重症手足口病循环障碍的识别与救治

儿童手足口病危重症大多由肠道病毒71型感染引起,部分重症患儿出现循环功能障碍,可能与肠道病毒71型感染导致的严重神经系统损伤有关,发生机制为复杂病理生理过程,与中枢神经系统损伤后神经、体液、生物活性因子等多方面改变有关.儿科医生应密切观察重症预兆.密切监测循环状态和血流动力学指标、仔细评估心脏功能并早期干预是救治成功的关键.

Abstract：

Enterovirus 71 infection was the most important agent related to severe and fatal cases of hand,foot and mouth disease in children. Some severe and fatal cases had cardiovascular dysfunction, which extremely possibly caused by central nervous system involvement and lesions with EV71 infection. But the mechanism was complex and unclear. Monitoring circulation condition and hemodynamic parameters, assessing cardiac function carefully were helpful to detect children at risk of cardiovascular involvement and dysfunction. Early recognition and intervention of children at risk of cardiovascular disorder is the key to rescue severe cases and reduce the mortality.     

浅谈对小儿重症手足口病的一些认识

重症手足口病已成为威胁我国儿童健康的重要传染性疾病.目前的观点认为重症手足口病与肠道病毒(EV)尤其是EV71病毒的嗜神经特性有关,危重病例均有脑炎、脑干脑炎或脑脊髓炎症状,并由此导致神经源性肺水肿或循环衰竭,其中交感副交感神经功能失衡、儿茶酚胺大量释放是主要致病机制.危重症治疗需要闯"三关",即呼吸衰竭(肺水肿)、循环衰竭及脑功能障碍或衰竭.及时的机械通气、恰当的循环功能支持及脑功能保护是降低病死率的关键,应结合患儿实际情况合理应用指南.

Abstract：

Severe hand,foot and mouth disease has emerged as the important threat to lives of children in China in recent years. Enterovirus especially EV 71 is neurotropic pathogen, can cause encephalitis,brainstem encephalitis, which are considered to be related to some severe complications such as pulmonary edema and cardiovascular failure. Autonomic nervous system dysregulation and secondary excessive catecholamine release are thought to be the main mechanism. The key measures for decreasing mortality include optimal ventilatory and cardiovascular support as well as prevention of further brain injuries. The guideline should be used with cautions and clinical practice should be based on patient's conditions.     

手足口病病原体流行特征分析及临床意义

Objective To investigate the epidemic characteristics of etiological agents in children with hand, foot and mouth disease (HFMD) and analyze the differences between the severe and mild cases with HFMD seen from 2008 to 2009 in the Children's Hospital Methods A total of 154 patients with HFMD were enrolled from May 2008 to September 2008 and from May 2009 to September 2009, including 28 severe HFMD patients. Data from 80 cases with suspected herpangina were collected as control. Enterovirus universal type, enterovirus type 71 (EV71) and coxsackie virus group A 16 (CA16) were detected by realtime RT-PCR respoctively. Results The positive rate of enterovirus universal type in the 154 patients with HFMD was 81.82% (126/154). EV71 positive rate in these 126 patients with enterovirus universal type infection was 57.14% (72/126). The positive rate of enterovirus universal type in the 80 cases with suspected herpangina was 68.75% (55/80). There was no EV71 infection in these 80 cases with suspected herpangina. EV71 infection was mainly popular in 2008. Both EV71 and CA16 were prevalent in 2009. The epidemic characteristics of enterovirus infection with HFMD between 2008 and 2009 had significant differences (X2 = 23.50, P = 0.000) ( P ＜ O.01 ). The epidemic characteristics of enterovirus infection between severe and mild HFMD patients also had significant differences (X2 = 29.85, P ＜ O. 01). There were 28 cases with severe HFMD, in whom the EV71 positive rate was 92.86% (26/28). EV71 positive rate in the mild HFMD was 36.51% (46/126) (X2 =29.22, P ＜0.01). There was no significant difference in the gender ( X2 = 0.135, P = 0.714) and virus load (t = 0.141, P = 0.889) between the mild and severe HFMD cases. But the age of mild and severe HFMD showed a significant difference ( t = 2.926, P =O.009). Patients who were less than 2 years of age had a proportion of 88.89% (8/9) with severe HFMD.The mean age of mild HFMD patients was 3.19 years. Conclusion HFMD showed different epidemic characteristics at different times of enterovirus infection. There was no significant difference in the gender and virus load between the mild and severe cases with HFMD. Children under 3 years of age with EV71 infection were at high risk for severe HFMD.     

