中青年股骨颈骨折的微创治疗

目的总结中青年股骨颈骨折的微创治疗原则和疗效。方法20岁以上新鲜股骨颈骨折患者49例,在充分术前准备情况下,49例新鲜中青年股骨颈骨折采用C臂X线机监控下闭合复位AO空心钛螺钉内固定微创治疗。结果49例均获随访,随访时间6~42个月,其中44例骨折愈合且无股骨头坏死;型及型5例股骨头坏死和骨不愈合。结论闭合复位AO空心螺钉微创治疗中青年股骨颈骨折,手术创伤小、方法简便,对中青年股骨颈骨折治疗效果满意。     

经皮撬拨复位螺钉内固定治疗跟骨关节内骨折

目的 探讨经皮撬拨复位微创螺钉内固定治疗跟骨骨折的疗效和技术要点.方法 2006年3月至2010年4月作者采用经皮撬拨复位微创空心拉力螺钉结合松质骨螺钉,部分患者联合注射高黏度液体人工替代骨或颗粒骨填充治疗21 例24侧跟骨骨折,男17 例,女4 例;年龄21～67 岁,平均年龄38.3 岁.其中18 例为单侧,3 例...     

微创法经皮空心螺钉固定治疗跟骨骨折

目的 探讨经皮空心螺钉固定治疗跟骨骨折的疗效.方法 采用微创法撬拨复位经皮空心螺钉固定治疗跟骨骨折23例25足,4例合并脊柱骨折.根据Essex-Lopresti分型:Ⅰ型4足,舌型Ⅰ度4足,舌型Ⅱ～Ⅲ度10足,塌陷型Ⅰ度4足,塌陷型Ⅱ度3足.结果 按Maryland足评分系统评价术后功能,评分为72～100分,平均为89.6分,优10足,良12足,可3足,优良率88%.结论 采用微创法经皮撬拨复位空心螺钉固定治疗跟骨骨折,可获得良好的复位和可靠的固定,是一种经济有效、易于推广的微创治疗方法,但要注意适应证选择.     

经皮微创空心螺钉内固定治疗跟骨骨折

目的探讨经皮微创空心螺钉内固定治疗跟骨骨折的疗效。方法在C臂X线机下对27例跟骨骨折行斯氏针撬拨复位经皮微创1～2枚φ4.5 mm空心螺钉内固定,术后辅以支具固定3～5周。结果患者均获随访,时间24～36（21±1.5）个月,根据M aryland评分系统进行功能评价：优17足,良7足,中2足,差1足。未发生切口感染及皮肤坏死等并发症。结论经皮微创空心螺钉内固定治疗跟骨骨折具有创伤微小,操作简单,方法可靠,骨折复位满意,固定牢靠等优点,可以有效防止严重后遗症的发生,是一种临床较实用的治疗方法。     

撬拨复位空心钉内固定治疗跟骨骨折

目的探讨微创撬拨复位空心螺钉内固定治疗跟骨骨折的疗效。方法2008年8月至2010年3月,应用透视下微创撬拨复位空心螺钉内固定治疗跟骨骨折15例16足,按Sander骨折分型,Ⅱ型9足,Ⅲ型6足,Ⅳ型1足。结果手术均成功,术后Bohler角恢复到20°～40°,平均（32．2±7．1）°。Gissane角恢复到100°～130°,平均（120．2±7．7）°,跟骨宽度均恢复正常。切口均Ⅰ期愈合,无切口感染及皮肤坏死等并发症。15例均获得随访,随访时间6～26个月,平均18个月,骨折均愈合。按Marylandt评分,优8例,良5例,可2例,差1例,优良率81．25％。结论采用撬拨复位空心螺钉内固定治疗跟骨骨折,可获得良好的复位和可靠的固定,是一种经济有效、易于推广的微创治疗方法。     

微创空心螺钉内固定治疗跟骨骨折

目的研究微创空心螺钉内固定治疗跟骨骨折的临床效果。方法2000年3月至2005年9月,采用跟骨外侧小切口治疗Sander′s、、型跟骨骨折31例(36侧),术中直视及透视相结合,用斯氏针撬拔整复骨折及跟距关节面,复位满意后,经皮用空心螺钉固定。结果本组病例术后获平均16个月(3-21个月)的随访,X线片显示Bo。hler′s角、Gissane′s角及perie′s角均恢复。根据美国足踝骨科协会之足踝临床评分系统标准评价,优28侧,良6侧,可1侧,差1侧,优良率94.5%。结论微创空心螺钉内固定治疗跟骨骨折临床疗效满意。     

