亲体部分肝移植治疗Wilson病20例报告

目的探讨亲体部分肝移植治疗肝豆状核变性病 (Wilson病 )的价值。方法 2 0 0 1年 1月至 2 0 0 3年 10月 ,我院连续为 2 0例Wilson病患者成功施行亲体部分肝移植术 ,男性 8例 ,女性 12例 ,年龄 7～ 2 0岁 ,平均 11 1岁。 3例是暴发性肝功能衰竭 ,17例慢性进行性肝损害。供肝者为患者父亲或母亲。结果供受体手术顺利 ,术后 1个月肝功能和铜蓝蛋白恢复正常水平。 19例病人健康存活 ,1例术后 72d死于排斥反应。术后并发症包括 :醒状昏迷 1例 ,肝动脉血栓形成 1例 ,创面胆漏 1例 ,平均随访 18 9个月。结论亲体部分肝移植是治疗Wilson病并发肝功能衰竭的有效疗法。     

肝移植中肝动脉吻合技巧

我院近期连续开展 13例肝移植 ,其中 6例亲体部分肝移植 ,采用显微外科技术重建肝动脉 ,现将肝动脉重建的一些经验总结如下。1.临床资料 :(1)一般情况 :2 0 0 0年 9月至2 0 0 1年 7月我院共连续开展 13例肝移植 ,其中全肝移植 7例 ,亲体部分肝移植 6例 ,年龄 8～ 5 0岁。术前诊断肝豆状核变性 8例 ,晚期肝炎肝硬化 5例。6例亲体肝移植供体均为母亲 ,年龄 35～ 4 2岁 ,体重 5 0～ 65ｋｇ ,所有供受体血型相同。 (2 )手术方法 :全肝移植采用经典肝移植法 ,先吻合肝上下腔静脉 ,后吻合肝下下腔静脉 ,再吻合门静脉 ;亲体肝移植中行保留腔静脉的…     

临床肝移植11例报道

目的 探讨肝移植治疗终末期肝病的临床疗效。方法 回顾分析原位肝移植7例及亲体部分肝移植（LRLT）4例的临床资料,其中肝炎肝硬变5例,肝豆状核变性6例。对乙肝肝硬变者采用拉米呋啶加小剂量抗HBV－Ig治疗。结果 10例康复出院,1例死于MODS。4例LRLT全部存活。术后并发症：腹腔出血2例,ARDS3例;4例乙型肝炎肝硬变者术后HBV－DNA（－）。6例肝豆状核变性,术后铜氧化酶均正常。结论 肝移植是终末期肝病的有效治疗手段,活体供肝是解决我国供肝来源问题又一方向,外科技术是减少围手术期并发症的关键。     

Wilson''''s病患者亲体部分肝移植和全肝移植术后血清铜蓝蛋白及尿铜水平的变化

目的　总结Wilson’s病患者亲体肝移植和全肝移植术后血清铜蓝蛋白及尿铜水平的恢复情况。方法　自 2 0 0 0年 9月至 2 0 0 3年 11月我院为 2 6例Wilson’s病患者施行了肝移植术 ,均并发终末期肝硬变 ,其中 3例发生急性肝功能衰竭。术前血清铜蓝蛋白和尿铜水平分别为 (12 4 .8± 2 2 .8)mg/L和 (15 2 4 .8± 32 8.6 ) μg/ 2 4h ,其中行活体部分肝移植 2 2例 ,全肝移植 4例 ,亲体肝移植供体术前血清铜蓝蛋白水平为 (2 30 .4± 2 9.6 )mg/L ,尿铜水平均 <5 0μg/ 2 4h。结果　所有患者手术顺利 ,全肝移植患者术后 1、3、6及 12个月血清铜蓝蛋白和尿铜水平分别为 (32 0 .2±36 .8)mg/L、(380 .4± 4 5 .6 )mg/L、(36 0 .5± 37.6 )mg/L、(35 6 .2± 2 7.6 )mg/L和 (2 4 0 .4± 2 2 .8) μg/ 2 4h、(86 .5± 10 .6 ) μg/ 2 4h、(5 4 .2± 6 .8) μg/ 2 4h及 (46 .8± 3.4 ) μg/ 2 4h ;亲体肝移植患者术后 1、3、6及 12个月血清铜蓝蛋白和尿铜水平分别为 (2 16 .8± 2 0 .4 )mg/L、(2 4 8.5± 32 .6 )mg/L、(2 85 .4± 4 4 .3)mg/L、(2 6 0 .2± 36 .6 )mg/L和(380 .8± 37.6 ) μg/ 2 4h、(15 0 .6± 2 4 .5 ) μg/ 2 4h、(75 .5± 9.6 ) μg/ 2 4h及 (6 0 .3± 5 .8) μg/ 2 4h。结论　全肝移植和亲体肝     

