切除术的疗效及该技术并发症的发生率。方法本组回顾性分析采用保留幽门的胰头十二指肠切除术治疗壶腹周围癌共20例,描述手术要点,总结其优点。结果全组患者术后无胃排空延迟,无胆漏、胰漏、肠漏,无消化道出血发生。全组病例痊愈出院。结论保留幽门不影响胰头癌及壶腹周围癌根治的彻底性。本组病例术后并发症少,死亡率低,消化功能恢复快,是一种有广泛应用前景的术式。     

胰十二指肠切除术后并发症的观察与护理

胰十二指肠切除术是目前腹部外科最复杂手术之一,切除范围包括胰头部、十二指肠、空肠上段、胃窦部、胆总管等,消化道重建有3个吻合口。手术范围大,时间长,出血多,对病人造成的损伤大,术后导致一系列的病理生理改变,易发生多种并发症。现将我科32例胰十二指肠切除术后并发症的观察与护理报道如下。临床资料　我科1990～1998年共行胰十二指肠切除术32例,其中壶腹周围癌8例,胆总管下段癌6例,十二指肠癌3例,胰头癌15例。共发生术后并发症7例,胆瘘2例,腹腔感染1例,胰瘘2例,术后残胃无张力1例,腹腔出血1例,上述病例中1例因腹腔出血于手术当日死亡…     

手术治疗胰头和壶腹部癌122例分析

近年来,由于内视镜的胰胆管造影(ERCP)、B型超声、经皮经肝胆管造影、选择性腹腔动脉造影以及低张性十二指肠X线检查等诊断技术的进步,使壶腹部癌的切除率和术后生存期有明显的改善。然而,胰头癌的治疗效果仍然较差,有人统计胰头癌施行胰十二指肠切除和胆肠吻合术后的生存期     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.     

Pharmacological treatment of COVID-19: an opinion paper

The precocity and efficacy of the vaccines developed so far against COVID-19 has been the most significant and saving advance against the pandemic. The development of vaccines has not prevented, during the whole period of the pandemic, the constant search for therapeutic medicines, both among existing drugs with different indications and in the development of new drugs. The Scientific Committee of the COVID-19 of the Illustrious College of Physicians of Madrid wanted to offer an early, simplified and critical approach to these new drugs, to new developments in immunotherapy and to what has been learned from the immune response modulators already known and which have proven effective against the virus, in order to help understand the current situation.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.     

Alzheimer’s disease – current trends in basic and clinical research. Highlights from the 16th ECNP

Advances in the molecular biological knowledge of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to a growing interest by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of novel compounds that selectively modulate nAChR function. The ability of (-)-nicotine, an activator of nAChRs, to enhance attentional aspects of cognition in animals and humans, to exert neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and presumably to mediate the negative correlation between smoking and Alzheimer's (and Parkinson's) Disease, has focused interest on the potential therapeutic utility of modulators of nAChR function for treatment of some of the deficits associated with these progressive, neurodegenerative conditions. Numerous compounds are known which activate nAChRs and which might serve as lead compounds toward the development of such agents. The pharmacologic diversity of neuronal nAChR subtypes suggests the possibility of developing selective compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents. This broader class of agents, collectively called cholinergic channel modulators (ChCMs), is anticipated to encompass compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents, which generally exhibit low selectivity. This selectivity may be achieved by preferentially activating some subtypes of nAChRs (i.e., Cholinergic Channel Activators, ChCAs) or inhibiting the function of other subtypes (Cholinergic Channel Inhibitors, ChCIs). An overview of the biology of nAChRs and the rationale for the use of ChCMs for the treatment of dementia related to neurodegenerative diseases are presented, followed by a discussion of lead compounds and compounds under consideration for clinical evaluation.