转台一次偏置扫描的ICT重建算法

目的工业CT的检测对象大小不一,在探测器尺寸一定的情况下,工程上往往通过设计不同的扫描方式以及所对应的重建算法来获得更大的成像范围,比如转台偏置、探测器偏置等扫描模式。本文提出一种用于转台一次偏置扫描模式下的重建算法。该算法首先用Parker类型函数对重复采样的投影数据进行加权,然后用扇束重建算法得到断层图像。实验结果证明了这种方法的有效性和优越性。     

基于融合解析迭代重建网络的高效稀疏投影CT重建算法

融合解析迭代重建网络(fused analytical iterative reconstruction networks,AirNet)是一种结合传统解析、迭代重建算法与深度卷积神经网络的CT稀疏投影数据重建模型,可准确重建稀疏角、有限角等情况下稀疏采样的CT投影数据.但原始AirNet需要数十次迭代,其计算效率仍有...     

三维锥形束CT解析重建算法发展综述

同二维的扇束、平行束相比,三维锥束CT需要的扫描时间更短,可以获得更好的空间分辨率和更高的射线利用效率。虽然锥束CT的解析重建算法在数学计算上比较复杂,由于其运算量较大,工程实现起来也有一定的困难,但是随着近几年硬件和算法的快速发展,三维锥束CT变得越来越有希望,医用及工业CT正向着中等甚至大锥角三维锥束CT过渡。鉴于其巨大的实用背景,本文对近些年三维锥束解析重建算法的发展做了一个回顾,尤其是针对长物体问题的算法及短物体问题的算法进行的研究,并对各类算法作了比较和讨论,最后对三维锥形束CT解析重建算法理论的发展进行了展望。     

基于平板探测器的锥束CT系统综述

锥束CT系统和二维扇束、平行束CT系统相比具有空间分辨率高、投影数据采集时间短、射线利用效率高等优点 ,但由于算法运算量大和工程实现上的困难以往一直没能在实际中应用 ,随着近几年硬件和算法的发展 ,锥束CT已经进入实用阶段 ,而平板探测器则是最适合锥束CT的探测器。本文对目前平板探测器锥束CT系统的发展状况做了综述 ,讨论了平板探测器用于锥束CT系统的优越性 ,对各种平板探测器锥束CT系统的几何结构和应用中的问题进行了比较和讨论 ,最后对平板探测器锥束CT未来的发展进行了展望。     

半像素错位技术在三维CT重建中的应用

本文介绍了一种基于半像素错位的多幅锥束投影数据重建高分辨率投影数据的技术,利用在水平和垂直方向上进行半像素错位的方法提高了锥束投影数据的分辨率,并给出了具体的实现方法,同时对重建后的投影数据用FDK方法进行重建,实验结果表明,重建出来的三维物体的质量在水平和垂直方向都获得了的提高,而且还有抑制噪声的效果。     

锥束/多层螺旋CT重建算法在工业CT中的应用及对运算速度的研究

目前临床应用的锥束/多层螺旋CT主要采用螺旋Feldkamp算法进行图像重建,体数据的重建需要消耗大量的时间,锥束/多层螺旋CT的图像重建一直是图像重建中的关键问题和衡量CT系统的重要指标之一。本文分析了几种快速重建算法的特点,并从算法结构、实现技巧及代码优化等方面论述了图像重建的方法,计算模拟和实验结果显示了这些方法可有效提高图像重建的速度。     

DART-TV：高精度离散断层图像重建算法

本文提出了一种基于离散代数迭代（DART）和全变差（TV）最小化的高精度图像重建算法,即DART．TV。该算法适用于工业CT辅助制造中对于单一材料物体的尺寸检测,特别是在物体对某些角度无法被穿透的情况。传统的CT重建算法如FBP或ART无法有效处理这类数据缺失的病态问题,重建图像分辨率差。本文提出的算法的核心思想是：（1）利用DART的结果限制重建物体的支撑域,改善问题的病态性;（2）迭代过程中施加TV约束,以抑制噪声;（3）每次迭代后自动更新支撑域,不断逼近真实解,使得图像边缘更加清晰。初步的模拟结果和实验结果显示,DART-TV算法在有限角情况下可以得到更精确的重建图像边缘,并且该算法对于投影噪声和灰度值估计误差有更好的鲁棒性,可以应用于实际工程。     