肝移植治疗肝豆状核变性的单中心疗效分析

目的探讨肝移植治疗肝豆状核变性的疗效。方法 回顾性分析2003年9月至2009年7月接受肝移植手术治疗的5例肝豆状核变性患者的临床资料。结果 采用附加腔静脉整形的改良背驮式肝移植3例,成人间活体部分肝移植2例。围手术期死亡1例,死于肺部真菌感染和多器官功能衰竭,另4例患者恢复良好且存活,其中生存时间≥1年4例,≥3年3例。3例伴有神经精神功能障碍的患者中,除1例死亡外,另2例症状得到不同程度的改善。存活的4例术后1个月肝功能较术前明显改善,血清铜蓝蛋白水平明显升高。结论 全肝移植或活体部分肝移植术能改善肝豆状核变性患者的铜代谢和神经精神症状,提高患者的生活质量和存活率。     

亲体部分肝移植术后肝动脉栓塞的防治

目的 探讨亲体部分肝移植（LRLT）术后肝动脉栓塞（HAT）的预防和治疗。方法 于2001年1月至6月成功的对6例肝豆状核变性患者进行了亲体部分肝移植。术中重视肝动脉吻合技术；根据红细胞压积（HCT）控制输血量；术后根据B超检查肝动脉血流及凝血相结果，选择不同的血浆输注,并采用低分子肝素、华法令和低分子右旋糖酐等联合抗凝治疗。结果 6例肝移植后均健康存活，1例发生HAT，经急诊取栓并行肝动脉重建术后无效，再次肝移植后存活。结论 理想的肝动脉吻合、适当控制血制品和正确使用抗凝治疗，是预防LRLT后HAT的重要手段，一旦发生HAT，应急诊取栓，进行肝动脉重建术，甚至进行再次肝移植。     

肝移植术后胆管狭窄的诊断与治疗(附二例)

我院分别于 1999年 7月 2 4日和2 0 0 0年 4月 8日为 2例肝豆状核变性病人施行了同种异体原位肝移植术 ,现报告如下。例 1:男性 ,2 5岁 ,因患肝豆状核变性行同种异体原位肝移植术。术后分别于术后第 5日和第 2 1日发生两次急性排斥反应 ,经大剂量皮质激素冲击治疗后逆转。术后第 36天胆道引流管造影见肝内、外胆管显影清晰 ,无胆管扩张或狭窄 ,拔除胆道引流管。病人无黄疸 ,大便色金黄 ,肝功化验各值均在正常范围内。术后第 199天始病人逐渐周身黄染 ,大便灰白 ,肝功化验回报ＡＬＴ 198Ｕ/Ｌ ,ＡＳＴ 12 0Ｕ/Ｌ ,谷氨酰转肽酶 4 4 8Ｕ/Ｌ ,…     

