Breast-feeding among the urban poor in southern Brazil: reasons for termination in the first 6 months of life

A study of breast-feeding practices over the first 6 months of life among a cohort of urban poor infants in southern Brazil indicated that the median duration of breast-feeding was 18 weeks, and at 6 months 41% of the infants were still being breast-fed. The duration of breast-feeding was significantly associated with the following: the infant's sex, mother's colour, type of first feed, timing of the first breast-feed, breast-feeding regimen and frequency of breast-feeding at 1 month, and the use of hormonal contraceptives by the mother. The following were significant risk factors for early termination of breast-feeding: the infant's sex, type of first feed, use of supplementary feeds, frequency of breast-feeding, feeding regimen, weight-for-age, and weight-for-age after controlling for birth weight. Dissatisfaction with their infant's growth rate was the most frequent reason given by mothers for supplementing the diets of infants who were exclusively breast-fed in the first 3 months of life. Also, the mothers' perception that their milk output was inadequate was the most frequent reason expressed for stopping breast-feeding in the first 4 months. The roles of health services and family support in providing favourable conditions for increasing the duration of breast-feeding in the study population are discussed, as well as the possibility of bias being introduced into studies of the relationship between infant feeding and growth by the effect of the infant's rate of growth on the mother's decision to continue breast-feeding.     

Maternal factors associated with the duration of breast feeding in Jeddah,Saudi Arabia

Recently, there has been increasing concern about the decline in breast-feeding pattern in developing countries. The objectives of this study were to document the recent breast-feeding trends in Jeddah during the first year of an infant's life and identify the probable maternal risk factors implicated in breast-feeding cessation. Data were collected from six randomly selected primary health care centres in Jeddah City. All married women with an infant 相似文献   

Risk Factors for Discontinuing Breastfeeding in Southern Brazil: A Survival Analysis

To identify risk factors for discontinuing breastfeeding during an infant's first year of life. A cohort study recruited mothers in a hospital in S?o Leopoldo, Brazil, which mainly serves the low-income population. In order to obtain socioeconomic, environmental, and behavioral information, face-to-face interviews with mothers were conducted after birth, and when their infants were 6 and 12 months old. The duration of breastfeeding was investigated at 6 and 12 months, and recorded separately for each month. Depressive symptoms were assessed using the Beck Depression Inventory. The multivariate model for predicting the discontinuation of breastfeeding, adjusted Kaplan-Meier survival curves and Cox regression were used. Of the 360 participants, 201 (55.8%) discontinued breastfeeding within the first 12 months. A multivariate Cox regression model revealed that symptoms of maternal depression (low levels: RR = 1.59, 95% CI 1.02-2.47; moderate to severe: RR = 2.03, 95% CI 1.35-3.01), bottle feeding (RR = 2.07, 95% CI 1.31-3.28) and pacifier use in the first month of life (RR = 3.12, 95% CI 2.13-4.57) were independently associated with the outcomes after adjusting for confounders. Breastfeeding cessation rates were lower for children who did not use bottle feeding or a pacifier in the first month of life and for the children whose mothers presented with minimal depression. Early pacifier use and bottle feeding must be strongly discouraged to support long-term breastfeeding. In addition, screening maternal depression at a primary care service can be a step forward in promoting a longer duration of breastfeeding.     

Infant feeding practices of Anglo American and Asian Indian American mothers.

OBJECTIVE: To compare infant feeding practices of Anglo-American (AA) (n = 25) and Asian-Indian American (AIA) mothers (n = 25) residing in the southeastern United States. METHODS: Feeding practices (breast-feeding, formula-feeding, introduction of solid foods) were assessed at infant ages one, three, six, nine and twelve months for a total of 250 interviews conducted in the home. Mothers' sources of information about infant feeding practices and dietary intakes of their infants were collected (24-hour recalls). RESULTS: Compared to their AIA counterparts, AA mothers breast-fed for significantly longer durations and introduced formula and solid foods into the infants' diet at a later age (p<0.05). Throughout the first year, AA mothers relied primarily upon health professionals for infant feeding information compared to AIA mothers, who sought information primarily from the family network during the first six months and relied more on health professionals during the second six months of the infant's life. Throughout the first twelve months, infants of both groups exceeded 100% of the RDA for energy, protein, calcium, iron, vitamin A, and vitamin C. CONCLUSION: Health professionals, including nutrition educators, should educate AIA mothers about and encourage AA mothers to follow current feeding recommendations and guidelines about breast-feeding, formula-feeding and introducing solid foods.     