微创经皮空心螺钉内固定治疗跟骨骨折

跟骨骨折是临床常见的骨折,我科2008—2010年采用克氏针撬拨复位加微创经皮空心螺钉内固定术治疗跟骨骨折46例,效果良好。     

微创撬拨复位空心螺钉和切开复位钢板内固定治疗SandersⅡ型、Ⅲ型跟骨骨折的效果比较

目的比较微创撬拨复位空心螺钉和切开复位钢板内固定在治疗SandersⅡ型、Ⅲ型跟骨骨折中的效果。方法回顾性分析2016-11—2019-01间永城市红十字医院收治的80例SandersⅡ型、Ⅲ型跟骨骨折患者资料。将2016-11—2017-12间行切开复位钢板内固定治疗的38例患者作为对照组,将2018-01—2019-01间行微创撬拨复位空心螺钉内固定的42例患者作为微创组。对2组患者手术治疗以及随访10～12个月时的足踝功能等指标进行比较分析。结果微创组手术及住院时间均短于对照组,术中出血量及术后并发症发生率少于对照组,差异均有统计学意义(P0.05)。2组患者跟骨宽度、Bohler角、Cissane角均显著优于术前(P0.05)。但2组的跟骨宽度、Bohler角、Cissane角、术后骨折愈合时间,以及AOFAS评分等差异均无统计学意义(P0.05)。结论微创撬拨复位空心螺钉和切开复位钢板内固定治疗SandersⅡ型、Ⅲ型跟骨骨折,均有良好效果。但微创撬拨复位空心螺钉内固定的手术时间短、术中出血量少、安全性高,是治疗SandersⅡ型、Ⅲ型跟骨骨折较为理想的微创术式。     

微创撬拨复位克氏针结合空心钉固定治疗跟骨骨折

目的观察应用微创撬拨复位克氏针结合空心钉固定治疗跟骨骨折的疗效。方法跟骨骨折36例,均采用撬拨复位克氏针结合空心钉固定。结果全部病例术后无感染、皮肤坏死、断钉等并发症。骨折愈合时间平均2.8个月,术后Bohler角度平均为37.6°,Gissane角度平均为135.4°,根据Fernandez评分标准:优28例,良6例,一般2例。结论微创撬拨复位克氏针结合空心钉固定是一种治疗SandersⅡ、Ⅲ型跟骨骨折的较好方法。     

微创跗骨窦切口联合经皮空心螺钉内固定治疗SandersⅡ和Ⅲ型跟骨骨折的临床疗效

目的 探讨微创跗骨窦切口联合经皮空心螺钉内固定治疗SandersⅡ和Ⅲ型跟骨骨折的临床疗效.方法 回顾性分析自2016年12月至2018年12月采用微创跗骨窦切口联合经皮空心螺钉内固定治疗36例跟骨骨折,其中男27例,女9例;SandersⅡ型16例,Ⅲ型20例.术前、术后即刻及末次随访分别测量B?hler角和Giss...     

Vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction during major abdominal surgery

Background : We investigated the vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction (MT) with hypotension due to prostacyclin (PGI₂) release in patients undergoing abdominal surgery with a combined general and epidural anesthesia. Methods : In a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study we administered 400 mg ibuprofen (i.v.) in 42 patients scheduled for abdominal surgery. General anesthesia was combined with epidural anesthesia (T4-L1). Before as well as 5, 15, 30, 45, and 90 min after MT we recorded plasma osmolality, hemodynamics and measured 6-keto-PGFlα (stabile metabolite of PGI₂), TXB₂ (stabile metabolite of thromboxane A₂) active renin, and arginine vasopressin (AVP) plasma concentrations by radioimmunoassay. Catecholamine levels were assessed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. Results : Following MT, arterial hypotension occurred along with a substantial PGI₂ release. This was completely abolished by ibuprofen administration. Although plasma levels of 6-keto-PGF_1α (1133 (708) vs. 60 (3) ng/L, median (median absolute deviation), P=0.0001, placebo vs. ibuprofen) remained significantly elevated, blood pressure was restored within 30 min after MT in the placebo group. At the same point in time plasma concentrations of TXB² (164 (87) vs. 58 (1) ng/L, P=0.0001), epinephrine (46 (33) vs. 14 (6) ng/L, P=0.001), AVP (41 ± (18) vs. 12 (7) ng/L, P=0.0004), and active renin (27 (12) vs. 12 (4) ng/L, P = 0.001) were significantly higher in placebo-treated patients. Conclusion : Under combined general and epidural anesthesia arterial hypotension following MT due to endogenous PGI₂ release is associated with enhanced release of AVP, active renin, epinephrine and thromboxane A₂, presumably contributing to hemodynamic stability within 30 min after MT.     