彩色多普勒超声对亲体肝移植的观察

我院 1998～ 2 0 0 3年 4月 ,对 2 6例肝豆状核变性及肝炎后肝硬化患者成功地施行了亲体供肝原位部分肝移植术。我们用超声多普勒对 2 6例供、受者的肝内血管进行了动态观察 ,确定供肝质量 ,血管有无畸形及受者肝内血管血流速度 ,管壁情况 ,管内有无血栓形成。现将观察结果报告如下 :一、临床资料与方法1.受者情况 :男性 7例 ,女性 19例 ,年龄 8～ 4 3岁 ,体重2 3～ 85kg。术前均有不同程度的肝硬化、腹水及智力障碍等表现。体检发现脾脏大 ,Kayser Fleischer环阳性 ,肝功能异常 ,铜氧化酶、2 4h尿铜、及血清铜均降低 ,肾功能异常。超声检…     

婴幼儿活体肝移植胆道并发症的诊断及处理

<正>婴幼儿肝移植发展迅猛并逐步成为治疗婴幼儿终末期肝病的主要手段,主要适应证包括先天性胆道闭锁、肝豆状核变性(Wilson病)、糖原累积症、肝母细胞瘤等。由于供肝资源的缺乏,活体肝移植正逐步成为婴幼儿肝移植的主要类型。随着肝移植手术技巧的发展及围手术期护理水平的提高,婴幼儿活体肝移植受者的术后长期生存率明显增高,受者术后1年生存率可高达90%,多数婴幼儿受者可存活至成年[1]。然而,肝移植特别是活体肝移植术后     

彩色多普勒超声在肝移植术后发生肝动脉狭窄及其围介入治疗中监测价值

目的探讨彩色多普勒超声在肝移植术后发生肝动脉狭窄及其围介入治疗中的监测作用。方法回顾性分析71例原位肝移植病人的超声检查资料,其中发生肝动脉狭窄并进行介入治疗的5例,并与同期血管造影对照。结果发生肝动脉狭窄病人彩色多普勒血流显像(CDFI)可见肝动脉纤细迂曲,多呈间断性星点闪烁状;近狭窄处肝动脉血流峰速(S1)升高(163．62±14．66)cm／s,远端动脉血流峰速(S2)降低(19．10±3．91)cm／s;阻力指数(RI)降低(0．38±0．07);收缩期血流加速时间(SAT)延长(98．00±9．41)ms;行经皮血管成形术,当狭窄部分、全部解除时,肝动脉各段血流峰速均相应不同程度向正常恢复,S1为(73．68±8．81)cm／s;S2为(37．18±4．80)cm／s,而阻力指数仍长时间维持降低(0．42±0．06),SAT长时间维持延长(98．20±6．80)ms。结论彩色多普勒超声在肝移植术后发生肝动脉狭窄及其围介入治疗中具有较高监测价值。     

Vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction during major abdominal surgery

Background : We investigated the vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction (MT) with hypotension due to prostacyclin (PGI₂) release in patients undergoing abdominal surgery with a combined general and epidural anesthesia. Methods : In a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study we administered 400 mg ibuprofen (i.v.) in 42 patients scheduled for abdominal surgery. General anesthesia was combined with epidural anesthesia (T4-L1). Before as well as 5, 15, 30, 45, and 90 min after MT we recorded plasma osmolality, hemodynamics and measured 6-keto-PGFlα (stabile metabolite of PGI₂), TXB₂ (stabile metabolite of thromboxane A₂) active renin, and arginine vasopressin (AVP) plasma concentrations by radioimmunoassay. Catecholamine levels were assessed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. Results : Following MT, arterial hypotension occurred along with a substantial PGI₂ release. This was completely abolished by ibuprofen administration. Although plasma levels of 6-keto-PGF_1α (1133 (708) vs. 60 (3) ng/L, median (median absolute deviation), P=0.0001, placebo vs. ibuprofen) remained significantly elevated, blood pressure was restored within 30 min after MT in the placebo group. At the same point in time plasma concentrations of TXB² (164 (87) vs. 58 (1) ng/L, P=0.0001), epinephrine (46 (33) vs. 14 (6) ng/L, P=0.001), AVP (41 ± (18) vs. 12 (7) ng/L, P=0.0004), and active renin (27 (12) vs. 12 (4) ng/L, P = 0.001) were significantly higher in placebo-treated patients. Conclusion : Under combined general and epidural anesthesia arterial hypotension following MT due to endogenous PGI₂ release is associated with enhanced release of AVP, active renin, epinephrine and thromboxane A₂, presumably contributing to hemodynamic stability within 30 min after MT.     