手足口病病原体流行特征分析及临床意义

Objective To investigate the epidemic characteristics of etiological agents in children with hand, foot and mouth disease (HFMD) and analyze the differences between the severe and mild cases with HFMD seen from 2008 to 2009 in the Children's Hospital Methods A total of 154 patients with HFMD were enrolled from May 2008 to September 2008 and from May 2009 to September 2009, including 28 severe HFMD patients. Data from 80 cases with suspected herpangina were collected as control. Enterovirus universal type, enterovirus type 71 (EV71) and coxsackie virus group A 16 (CA16) were detected by realtime RT-PCR respoctively. Results The positive rate of enterovirus universal type in the 154 patients with HFMD was 81.82% (126/154). EV71 positive rate in these 126 patients with enterovirus universal type infection was 57.14% (72/126). The positive rate of enterovirus universal type in the 80 cases with suspected herpangina was 68.75% (55/80). There was no EV71 infection in these 80 cases with suspected herpangina. EV71 infection was mainly popular in 2008. Both EV71 and CA16 were prevalent in 2009. The epidemic characteristics of enterovirus infection with HFMD between 2008 and 2009 had significant differences (X2 = 23.50, P = 0.000) ( P ＜ O.01 ). The epidemic characteristics of enterovirus infection between severe and mild HFMD patients also had significant differences (X2 = 29.85, P ＜ O. 01). There were 28 cases with severe HFMD, in whom the EV71 positive rate was 92.86% (26/28). EV71 positive rate in the mild HFMD was 36.51% (46/126) (X2 =29.22, P ＜0.01). There was no significant difference in the gender ( X2 = 0.135, P = 0.714) and virus load (t = 0.141, P = 0.889) between the mild and severe HFMD cases. But the age of mild and severe HFMD showed a significant difference ( t = 2.926, P =O.009). Patients who were less than 2 years of age had a proportion of 88.89% (8/9) with severe HFMD.The mean age of mild HFMD patients was 3.19 years. Conclusion HFMD showed different epidemic characteristics at different times of enterovirus infection. There was no significant difference in the gender and virus load between the mild and severe cases with HFMD. Children under 3 years of age with EV71 infection were at high risk for severe HFMD.     

重症肠道病毒71型感染患儿神经系统损害的诊治

本文就肠道病毒71型(EV71)重症感染的病因、病理、神经系统损害的临床表现、治疗等问题进行了阐述.笔者认为,神经系统症状是由于EV71直接侵犯靶器官神经元的结果.因此,针对急性期治疗及在急性期治疗中如何避免或减轻神经系统后遗症进行讨论很有必要.

Abstract：

In this article we discussed the pathogenesis,pathology and clinical feature of nervous system damage,and treatment of severe EV71 infection. The neurological symptoms are associated with the direct damage of EV71 to the target neurons. We also discussed the treatment and method to avoid and reduce the severity of neurological sequelae for children with severe EV71 infection.     

重症手足口病机械通气147例临床特点及救治体会

目的 总结我院2009年1月1日至9月6日收治重症手足口病机械通气患儿的临床特征及诊治经过,为减少神经源性肺水肿的发生及降低病死率提供依据.方法 采用回顾性分析方法对147例重症手足口病机械通气患儿的相关信息进行分析.结果 85.0%患儿年龄在3岁以下;100%患儿发热;发热至机械通气时间1～4 d,平均(3.06±1.02)d;神经系统并发症表现为精神差、易惊、肢体抖动、嗜睡;呼吸系统表现为呼吸急促、浅慢、节律不规则;循环系统表现为心率增快或减慢、血压增高或降低、皮肤花斑、四肢皮温低.部分病例出现血白细胞、血糖、血乳酸升高,咽拭子EV71-PCR阳性率34.7%,肛拭子EV71-PCR阳性率42.2%.X线胸片表现为肺纹理增粗、渗出或无明显异常.机械通气患儿死亡3例,病死率为2.0%.结论 本次手足口病流行病情相对重,变化快,并发神经源性肺水肿治疗困难,病死率高.早期识别重症患儿,及时机械通气,并给予综合治疗,可减少神经源性肺水肿的发生,降低病死率.