A Teaspoon Pump for Pumping Blood with High Hydraulic Efficiency and Low Hemolysis Potential

Abstract: Virtually all blood pumps contain some kind of rubbing, sliding, closely moving machinery surfaces that are exposed to the blood being pumped. These valves, internal bearings, magnetic bearing position sensors, and shaft seals cause most of the problems with blood pumps. The original teaspoon pump design prevented the rubbing, sliding machinery surfaces from contacting the blood. However, the hydraulic efficiency was low because the blood was able to "slip around" the rotating impeller so that the blood itself never rotated fast enough to develop adequate pressure. An improved teaspoon blood pump has been designed and tested and has shown acceptable hydraulic performance and low hemolysis potential. The new pump uses a nonrotating "swinging" hose as the pump impeller. The fluid enters the pump through the center of the swinging hose; therefore, there can be no fluid slip between the revolving blood and the revolving impeller. The new pump uses an impeller that is comparable to a flexible garden hose. If the free end of the hose were swung around in a circle like half of a jump rope, the fluid inside the hose would rotate and develop pressure even though the hose impeller itself did not "rotate"; therefore, no rotating shaft seal or internal bearings are required.     

A comparison of the inhibitory effects of four volatile anaesthetics on the metabolism of chlorzoxazone, a substrate for CYP2E1, in rabbits

Background: Halothane inhibits in vitro and in vivo activity of cytochrome P-450 (CYP) 2E1. There are several fluorinated volatile anaesthetics besides halothane, and most of them are defluorinated by CYP2E1. It is unclear whether other fluorinated anaesthetics inhibit the in vivo activity of CYP2E1.
Methods: We compared the inhibitory effects of therapeutic concentrations of four inhalational anaesthetics, halothane, enflurane, isoflurane, and sevoflurane, on chlorzoxazone metabolism in rabbits receiving artificial ventilation.
Results: All four inhalational anaesthetics decreased arterial blood pressure and increased plasma chlorzoxazone concentration. However, no significant differences in the plasma chlorzoxazone concentration were found between the four anaesthetics. The estimated chlorzoxazone clearance increased after beginning inhalation with all four agents, but no significant difference in clearance was noted between agents.
Conclusions: At therapeutic concentrations, the in vivo inhibitory effect on chlorzoxazone metabolism was similar for all four inhalational anaesthetics examined, even though their chemical characteristics and extent of hepatic metabolism differ considerably.     

Microspheres Based Detoxification System: A New Method in Convective Blood Purification

Abstract: A variety of protein-bound or hydrophobic substances, accumulating as a result of pathologic conditions such as exogenous or endogenous intoxications, are removed poorly by conventional detoxification methods because of low accessibility (hemodialysis), insufficient adsorption capabilities (hemosorption), low efficiency (peritoneal dialysis), or economic limitations (high-volume plasmapheresis). Combining advantages of existing methods with microspheric technology, a module-based system was designed. Major operating parameters of the latter can be modified to allow for adjustment to individual clinical situations. An extracorporeal blood circuit including a plasmafilter is combined with a secondary high-velocity plasma circuit driven by a centrifugal pump. Different microspheric adsorbers can be combined in one circuit or applied in sequence. Thus, a prolonged treatment can be tailored using specially designed selective adsorber materials. Comparing this system with existing methods (high-flux hemodialysis, molecular adsorbent recycling system), results from our in vitro studies and animal experiments demonstrate the superior efficiency of substance removal.     