A Teaspoon Pump for Pumping Blood with High Hydraulic Efficiency and Low Hemolysis Potential

Abstract: Virtually all blood pumps contain some kind of rubbing, sliding, closely moving machinery surfaces that are exposed to the blood being pumped. These valves, internal bearings, magnetic bearing position sensors, and shaft seals cause most of the problems with blood pumps. The original teaspoon pump design prevented the rubbing, sliding machinery surfaces from contacting the blood. However, the hydraulic efficiency was low because the blood was able to "slip around" the rotating impeller so that the blood itself never rotated fast enough to develop adequate pressure. An improved teaspoon blood pump has been designed and tested and has shown acceptable hydraulic performance and low hemolysis potential. The new pump uses a nonrotating "swinging" hose as the pump impeller. The fluid enters the pump through the center of the swinging hose; therefore, there can be no fluid slip between the revolving blood and the revolving impeller. The new pump uses an impeller that is comparable to a flexible garden hose. If the free end of the hose were swung around in a circle like half of a jump rope, the fluid inside the hose would rotate and develop pressure even though the hose impeller itself did not "rotate"; therefore, no rotating shaft seal or internal bearings are required.     

A comparison of the inhibitory effects of four volatile anaesthetics on the metabolism of chlorzoxazone, a substrate for CYP2E1, in rabbits

Background: Halothane inhibits in vitro and in vivo activity of cytochrome P-450 (CYP) 2E1. There are several fluorinated volatile anaesthetics besides halothane, and most of them are defluorinated by CYP2E1. It is unclear whether other fluorinated anaesthetics inhibit the in vivo activity of CYP2E1.
Methods: We compared the inhibitory effects of therapeutic concentrations of four inhalational anaesthetics, halothane, enflurane, isoflurane, and sevoflurane, on chlorzoxazone metabolism in rabbits receiving artificial ventilation.
Results: All four inhalational anaesthetics decreased arterial blood pressure and increased plasma chlorzoxazone concentration. However, no significant differences in the plasma chlorzoxazone concentration were found between the four anaesthetics. The estimated chlorzoxazone clearance increased after beginning inhalation with all four agents, but no significant difference in clearance was noted between agents.
Conclusions: At therapeutic concentrations, the in vivo inhibitory effect on chlorzoxazone metabolism was similar for all four inhalational anaesthetics examined, even though their chemical characteristics and extent of hepatic metabolism differ considerably.     

Microspheres Based Detoxification System: A New Method in Convective Blood Purification

Abstract: A variety of protein-bound or hydrophobic substances, accumulating as a result of pathologic conditions such as exogenous or endogenous intoxications, are removed poorly by conventional detoxification methods because of low accessibility (hemodialysis), insufficient adsorption capabilities (hemosorption), low efficiency (peritoneal dialysis), or economic limitations (high-volume plasmapheresis). Combining advantages of existing methods with microspheric technology, a module-based system was designed. Major operating parameters of the latter can be modified to allow for adjustment to individual clinical situations. An extracorporeal blood circuit including a plasmafilter is combined with a secondary high-velocity plasma circuit driven by a centrifugal pump. Different microspheric adsorbers can be combined in one circuit or applied in sequence. Thus, a prolonged treatment can be tailored using specially designed selective adsorber materials. Comparing this system with existing methods (high-flux hemodialysis, molecular adsorbent recycling system), results from our in vitro studies and animal experiments demonstrate the superior efficiency of substance removal.     