基于泊松噪音模型的图像去噪方法(英文)

通常认为,CT中的投影数据带有泊松噪音。然而目前尚未有定论,从投影数据重建得到的CT图像带有何种类型的噪音。由于CT图像的灰度值呈现一定泊松分布的性质,因此我们可以假定CT图像被"类泊松"噪音所污染。本文中,我们提出一种去除"类泊松"噪音的模型,基于仿真数据和真实CT数据的数值实验结果证明了该模型的有效性。此外,该模型可以被扩展到混合噪音模型甚至未知类型的噪音上。我们还提出了一种基于对偶和松弛迭代技术的快速数值算法。     

基于光线投射的锥束CT正投影算法研究

计算机断层成像（computed tomography,CT）作为一种现代成像技术已经被广泛应用于医学诊断、工业无损检测等领域。在研究CT重建算法的过程中,正投影模拟数据是必不可少的一部分。本文提出一种基于光线投射算法的圆轨迹锥束扫描模式下的正投影算法,并结合CUDA（compute unified device architecture,统一计算设备架构）技术,实现了GPU（graphics processing unit,图形处理器）加速正投影计算。通过与传统的正投影算法相比,本文算法在投影图像质量上有一定的提高,并具有更高的计算效率。     

锥束覆盖方法的并行实现及性能分析

三维螺旋锥束CT重建算法的快速实现是CT理论与实际应用中关注的焦点。本文基于锥束覆盖方法[1]对Katsevich精确反演公式设计了并行算法并给出了算法的并行性能分析。从本文的结果可以看出,该算法是解决三维螺旋锥束CT的重建算法时效性的一个可行途径。     

Enhancement of image quality with a fast iterative scatter and beam hardening correction method for kV CBCT

The problem of the enormous amount of scattered radiation in kV CBCT (kilo voltage cone beam computer tomography) is addressed. Scatter causes undesirable streak- and cup-artifacts and results in a quantitative inaccuracy of reconstructed CT numbers, so that an accurate dose calculation might be impossible. Image contrast is also significantly reduced. Therefore we checked whether an appropriate implementation of the fast iterative scatter correction algorithm we have developed for MV (mega voltage) CBCT reduces the scatter contribution in a kV CBCT as well. This scatter correction method is based on a superposition of pre-calculated Monte Carlo generated pencil beam scatter kernels. The algorithm requires only a system calibration by measuring homogeneous slab phantoms with known water-equivalent thicknesses. In this study we compare scatter corrected CBCT images of several phantoms to the fan beam CT images acquired with a reduced cone angle (a slice-thickness of 14 mm in the isocenter) at the same system. Additional measurements at a different CBCT system were made (different energy spectrum and phantom-to-detector distance) and a first order approach of a fast beam hardening correction will be introduced.The observed image quality of the scatter corrected CBCT images is comparable concerning resolution, noise and contrast-to-noise ratio to the images acquired in fan beam geometry. Compared to the CBCT without any corrections the contrast of the contrast-and-resolution phantom with scatter correction and additional beam hardening correction is improved by a factor of about 1.5. The reconstructed attenuation coefficients and the CT numbers of the scatter corrected CBCT images are close to the values of the images acquired in fan beam geometry for the most pronounced tissue types. Only for extreme dense tissue types like cortical bone we see a difference in CT numbers of 5.2%, which can be improved to 4.4% with the additional beam hardening correction. Cupping is reduced from 20% to 4% with scatter correction and 3% with an additional beam hardening correction. After 3 iterations (small phantoms) and 6 to 7 iterations (large phantoms) the algorithm converges. Therefore the algorithm is very fast, that means 1.3 seconds per projection for 3 iterations on a standard PC.     