Tissue perfusion in relation to cardiac output during continuous positive-pressure ventilation and administration of propranolol or verapamil

Background : Our objective was to determine whether administration of propranolol or verapamil modifies the hemodynamic adaptation to continuous positive-pressure ventilation (CPPV), in particular the regional distribution of cardiac output (CO).
Methods : General hemodynamics and regional blood flows assessed by microsphere technique (15 (μm) were recorded in 16 anesthetized pigs during spontaneous breathing (SB) and CPPV with 8 cm H₂O end-expiratory pressure (CPPV8) before and after intravenous administration of propranolol (0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.15 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8) or verapamil (0.1 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8).
Results : CPPV8 depressed CO by 25% without shifts in its relative distribution with the exception of a noteworthy increase in adrenal perfusion. Propranolol increased arterial blood pressure, and due to a fall in heart rate, CO dropped by 25%. The kidneys and, to a lesser extent, the splanchic region and central nervous system received increased fractions of the remaining CO at the expense of skeletal muscle flow. Similar patterns were seen during SB and CPPV8 such that the combination of propranolol and CPPV8 depressed CO by 50%. The circulatory effects of verapamil were less evident but myocardial perfusion tended to increase.
Conclusions : The combination of propranolol or verapamil with CPPV does not result in any specific hemodynamic interaction in anesthetized pigs, except that the combined effect of propranolol and CPPV may severely reduce CO.     

Bariatric Surgery in Some "Central and East-European (former Eastern bloc)"Countries - Current Status and Prediction for the Next Millennium

Background: Obesity is increasing globallly, including in the formerly "Eastern Bloc" countries. Methods: A survey was made of obesity and bariatric surgery. Results: In the 8 East and Central European countries studied, with total population 300 million, roughly 43% of the population was overweight (BMI 25-30), 23% obese (BMI > 30), with about 15 million people morbidly obese (BMI > 40). From 0-10 morbidly obese individuals/100,000/year undergo bariatric surgery. Conclusion: Most countries were found to provide inadequate treatment for obesity.The majority of the morbidly obese are not treated effectively. However, health-care awareness of obesity and bariatric surgeons are slowly increasing.     

Volatile anaesthetics reduce adhesion of blood platelets under low-flow conditions in the coronary system of isolated guinea pig hearts

Background : Inhibitory effects of volatile anaesthetics on platelet aggregation have been demonstrated in several studies. However, the influence of volatile anaesthetics on intracoronary platelet adhesion has not been elucidated so far.
Methods : Isolated hearts of guinea pigs were perfused with buffer in the absence or presence of volatile anaesthetics (0.5 and 1 MAC) at constant coronary flow rates of 5 ml/min for 25 min, then 1 ml/min for 30 min and again 5 ml/min for 10 min. Before, during and after low-flow perfusion, a bolus of human platelets was applied into the coronary system. To simulate thrombogenic conditions, 0.3 U/ml human thrombin was infused during low-flow perfusion and reperfusion. The number of platelets sequestered to the endothelium was calculated from the difference between coronary in- and output of platelets. The myocardial production of lactate and consumption of pyruvate and coronary perfusion pressure were also determined.
Results : At a flow rate of 5 ml/min only about 3% of the applied platelets did not emerge from the coronary system, in any group. In contrast, 13.1±1.2% (mean±SEM) of infused platelets became adherent in low-flow perfusion in the control group without anaesthetic. The adherence was reduced with each 1 MAC isoflurane (to 6.2±1.2%), sevoflurane (to 4.4±0.9%) or halothane (to 3.2±1.5%) (each P <0.05 vs. control). Volatile anaesthetic, 0.5 MAC, did not inhibit platelet adhesion to a statistically significant extent in any case. Perfusion pressure and metabolic parameters were not statistically different between the control and the hearts exposed to anaesthetics.
Conclusion : Volatile anaesthetics in a concentration of 1 MAC can reduce the adhesion of platelets in the coronary system under reduced flow conditions. This action does not arise from vasodilation or inhibition of ischaemic stress.     