Tissue perfusion in relation to cardiac output during continuous positive-pressure ventilation and administration of propranolol or verapamil

Background : Our objective was to determine whether administration of propranolol or verapamil modifies the hemodynamic adaptation to continuous positive-pressure ventilation (CPPV), in particular the regional distribution of cardiac output (CO).
Methods : General hemodynamics and regional blood flows assessed by microsphere technique (15 (μm) were recorded in 16 anesthetized pigs during spontaneous breathing (SB) and CPPV with 8 cm H₂O end-expiratory pressure (CPPV8) before and after intravenous administration of propranolol (0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.15 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8) or verapamil (0.1 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8).
Results : CPPV8 depressed CO by 25% without shifts in its relative distribution with the exception of a noteworthy increase in adrenal perfusion. Propranolol increased arterial blood pressure, and due to a fall in heart rate, CO dropped by 25%. The kidneys and, to a lesser extent, the splanchic region and central nervous system received increased fractions of the remaining CO at the expense of skeletal muscle flow. Similar patterns were seen during SB and CPPV8 such that the combination of propranolol and CPPV8 depressed CO by 50%. The circulatory effects of verapamil were less evident but myocardial perfusion tended to increase.
Conclusions : The combination of propranolol or verapamil with CPPV does not result in any specific hemodynamic interaction in anesthetized pigs, except that the combined effect of propranolol and CPPV may severely reduce CO.     

Volatile anaesthetics reduce adhesion of blood platelets under low-flow conditions in the coronary system of isolated guinea pig hearts

Background : Inhibitory effects of volatile anaesthetics on platelet aggregation have been demonstrated in several studies. However, the influence of volatile anaesthetics on intracoronary platelet adhesion has not been elucidated so far.
Methods : Isolated hearts of guinea pigs were perfused with buffer in the absence or presence of volatile anaesthetics (0.5 and 1 MAC) at constant coronary flow rates of 5 ml/min for 25 min, then 1 ml/min for 30 min and again 5 ml/min for 10 min. Before, during and after low-flow perfusion, a bolus of human platelets was applied into the coronary system. To simulate thrombogenic conditions, 0.3 U/ml human thrombin was infused during low-flow perfusion and reperfusion. The number of platelets sequestered to the endothelium was calculated from the difference between coronary in- and output of platelets. The myocardial production of lactate and consumption of pyruvate and coronary perfusion pressure were also determined.
Results : At a flow rate of 5 ml/min only about 3% of the applied platelets did not emerge from the coronary system, in any group. In contrast, 13.1±1.2% (mean±SEM) of infused platelets became adherent in low-flow perfusion in the control group without anaesthetic. The adherence was reduced with each 1 MAC isoflurane (to 6.2±1.2%), sevoflurane (to 4.4±0.9%) or halothane (to 3.2±1.5%) (each P <0.05 vs. control). Volatile anaesthetic, 0.5 MAC, did not inhibit platelet adhesion to a statistically significant extent in any case. Perfusion pressure and metabolic parameters were not statistically different between the control and the hearts exposed to anaesthetics.
Conclusion : Volatile anaesthetics in a concentration of 1 MAC can reduce the adhesion of platelets in the coronary system under reduced flow conditions. This action does not arise from vasodilation or inhibition of ischaemic stress.     

Bariatric Surgery in Some "Central and East-European (former Eastern bloc)"Countries - Current Status and Prediction for the Next Millennium

Background: Obesity is increasing globallly, including in the formerly "Eastern Bloc" countries. Methods: A survey was made of obesity and bariatric surgery. Results: In the 8 East and Central European countries studied, with total population 300 million, roughly 43% of the population was overweight (BMI 25-30), 23% obese (BMI > 30), with about 15 million people morbidly obese (BMI > 40). From 0-10 morbidly obese individuals/100,000/year undergo bariatric surgery. Conclusion: Most countries were found to provide inadequate treatment for obesity.The majority of the morbidly obese are not treated effectively. However, health-care awareness of obesity and bariatric surgeons are slowly increasing.     