Addition of supplementary foods and infant growth (2 to 24 months)

OBJECTIVE: To determine the effect of adding supplementary foods on infant growth 2 to 8 and 12 to 24 months. METHODS: Length (cm/month) and weight (kg/month) of white infants (n = 94) were measured five to nine times from 2 to 24 months of age. Mothers reported birth weights, infants' ages at first introduction of supplementary food, illnesses and information sources about infant feeding. Simple linear regression equations were used to compute slopes for each child (unit changes in length and in weight by age). Stepwise linear regression was used to determine the effect on weight and length slopes by the introduction of supplementary foods (e.g., an infant's age when cereal, fruit, juice, vegetables and a meat cluster were first added) to the diet. Breast feeding (months duration or ever fed), illness scores and gender were covariates in the regression models. RESULTS: A significant model (F = 10.09, p = .002) for weight gain (2 to 8 months) showed that gender explained 10% of the variance; for length slope, the model was non-significant and gender explained 3% of the variance. Females had a slower weight gain compared to that of males. None of the covariates or supplementary foods were retained in the models. Weight prior to 12 months was the best predictor (p = .0001, 54% of the variance) of weight gain 12 to 24 months. CONCLUSIONS: Unit changes in weight or length for an infant's age were not statistically associated with the timing of when supplementary foods were first added to the diet 2 to 8 or 12 to 24 months. Weight prior to 12 months was a significant predictor of weight gain 12 to 24 months.     

Health consequences of breast-feeding: doctors' visits and hospitalizations during the first 18 months of life in Hong Kong Chinese infants

BACKGROUND: The evidence on whether breast-feeding reduces health services use in nonwhite infants is scant. We examined the effects of breast-feeding on health services utilization in Hong Kong Chinese infants. METHODS: We followed a population-based cohort of 8327 infants born in 1997 for 18 months. The main outcome measures were higher (above the sample mean) utilization of outpatient visits and hospitalizations for jaundice, gastrointestinal or respiratory/febrile illnesses, and all illnesses. RESULTS: Breast-fed infants had fewer illness-related doctor visits overall through the first 18 months of life. Results were strongest for infants breast fed exclusively for 2 to 3 months (odds ratio [OR] for higher utilization = 0.78; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.62-0.99) and for 4 or more months (0.65; 0.53-0.81). However, breast-fed infants were more likely to receive outpatient care for jaundice, particularly in the first 3 months of life (ORs ranging from 2.5 to 8.4). Any breast-feeding was also associated with more jaundice-related hospital admissions, the effects of which were most acute in the first 3 months of life. Compared with exclusively formula-fed infants, the OR (CI) for mixed breast- and formula-fed was 2.4 (1.7-3.5); for exclusive breast-feeding up to 1 month, 4.5 (2.7-7.6); for exclusive breast-feeding 2 to 3 months, 3.2 (1.8-5.7); and for exclusive breast-feeding 4 or more months, 3.4 (2.0-5.7). CONCLUSIONS: Breast-feeding in Hong Kong Chinese infants reduces doctor visits overall, but increases both outpatient visits and hospitalizations for jaundice.     

婴儿期营养性贫血多因素分析

【目的】了解婴儿期不同月龄贫血发生情况，探讨其影响因素，为干预提供依据。【方法】对829名首次就诊于儿童保健门诊的1～12个月婴儿的保健资料进行分析。【结果】贫血总检出率为15．56％，其中1～4个月组为9．7％，5～6月组为15．3％．7～12月组为32．1％。单因素分析显示1～4个月组母乳喂养者贫血发生率较低，母亲产前出血、妊高征、胎龄、出生体重均与婴儿贫血有关。5～12月人工喂养者贫血发生率较低，婴儿食欲与贫血发生相关；Logistic回归分析显示1～4月组、出生体重及母亲妊高征与婴儿贫血相关，5～12月组与贫血相关的因素为喂养方式和月平均身高增加量。【结论】加强围产保健，减少低出生体重儿的发生率，提倡婴儿期母乳喂养的同时注意适时、适量合理的添加辅食(其他食物)是减少婴儿期贫血的有力措施。     