Analysis of image quality and dose calculation accuracy in cone beam CT acquisitions with limited projection data (half scan, half fan) with regard to usability for adaptive radiation therapy treatment planning

Subject of this study is the question of whether cone beam CT (CBCT) images with reduced projection data are suitable for use in adaptive radiation therapy (ART) treatment planning. For this purpose image quality and dose calculation accuracy depending on imaging modality were analysed. In this context, two CBCT-methods will be indicated having reduced projection data sets: Scans acquired with 200° rotation angle in order to accelerate the CBCT process (half scan), or scans with an asymmetric cone beam and detector offset, used to enlarge the field-of-view (half fan).

Methods

For three different CBCT-modes (On-Board-Imaging, Varian Medical Systems), two of them based on reduced projection data, and a conventional multidetector CT system, the main image quality parameters were studied. Treatment plans for two phantoms were transferred to all datasets and re-computed to analyse dose calculation accuracy. Furthermore imaging dose was measured for all modalities.

Results

All three CBCT-modes showed similar results with regard to image quality. It was found, that a reduction in projection data does not necessarily involve deterioration in image quality parameters. For dose calculation based on CBCT images, a good agreement with the reference plan was found, with a maximum deviation for the mean dose in regions of interest of 1.1%. Imaging dose was found to be 2.5 cGy and 2.9 cGy for the large-FOV mode and the partial rotation mode, respectively, and 5.4 cGy for the 360°-full fan mode.     

A quantitative image quality comparison of four different image guided radiotherapy devices.

PURPOSE: A study to quantitatively compare the image quality of four different image guided radiotherapy (IGRT) devices based on phantom measurements with respect to the additional dose delivered to the patient. METHODS: Images of three different head-sized phantoms (diameter 16-18 cm) were acquired with the following four IGRT-CT solutions: (i) the Siemens Primatom single slice fan beam computed tomography (CT) scanner with an acceleration voltage of 130 kV, (ii) a Tomotherapy HI-ART II unit using a fan beam scanner with an energy of 3.5 MeV and (iii) the Siemens Artíste prototype, providing the possibility to perform kV (121 kV) and MV (6 MV) cone beam (CB) CTs. For each device three scan protocols (named low, normal, high) were selected to yield the same weighted computed tomography dose index (CTDI(w)). Based on the individual inserts of the different phantoms the image quality achieved with each device at a certain dose level was characterized in terms of homogeneity, spatial resolution, signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), contrast-to-noise ratio (CNR) and electron density-to-CT-number conversion. RESULTS: Based on the current findings for head-sized phantoms all devices show an electron density-to-CT-number conversion almost independent of the imaging parameters and hence can be suited for treatment planning purposes. The evaluation of the image quality, however, points out clear differences due to the different energies and geometries. The Primatom standard CT scanner shows throughout the best performance, especially for soft tissue contrast and spatial resolution with low imaging doses. Reasonable soft tissue contrast can be obtained with slightly higher doses compared to the CT scanner with the kVCB and the Tomotherapy unit. In order to get similar results with the MVCB system a much higher dose needs to be applied to the patient. CONCLUSION: Considering the entire investigations, especially in terms of contrast and spatial resolution, a rough tendency for decreasing image quality can be given: Primatom, Artíste prototype kVCB, Tomotherapy, Artíste prototype MVCB.     