Synergistic interaction between the effects of propofol and midazolam with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity in rabbits

Background: It has been shown that the depressive effects of both propofol and midazolam on consciousness are synergistic with opioids, but the nature of their interactions on other physiological systems, e. g. respiration, has not been fully investigated. The present study examined the effect of propofol and midazolam alone and in combination with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity (PNA) and whether such interactions are additive or synergistic. Methods: PNA was recorded in 27 anaesthetised and artificially ventilated rabbits. In three groups, propofol, fentanyl and midazolam were administered intravenously in incremental doses to construct dose-response curves for the depressant effects of each one on PNA. In another two groups, the effect of pretreatment with either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. on the effects of propofol and fentanyl respectively on PNA were studied. Results: Propofol and fentanyl caused a dose-dependent depression of PNA with complete abolition at the highest total doses of 16 mg · kg^?1 i. v. and 32 μg · kg^?1 i. v., respectively. In contrast, midazolam in incremental doses to a total of 0.8 mg · kg^?1 reduced mean PNA by 63%, but approximately 12% of PNA remained at a total dose as high as 6.4 mg · kg^?1. The mean ED₅₀s, calculated from dose-response curves, were 5.4 mg · kg^?1, 3.9 μg · kg^?1 and 0.4 mg · kg^?1 for propofol, fentanyl and midazolam, respectively. Initial doses of either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. acted synergistically with subsequent doses of either propofol or fentanyl to abolish PNA at total doses of 8 mg · kg^?1 and 8 μg · kg^?1, respectively. Conclusion: Fentanyl has a synergistic interaction with both propofol and midazolam on PNA and hence potentially on respiration.     

Influence of dopexamine hydrochloride on haemodynamics and regulators of circulation in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery

Background: Catecholaminergic support is often used to improve haemodynamics in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery. Dopexamine is a synthetic vasoactive catecholamine with beneficial microcirculatory properties. Methods: The influence of perioperative administration of dopexamine on cardiorespiratory data and important regulators of macro- and microcirculation were studied in 30 patients undergoing Whipple pancreaticduodenectomy. The patients received randomized and blinded either 2 μg · kg^?1 · min^?1 of dopexamine (n=15) or placebo (n=15, control group). The infusion was started after induction of anaesthesia and continued until the morning of the first postoperative day. Endothelin-1 (ET-1), vasopressin, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), and catecholamine plasma levels were measured from arterial blood samples. Measurements were carried out after induction of anaesthesia, 2 h after onset of surgery, at the end of surgery, 2 h after surgery, and on the morning of the first postoperative day. Results: Cardiac index (CI) increased significantly in the dopexamine group (from 2.61±0.41 to 4.57±0.78 1 · min^?1 · m^?2) and remained elevated until the morning of the first postoperative day. Oxygen delivery index (DO₂I) and oxygen consumption index (VO₂I) were also significantly increased in the dopexamine group (DO₂I: from 416±91 to 717±110 ml/m² · m²; VO₂I: from 98±25 to 157±22 ml/m² · m²), being significantly higher than in the control group. pHi remained stable only in the dopexamine patients, indicating adequate splanchnic perfusion. Vasopressive regulators of circulation increased significantly only in the untreated control patients (vasopressin: from 4.37±1.1 to 35.9±12.1 pg/ml; ET-1: from 2.88±0.91 to 6.91±1.20 pg/ml). Conclusion: Patients undergoing major abdominal surgery may profit from prophylactic perioperative administration of dopexamine hydrochloride in the form of improved haemodynamics and oxygenation as well as beneficial influence on important regulators of organ blood flow.