Abstract：

Objective To summarize the clinical features,diagnostic and treatment experience of severe hand,foot and mouth disease(HFMD) cases receiving mechanical ventilation from Jan 1 to Sep 6,2009 in our hospital and provide reference for reducing the occurrence of neurogenic pulmonary edema(NPE) and mortality. Methods 147 severe HFMD who received mechanical ventilation were analyzed by a retrospective investigation. Results 85.0% children were less than 3 years old and 100% patients had a fever. The mechanical ventilation occurred within 1 to 4 days after fever (3.06 ± 1. 02) d. Neurological complications presented as bad spirit,easy surprised, involuntary movement of the extremities and lethargy. Respiratory system complication presented as polypnea, hypepnea and irregular rhythm. Circulatory system complication presented as heart rate increase or decrease, hypertension or hypotension, piebald skin and low limb temperature.Some of the children had high white blood cell counting,glucose and lactic acid of the blood. The EV71-PCR positive rate was 34. 7% for throat swabs,and 42. 2% for anal swabs. Chest X-ray presented as increased broncho vascular shadows, exudation or nonapparent abnormality. Only three children were dead, fatality rate was 2. 0%. Conclusion The HFMD cases in this outbreak are relatively more serious,and change rapidly. It's difficult to treat as soon as NPE appeared,and it has high fatality rate. Early recognition of critical patients,timely giving mechanical ventilation,and the comprehensive treatment can reduce NPE incidence and the mortality.     

反复肺部感染、脱机困难与气道发育异常

目的 探讨反复肺部感染、脱机困难与气道发育异常的关系与异常类型.方法 对2008年2月至2010年5月入住我院PICU行电子支气管镜检查的43例重症肺炎患儿的临床资料进行回顾性分析.结果 43例患儿中有24例存在不同程度的气道发育异常,异常类型以气道软骨软化最多,共15例;气管狭窄5例;喉部发育异常3例;右支气管与右肺缺如1例.结论 对临床表现有生后不久反复喘息、呼吸道重症感染治疗效果不好或临床脱机困难、经有效吸痰吸氧治疗PCO2居高不降、阵发性青紫又排除心脏疾患的患儿,存在气道发育异常的可能性较大,应尽早行电子支气管镜检查,以明确诊断.

Abstract：

Objective To discuss the relationship between pulmonary infection, offline difficulties and airway abnormalities and to discuss the type of airway abnormalities. Methods The clinical data of 43 patients of severe pneumonia with inspection of electronic fibro-bronchoscope in PICU from Feb 2008 to May 2010 were retrospectively analyzed. Results In the 43 cases,24 cases existel different degrees of airway abnormalities, most of airway cartilage softening,in 15 cases; laryngeal dysplasia in 3 cases; absence of the right bronchus and right lung in 1 case. Conclusion Many children may exist airway abnormalities,if they have such performance as the clinical manifestations of recurrent wheezing after birth, refractory respiratory infection or difficulties in clinical offline, the increase of PCO2 though the effective suction, paroxysmal cyanosis and excluded with heart disease. Those children should undergo inspection with electronic fibro-bronchoscope to confirm the diagnosis as early as possible.     

Complications of Monochorionic Diamniotic Twins: Stepwise Approach for Early Identification,Differential Diagnosis,and Clinical Management

One in three monochorionic twins may develop complications during pregnancy. Monochorionic twins, especially monochorionic diamniotic (MCDA), present specific problems caused by the presence of interfetal placental anastomoses. The first critical step in the management of MCDA twins is identification in the first trimester. Secondly, close follow-up every 2 weeks is mandatory to allow early diagnosis and timely treatment of twin-twin transfusion syndrome. Other potentially severe complications include selective fetal growth restriction, twin anemia polycythemia syndrome or single fetal death. Thirdly, a correct differential diagnosis is critical to establish the best therapy. This may represent a clinical challenge since MCDA twin complications often overlap. A simple diagnostic algorithm may be of great help to establish the right diagnosis and management option. In this review we summarize the main steps for the clinical follow-up, differential diagnosis, and targeted management of MCDA twins complications.     

危重病肾上腺功能障碍的研究进展

There is high incidence of relative adrenal insufficiency (RAI) in critical children. The causes of adrenal insufficiency in patients with severe sepsis and septic shock are the mechanical injury of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis, cytokines and other mediators of inflammatory or hormone resistance. There are many symptoms associated with adrenal insufficiency. Diagnosis is often suspected when these patients have hypotension refractory to fluid therapy and to vasoactive drugs. The corticotropin stimulation test is widely used as a method to identify adrenocortical hyporesponsiveness, but controversy exists as to the corticotropin dose to be used. The 250 μg dose is the standard dose. Low doses of corticotropin (1 μg) have recenfly been proposed,suggesting that they may have higher sensitivity and the characteristics of safe and effective.     