HIV-positive poor women may stop breast-feeding early to protect their infants from HIV infection although available replacement diets are grossly inadequate

Little is known about mothers' perspectives and experiences of early breast-feeding cessation as a strategy to reduce postnatal HIV transmission in rural, resource-constrained settings. We conducted in-depth interviews (IDI) with 15 HIV-positive breast-feeding mothers of infants aged 3-5 mo about their plans for feeding their infants after age 6 mo. We also conducted IDI with 12 HIV-positive mothers who intended to stop breast-feeding after receiving their infant's HIV-PCR negative test result at age 6 mo. Twenty-four-hour dietary recalls were conducted with the same 12 mothers and 16 HIV-negative or status unknown mothers who were breast-feeding their 6- to 9-mo-old infants. Of the 12 mothers who intended to stop breast-feeding, 11 did so by 9 mo. Median energy intake (percent requirement) was 1382 kJ (54%) among weaned infants compared with 2234 kJ (87%) among breast-feeding infants. Median intakes were <67% of the recommended levels for 9 and 7 of the 12 micronutrients assessed for weaned and breast-feeding infants, respectively. Factors facilitating early breast-feeding cessation were mothers' knowledge about HIV transmission, family support, and disclosure of their HIV status; food unavailability was the primary barrier. HIV-positive mothers in resource-constrained settings may be so motivated to protect their child from HIV that they stop breast-feeding early even when they cannot provide an adequate replacement diet. As reflected in the new World Health Organization guidance, HIV-positive mothers should continue breastfeeding their infants beyond 6 mo if replacement feeding is still not acceptable, feasible, affordable, sustainable, and safe.     

Growth pattern of exclusively breast-fed infants during the first six months of life in Ile-Ife,Osun State,Nigeria

Several studies to determine the growth pattern of exclusively breast fed infants have provided varying conclusions as to the sufficiency of breast milk alone to support adequate growth for the first six months of life. Disagreement exists concerning the optimal timing of introduction of complementary foods to exclusively breast fed infants. This prospective study thus examined the adequacy of breast milk alone to support normal growth during the first six months of life in our environment. The overall objective was to propose a scientifically sound national recommendation on the appropriate timing for the introduction of complementary feeding in Nigeria. Three hundred and fifty-two mother/infant pairs were serially recruited into the study; all babies were aged 14 days or less and weighed 2.5 kg and above. Three hundred and forty-five (98%) were successfully followed up till the infants were six months old. By six months, 264 (76.5%) were exclusively breast-fed, while 81 (23.5%) had commenced complementary feeding. Growth curves of exclusively breast-fed infants showed increasing weight from birth to six months. Although the 50th percentile birth weight for both boys and girls were the same (3.2 kg), boys gained weight faster than the girls from the age of one month to six months and were heavier at six months. Additionally, the 50th percentile curves of these infants (both genders) for the first six months were above the 50th percentile curve of the World Health Organisation and National Centre for Health Statistics (WHO/NCHS) reference currently used on our national "road to health" (growth monitoring) cards. It was concluded that exclusive breast-feeding supported adequate growth during the first six months of life for most of the children studied and that our national recommendation that infants be introduced to complementary feeding at six months is appropriate.     

伊犁察布查尔县婴儿代乳品、辅食添加现状及原因分析

目的 了解伊犁察布查尔地区6个月以内婴儿母乳喂养与辅食添加现状,分析影响婴儿过早添加辅食的可能因素。方法 队列研究方法,对伊犁察布察尔地区2008年出生的婴儿母亲进行问卷调查及产后6个月的逐月随访,样本量226例。结果 （1）婴儿出生时纯母乳喂养率是82.06%,3个月时纯母乳喂养率（72.81%）开始明显下降,4个月时纯母乳喂养率降到55.92%,6个月仅有43.09%的婴儿是纯母乳喂养。（2）婴儿1月、2月、3月、4月、6月时辅食添加率分别是16.4%、16.8%、20.8%、27.4%、41.6%,其中有27.4%的婴儿在4个月前已经开始添加了一种或一种以上的辅食,已添代乳品、水、水果蔬菜、谷类、蛋类的比例分别占62.9%、53.2%、27.4%、27.4%、35.5%;6个月时大部分婴儿未及时添加辅食,辅食添加率仅为41.6%,代乳品、水、水果蔬菜、谷类、蛋类的比例分别占77.7%、40.4%、42.6%、35.1%、57.4%。（3）代乳品添加中鲜牛奶的比例最高,4个月时已达82.1%,6个月时所占比例为84.9%。（4）婴儿辅食添加过旱的影响因素有：母亲年龄、孩子是否第一个、吸吮时间、孩子每天睡眠时间等。结论伊犁察布查尔地区纯母乳喂养率低;在辅食添加时间上存在较大的问题;加强少数民族母亲婴儿喂养知识的教育,重点在及时合理的添加辅食。     