Synergistic interaction between the effects of propofol and midazolam with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity in rabbits

Background: It has been shown that the depressive effects of both propofol and midazolam on consciousness are synergistic with opioids, but the nature of their interactions on other physiological systems, e. g. respiration, has not been fully investigated. The present study examined the effect of propofol and midazolam alone and in combination with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity (PNA) and whether such interactions are additive or synergistic. Methods: PNA was recorded in 27 anaesthetised and artificially ventilated rabbits. In three groups, propofol, fentanyl and midazolam were administered intravenously in incremental doses to construct dose-response curves for the depressant effects of each one on PNA. In another two groups, the effect of pretreatment with either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. on the effects of propofol and fentanyl respectively on PNA were studied. Results: Propofol and fentanyl caused a dose-dependent depression of PNA with complete abolition at the highest total doses of 16 mg · kg^?1 i. v. and 32 μg · kg^?1 i. v., respectively. In contrast, midazolam in incremental doses to a total of 0.8 mg · kg^?1 reduced mean PNA by 63%, but approximately 12% of PNA remained at a total dose as high as 6.4 mg · kg^?1. The mean ED₅₀s, calculated from dose-response curves, were 5.4 mg · kg^?1, 3.9 μg · kg^?1 and 0.4 mg · kg^?1 for propofol, fentanyl and midazolam, respectively. Initial doses of either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. acted synergistically with subsequent doses of either propofol or fentanyl to abolish PNA at total doses of 8 mg · kg^?1 and 8 μg · kg^?1, respectively. Conclusion: Fentanyl has a synergistic interaction with both propofol and midazolam on PNA and hence potentially on respiration.     

Influence of dopexamine hydrochloride on haemodynamics and regulators of circulation in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery

Background: Catecholaminergic support is often used to improve haemodynamics in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery. Dopexamine is a synthetic vasoactive catecholamine with beneficial microcirculatory properties. Methods: The influence of perioperative administration of dopexamine on cardiorespiratory data and important regulators of macro- and microcirculation were studied in 30 patients undergoing Whipple pancreaticduodenectomy. The patients received randomized and blinded either 2 μg · kg^?1 · min^?1 of dopexamine (n=15) or placebo (n=15, control group). The infusion was started after induction of anaesthesia and continued until the morning of the first postoperative day. Endothelin-1 (ET-1), vasopressin, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), and catecholamine plasma levels were measured from arterial blood samples. Measurements were carried out after induction of anaesthesia, 2 h after onset of surgery, at the end of surgery, 2 h after surgery, and on the morning of the first postoperative day. Results: Cardiac index (CI) increased significantly in the dopexamine group (from 2.61±0.41 to 4.57±0.78 1 · min^?1 · m^?2) and remained elevated until the morning of the first postoperative day. Oxygen delivery index (DO₂I) and oxygen consumption index (VO₂I) were also significantly increased in the dopexamine group (DO₂I: from 416±91 to 717±110 ml/m² · m²; VO₂I: from 98±25 to 157±22 ml/m² · m²), being significantly higher than in the control group. pHi remained stable only in the dopexamine patients, indicating adequate splanchnic perfusion. Vasopressive regulators of circulation increased significantly only in the untreated control patients (vasopressin: from 4.37±1.1 to 35.9±12.1 pg/ml; ET-1: from 2.88±0.91 to 6.91±1.20 pg/ml). Conclusion: Patients undergoing major abdominal surgery may profit from prophylactic perioperative administration of dopexamine hydrochloride in the form of improved haemodynamics and oxygenation as well as beneficial influence on important regulators of organ blood flow.     

Systemic analgesia adapted to the children's condition

A concept of balanced analgesia using nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), paracetamol (acetaminophen), opioids, and corticosteroids can also be used in patients with pre-existing illnesses. NSAIDs are the most effective treatment for acute pain of moderate intensity in children; however, these drugs should be avoided in patients at increased risk for serious side effects, e.g. patients with renal impairment, bleeding tendency, or extreme prematurity. NSAIDs can be given with minimal risks to the younger child with mild to moderate asthma, and, in these patients, the use of steroids can be encouraged; in addition to their antiemetic and analgesic action, a beneficial effect on asthma symptoms can be expected. In the non-intubated child with cerebral trauma, exaggerated sedation caused by opioids and increased bleeding tendency caused by NSAIDs must be avoided. In neonates and small infants, the oral administration of sucrose or glucose is helpful to minimize pain reaction during short uncomfortable interventions.