完全性肺静脉异位引流病理谱及个体化手术治疗

Objective To delineate the morphological spectrum of total anomalous pulmonary venous connection (TAPVC) by building the "road map" and the " variation chart" of pulmonary veins,and to advance individualized surgical treatment Methods Between April,2006 to June,2009, 139 consecutive patients with TAPVC underwent operations. There were 61 supracardiac,55 intracardiac,6 infracardiac and 17 mixed types. Pathological diagnosis was made by echocardiogram,magnetic resonance imaging, computerized tomography,or the cardiac catheterization and operative findings during operation. The option of procedure was determined by findings. Results (1) Pathological spectrum:①" the road map"of the pulmonary veins: the patients with supracardiac type were divided into 4 subtypes according to the course of vertical veins:left course (47 cases),right course (9 cases),posterior course(2 cases) and double courses (3 cases). The patients with intracardiac type were divided into 3 subtypes according to the draining site of pulmonary veins: to coronary sinus (49 cases) ,to right atrium (5 cases) or to coronary sinus and right atrium (1 case),and the openings of pulmonary veins may be 4,2 or 1 in each subtype. The patients with infracardiac type were divided into 4 subtypes according to the draining site of vertical vein:to portal vein (1 case),to hepatic vein(3 cases),to portal vein and hepatic vein (1 case) and to inferior vena cava (1 cases). The patients with mixed type were divided into 3 subtypes: bilateral and symmetrical connections "2 + 2" pulmonary venous drainage pattern; bilateral and asymmetrical connections"3 +1" pulmonary venous drainage pattern and bizarre anatomic variants. ② The morphological "variation chart" of pulmonary veins individual pulmonary vein stenosis or excessive tributary veins (11 cases) showed: hypoplastic confluence veins (4 cases) and vertical veins distortion or elongation or forming hemodynamic vise or common pulmonary vein that drained to coronary sinus or right atrium through a narrowed short vertical vein or a small window(9cases).(2)Surgical results：early death was encountered in 6 cases(4.3％).The causes included 10W cardiac output syndrome in 1 case,and pulmonary veins stenosis and associated complications in the other 5 patients.Six patients with pulmonary restenosis underwent reoperation.All survived.Two patients had mild residual obstruction during Intermediate-term follow-up.Conclusions The patients with TAPVC had a wide spectrum of pulmonary veins with high inter-individual variation.It was useful to delineate the anatomy of pulmonary veins and to plan personalized procedures during operations according to the"road map"and"variation chart"of pulmonary veins.     

危重型手足口病的危险因素分析

目的：探讨儿童重症手足口病(hand,foot and mouth disease,HFMD)重型发展为危重型的危险因素。方法通过回顾性分析2009年1月至2010年9月广西医科大学第一附属医院儿科收治的100例重型及危重型 HFMD 患儿的临床资料(重型组82例,危重型组18例),采用单因素及多因素非条件 Logistic 回归分析比较两组临床表现、辅助检查结果的差异,探讨重型 HFMD 进展为危重型的危险因素。结果两组发病年龄大多﹤5岁,尤其是3岁以下婴幼儿居多(重型组占85.4%,危重型组占88.9%),两组均以男孩为主,男女比例分别为2.28∶1及8.00∶1。肠道病毒71型是重症手足口病的主要病原。重型和危重型病例绝大多数有发热和皮疹,神经系统症状以肌阵挛、肢体抖动、肢体无力、嗜睡、呕吐、抽搐多见,危重型病例除了上述症状外,神经系统症状加重,出现昏迷,并伴有呼吸、循环系统严重表现。单因素分析提示年龄﹤2岁、心率增快、呼吸急促、白细胞升高、血小板升高、血糖升高、持续高热、肢体无力、肺部啰音及 X 线胸片异常改变为重型 HFMD 进展为危重型的危险因素,而多因素非条件 Logistic 回归分析显示年龄﹤2岁、心率增快、肢体无力、肺部啰音是发生危重型病例的独立危险因素。结论年龄﹤2岁、心率增快、肢体无力及肺部啰音与重型手足口病进展为危重型高度相关。     