不同喂养方式对0～24月龄婴幼儿生长速率、生长水平的影响

目的了解哈尔滨市婴幼儿喂养方式,建立前瞻性队列观察不同喂养方式对婴幼儿体格发育的纵向影响。方法随机抽取哈尔滨市2009年7月1日—2010年7月1日出生的婴儿593例,监测婴幼儿0～24月龄的体重、身长、头围、喂养情况、家庭基本信息等。测量次数：共测查20次,包括出生3 d内、1岁内每月1次、1～2岁每3月1次。结果 593例研究对象中,男性293例（49.41%）,女性300例（50.59%）;男、女婴在社会人口学特征分布上差异均无统计学意义（P〉0.05）。母乳喂养组267例（45.03%）,混合喂养组132例（22.26%）,人工喂养组194例（32.71%）。方差分析显示婴幼儿不同喂养方式对0～24月龄婴幼儿体重、身长、头围有不同影响。1月时体重均值人工喂养组〉混合喂养组〉母乳喂养组;7～24月龄体重均值母乳喂养组〉混合喂养组〉人工喂养组,3组均值经方差分析差异有统计学意义（P〈0.05）。对4～24月龄时身长有影响,7～24月龄体重均值母乳喂养组〉混合喂养组〉人工喂养组,差异有统计学意义（P〈0.05）。2月龄时头围均值人工喂养组〉混合喂养组〉母乳喂养组,差异有统计学意义（P〈0.05）;7月龄、9～24月龄时头围均值母乳喂养组〉混合喂养组〉人工喂养组,差异有统计学意义（P〈0.05）。结论母乳是婴幼儿生命早期最佳的天然食品,为婴幼儿提供了生命所需的必要营养物质,对婴幼儿生长速率增长有极大的促进作用。     

The role of infant feeding practices in the explanation for ethnic differences in infant growth: the Amsterdam Born Children and their Development study

Rapid early growth in infants may influence overweight and CVD in later life. Both rapid growth and these disease outcomes disproportionately affect some ethnic minorities. We determined ethnic differences in growth rate (Δ standard deviation scores, ΔSDS) during the first 6 months of life and assessed the explanatory role of infant feeding. Data were derived from a multiethnic cohort for the Amsterdam Born Children and their Development study (The Netherlands). Growth data (weight and length) of 2998 term-born singleton infants with no fetal growth restriction were available for five ethnic populations: Dutch (n 1619), African descent (n 174), Turkish (n 167), Moroccan (n 232) and other non-Dutch (n 806). ΔSDS for weight, length and weight-for-length between 4 weeks and 6 months were defined using internal references. Infant feeding pattern (breast-feeding duration, introduction of formula feeding and complementary feeding) in relation to ethnic differences in growth rate was examined by multivariate linear regression. Results showed that the growth rate was higher in almost all ethnic minorities, with β between 0·07 and 0·41 for ΔSDS weight and between 0·12 and 0·42 for ΔSDS length, compared with ethnic Dutch infants. ΔSDS weight-for-length was similar across groups, except for Moroccan infants (β 0·25, P?相似文献   