Spatial resolution of proton tomography: Methods, initial phase space and object thickness

PurposeProton radiography and tomography was investigated since the early 1970s because of its low radiation dose, high density resolution and ability to image directly proton stopping power. However, spatial resolution is still a limiting factor and as a consequence experimental methods and image reconstruction should be optimized to improve position resolution.MethodsSpatial resolution of proton radiography and tomography is given by multiple Coloumb scattering (MCS) of the protons in the patient. In this paper we employ an improved MCS model to study the impact of various proton tomographic set-ups on the spatial resolution, such as different combinations of entrance and exit coordinate and angle measurements, respectively, initial particle energy and angular confusion of the incident proton field.ResultsIt was found that best spatial resolution is obtained by measuring in addition to the entrance and exit coordinates also the entrance and exit angles. However, by applying partial backprojection and by using a perfect proton fan beam a sufficient spatial resolution can be achieved with less experimental complexity (measuring only exit angles). It was also shown that it is essential to use the most probable proton trajectory to improve spatial resolution. A simple straight line connection for image reconstruction results in a spatial resolution which is not clinically sufficient. The percentage deterioration of spatial resolution due to the angular confusion of the incident proton field is less than the phase space in mrad. A clinically realistic proton beam with 10 mrad angular confusion results in a less than 10% loss of spatial resolution.ConclusionsClinically sufficient spatial resolution can be either achieved with a full measurement of entrance and exit coordinates and angles, but also by using a fan beam with small angular confusion and an exit angle measurement. It is necessary to use the most probable proton path for image reconstruction. A simple straight line connection is in general not sufficient. Increasing proton energy improves spatial resolution of an object of constant size. This should be considered in the design of proton therapy facilities.     

另一种基于弦的锥束CT图像重建的推导方法

A series of papers by our group has layed thefoundation of a very general theory of image reconstruc-tion in cone-beam CT.Initially,Zou and Pan devel-oped a general formula from which a back-projectionfiltration algorithm was derived for yielding the imageon aπ-line segement of a helical source trajectory[1]with a minimum set of projection data.Theπ-line seg-ment is a line segment that connects two points on ahelix separated by no more than a single turn.It wasestablished previously thatπ…     

CBCT图像质量质控体系建立及结果分析

目的 通过建立完善的图像质控体系来保证设备满足临床需要。方法 对Catphan₅₀₄模体进行高质量头部、标准剂量头部、盆腔扫描并分析各自CBCT图像,检测CT值线性、CT值均匀性、空间分辨力、密度分辨力是否满足要求。采用成组t检验比较不同扫描条件的结果差异。结果采用标准剂量头部扫描条件得到的CT值更接近标准CT值,优于盆腔扫描条件得到的结果。CT值均匀性检测结果显示标准剂量头部优于高质量头部和盆腔(9.7±3.9∶17.9±5.3,P=0.00和9.5±4.0∶31.1±5.7,P=0.00)。密度分辨力高质量头部、盆腔扫描方式优于标准剂量头部(5.6±0.1∶1.3±0.5,P=0.00和6.0±1.0∶1.3±0.5,P=0.00)。空间线性距离结果十分准确,范围为4.98~5.06 cm。结论 设备空间线性距离准确、稳定,而CT值线性、CT值均匀性受扫描条件影响较大。对空间分辨力、密度分辨力则要做到因设备不同而设定标准与误差范围。     

基于像素采样不足的伪迹处理方法

在实际的三维锥束CT重建中，受扫描结构的限制，当连续X射线穿过物体时，像素对射线的采样间隔不能满足Nyqust采样定理，这样通道信号产生混叠，使得重建图像出现伪迹。本论文针对这一问题，在用splatting算法计算代数重建算法权系数的基础上，分析了伪迹产生的原因并对对应的内插函数作了适当的变换，提出了适用于3-D锥束圆轨迹CT扫描系统的去伪处理方法。结果表明，经过去伪处理后，重建图像的分辨率明显提高。     

CT模拟定位机扫描条件对图像质量的影响

目的:分析大孔径CT模拟定位机不同扫描条件对CT图像的影响,为模拟定位工作中扫描协议的选择提供参考.方法:利用飞利浦大孔径CT模拟定位机扫描Catphan504模体,分析管电压、管电流、层厚、过滤器、扫描方式、扫描视野、摆放位置等扫描条件对CT图像的影响.结果:CT值参数受管电压及过滤器影响明显,140 kV管电压CT...