陕西镇安县36月龄以下婴幼儿喂养行为现况调查

【目的】 分析陕西省镇安县36月龄以下婴幼儿出生情况和喂养行为。 【方法】 采用PPS抽样,在陕西省镇安县抽取432名36月龄以下婴幼儿,进行问卷调查。 【结果】 婴儿平均出生体重为3 270 g,身长50.3 cm,性别间无显著差异。低出生体重儿占5.1%,巨大儿占5.6%。婴儿4个月内母乳喂养率为52.3%。分别有4.2%、 26.3%和73%的婴幼儿在4~5月龄、6~11月龄和12~17月龄断奶。该地区0~5月龄婴儿96.7%已添加汤汁饮料类辅食;开始添加半固体软质谷类食物的中位数大多是在6月龄;有一半婴幼儿在7、8月龄开始添加蛋类和肉类;18~35月龄婴幼儿中有一半是在12个月龄时开始添加鱼类;12~17月龄儿中分别有88.4%和56.5%的比例添加了肉类和鱼类。 【结论】陕西镇安农村婴幼儿母乳喂养率很低,婴儿抱奶时间长,断奶过早,辅食添加过早,6月龄以后辅食种类不丰富,添加优质蛋白的时间较晚。建议应在包括镇安在内的贫困农村加大力度宣传母乳喂养,尽量保证母乳喂养,同时要适时、合理地添加辅食。     

Breast-feeding through the first year predicts maternal control in feeding and subsequent toddler energy intakes

OBJECTIVE: Current recommendations for infant feeding encourage breast-feeding through the first year. This research was conducted to evaluate associations among breast-feeding, maternal control of child feeding, and the dietary intake of toddlers during the second year of life. In particular, we sought to determine whether breast-feeding through the first year and subsequent toddler intake was mediated via maternal control of child feeding. DESIGN/SUBJECTS: Fifty-five white infants and their mothers were monitored longitudinally from age 12 or 13 months to age 18 months. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Breast-feeding through the first year and maternal control in infant feeding were evaluated as predictors of energy intake at age 18 months. STATISTICAL ANALYSES PERFORMED: Regression analysis was used to evaluate predictors of toddler energy intake at age 18 months. A mediation model tested if the relationship between breast-feeding and infant intake was mediated by maternal control in feeding. RESULTS: Breast-feeding through the first year was associated with higher toddler energy intakes at age 18 months through its influence on maternal control in feeding. Mothers who breast-fed their infants for at least 12 months used lower levels of control in feeding. Lower levels of maternal control in feeding were associated with higher toddler energy intakes. The highest energy intakes among children aged 18 months were observed among taller and leaner toddlers. APPLICATIONS/CONCLUSIONS: Our findings suggest that breast-feeding through the first year may have an effect on children's energy intake by shaping mothers' child-feeding practices. These findings may be used by clinicians to assist parents in making informed decisions about choice of infant-feeding method and to provide anticipatory guidance regarding infant-feeding style when initiating dietary diversity.     

Infant feeding patterns on Mauritius Island, 1991

The 1991 Mauritius Contraceptive Prevalence Survey (CPS) included a special module on infant feeding patterns in Mauritius. Since 1985, when a similar CPS was conducted, the incidence of breast-feeding has fallen from 86% to 72%. The duration of any breast-feeding among those breast-fed remained constant at 13.6 months. The module allowed for an assessment of the World Health Organization (WHO) breast-feeding indicators on exclusive breast-feeding, timely complementary feeding and continued breast-feeding. Only 16% of infants 0–3 months old are exclusively breast-fed; only 29% of infants 6–9 months old receive breast milk and complementary foods and only 27% of children 12–15 months are still breast-fed. These patterns of limited breast-feeding and early supplementation may signal future declines in breast-feeding for other African and Asian countries. Published by Elsevier Science Ltd     

母乳喂养质量改进对极低和超低出生体重儿母乳喂养率的影响

目的 研究母乳喂养质量改进措施对极低和超低出生体重儿母乳喂养率的作用,为临床推广应用提供依据。方法 回顾性分析2016年5月-2017年12月医院收治的258例极低和超低出生体重儿临床资料,根据是否实施母乳喂养质量改进措施将其分为对照组100例和改进组158例,对照组患儿采用常规母乳喂养,改进组患儿实施母乳喂养质量改进措施。比较两组患儿母乳喂养情况,住院期间亲母母乳喂养率、喂养量和患儿住院期间生长指标以及总并发症发生率。结果 改进组患儿首次亲母母乳喂养时间、母乳强化剂开始添加时间、达全肠道喂养时间及静脉营养时间均显著短于对照组患儿(P<0.05),亲母母乳喂养率和喂养量明显高于对照组,患儿住院期间体重、身长和头围增长均明显大于对照组(P＜0.05)。改进组患儿喂养不耐受发生率、总并发症发生率明显低于对照组患儿(P＜0.05)。结论 母乳喂养质量改进能明显改善极低和超低出生体重儿母乳喂养情况,提高母乳喂养率和喂养量,促进患儿生长,并可减少并发症发生。     

Perceptions of mothers and use of breastmilk substitutes in Dhaka,Bangladesh

To explore the actual practices and perceptions of giving breastmilk and breastmilk substitutes (BMS), this cross-sectional study was conducted among 326 mothers of low (income/month < Tk 4,000, n = 163) and middle (income/month > Tk 4,000, n = 163) socioeconomic status (SES) with infants aged 6-12 months in Dhaka city during February-April 2001. Qualitative data on perceptions of mothers on appropriate breast-feeding practices were also documented through focus-group discussions (FGDs). The prevalence of exclusive breast-feeding was low in both the socioeconomic groups but was comparatively higher among the mothers of middle SES (3.1% vs 12.3%, p < 0.001), although predominant breast-feeding was high among the mothers of low SES. In addition, the use of BMS was higher among the mothers of middle SES than among the mothers of low SES (55.8% vs. 43.5%, p < 0.001). The majority (62.3%) of the mothers mentioned insufficiency of breastmilk as the main reason for introducing BMS. Perception on appropriate feeding practices was also significantly different between the two groups. Approximately, 90% of the mothers of low SES could not differentiate between infant formula and milk powder compared to 70% of the mothers of middle SES (p < 0.001). The findings of FGDs revealed that some middle-class mothers thought that infant formula was the best food for their infants. Programmes to impart proper knowledge on breast-feeding practices should be strengthened.     

Predominant breast-feeding from birth to six months is associated with fewer gastrointestinal infections and increased risk for iron deficiency among infants

Iron deficiency (ID) is prevalent among infants world-wide and may be more likely among infants born to women living in disadvantaged environments. A strategy to address ID in this context is to feed iron-fortified formula, but this may create risk for gastrointestinal (GI) infection. Our objective was to investigate the relationship between infant feeding practices, iron status, and likelihood of a GI infection in the first 6 mo of life. We conducted a prospective study at a public hospital in Guadalajara, Mexico. Healthy women who gave birth to a healthy term infant were eligible to participate. Each month, mothers (n = 154) provided information on infant feeding methods and symptoms of GI infection. At 6 mo of age, infants' iron status was assessed [hemoglobin (Hb) and serum ferritin concentration]. When compared with nonpredominantly breast-fed [partially breast-feeding (PBF) and formula feeding (FF) combined], predominantly breast-fed (PRBF) infants to 6 mo had a lower incidence of GI infection from 0-6 mo [18 vs. 33%; P = 0.04; adjusted odds ratio (OR) = 0.4; 95% CI = 0.2, 1.0] but a higher risk for ID (serum ferritin < 12 microg/L) at 6 mo (22 vs. 4%; P = 0.001; adjusted OR = 9.2; 95% CI = 2.3, 37.0). Anemia (Hb < 110 g/L) prevalence did not differ among feeding groups (13% for PRBF, 19% for PBF, and 4% for FF; P = 0.09). In this low-income population, our results suggest that PRBF should be promoted and the risk for ID managed using public health and nutrition strategies.     

(外)祖父母对婴幼儿喂养模式和生长发育的影响

为了解家长对婴幼儿喂养模式和生长发育的影响.方法1992年对广东省城乡777名4个月大的婴儿以及城市375名8个月大的婴儿进行了喂养模式与生长发育的现况调查.根据决定婴儿喂养方式的家长因素将对象分为3组.结果 在城区,由父母决定喂养方式者,4个月大的婴儿的体重和体重年龄Z分(WAZ)显著高于由(外)祖父母决定喂养方式者(P<0.05);其母乳喂养率在2,3,4个月时也显著高于后者;但在农村以及城市8个月的婴儿3组间的差异不明显.结论 在城市地区,父母亲决定婴儿喂养方式有利于促进母乳喂养,有利于婴儿的生长发育.