儿童重症手足口病并神经源性肺水肿死亡的危险因素

目的 探讨儿童重症手足口病(HFMD)并神经源性肺水肿(NPE)的死亡危险因素,以利于指导疾病早期认识、诊断和治疗,从而降低病死率.方法 收集2010年3-6月本院PICU收治的42例重症HFMD并神经源性肺水肿患儿资料,并根据患儿预后将42例患儿分为存活组(对照组)和死亡组(死亡或放弃治疗后死亡),比较2组患儿性别、年龄、小儿危重症评分(PCIS)、多脏器功能不全综合征(MODS)受累器官数、白细胞计数、中性粒细胞比值、血小板计数、上机时血糖、上机时心率、上机时血压、乳酸水平、碱剩余(BE)、CK、CK-MB、肌钙蛋白、降钙素原(PCT)、CRP、肺出血、意识障碍、惊跳、氧合指数、应激性溃疡、循环衰竭、发病病程等24个因素.采用单因素分析,筛选出P<0.05的相关危险因素进行多因素Logistic回归分析,分析可能的死亡危险因素.结果 42例中死亡16 例,病死率38.1%.肺出血18例(其中死亡14例),死亡16例中均有发热、惊跳及循环衰竭,15例手足或手足臀部有针尖样散在皮疹,1例无皮疹.合并3个脏器功能障碍者8例(其中4例死亡),4个脏器功能障碍的11例全部死亡,5个脏器功能障碍1例死亡.单因素分析显示,PCIS、MODS受累器官数、白细胞计数、中性粒细胞比值、血小板计数、上机时血糖、上机时心率、乳酸水平、BE、CK-MB、肌钙蛋白、肺出血、意识障碍、氧合指数、应激性溃疡和循环衰竭16个因素与重症HFMD并神经源性肺水肿的死亡有关.将以上因素进行多因素Logistic回归分析,仍然与死亡有关的因素包括血清乳酸值、CK-MB和PCIS.结论 重症HFMD并神经源性肺水肿病死率高,尤其是出现肺出血及循环衰竭时.PCIS降低、乳酸水平升高和CK-MB增高是该病死亡的危险因素.     

重症手足口病研究进展

引起手足口病的病毒嗜神经性强，脑干为其主要受累部位，可能与此部位存在某种特异性受体有关。重症手足口病病死率高，主要致死原因为心肺脑功能衰竭，故及时判断高危因素并给予相应处理尤为重要。重症手足口病产生肺水肿的因素众多，主要由神经系统损伤引起。目前尚无规范治疗方案，但阶段性的诊断及治疗效果显著。     

Chinese guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of hand,foot and mouth disease (2018 edition)

Background

Hand, foot, and mouth disease (HFMD) is a common infectious disease in childhood caused by an enterovirus (EV), and which is principally seen in children under 5 years of age. To promote diagnostic awareness and effective treatments, to further standardize and strengthen the clinical management and to reduce the mortality of HFMD, the guidelines for diagnosis and treatment have been developed.

Methods

National Health Commission of China assembled an expert committee for a revision of the guidelines. The committee included 33 members who are specialized in diagnosis and treatment of HFMD.

Results

Early recognition of severe cases is utmost important in diagnosis and treatment of patients with HFMD. The key to diagnosis and treatment of severe cases lies in the timely and accurate recognition of stages 2 and 3 of HFMD, in order to stop progression to stage 4. Clinicians should particularly pay attention to those EV-A71 cases in children aged less than 3 years, and those with disease duration less than 3 days. The following indicators should alert the clinician of possible deterioration and impending critical disease: (1) persistent hyperthermia; (2) involvement of nervous system; (3) worsening respiratory rate and rhythm; (4) circulatory dysfunction; (5) elevated peripheral WBC count; (6) elevated blood glucose and (7) elevated blood lactic acid. For treatment, most mild cases can be treated as outpatients. Patients should be isolated to avoid cross-infection. Intense treatment modalities should be given for those severe cases.

Conclusion

The guidelines can provide systematic guidance on the diagnosis and management of HFMD.

     

小儿危重病例评分在重症手足口病病情及预后评估中的作用

目的 探讨小儿危重病例评分(PCIS)在重症手足口病患儿预后及病情严重程度评估中的作用。方法 424 名重症手足口病患儿纳入该研究,其中存活390 例,死亡34 例。收集患儿PCIS 评分系统的相关生理参数及结局资料,通过受试者工作特征曲线(ROC)下面积(AUC)评估PCIS 评分系统对并发症和结局的分辨力。结果 存活组患儿PCIS 评分明显高于死亡组患儿(P结论 PCIS 对重症手足口病并发症及预后有一定预测作用,但根据现有评分体系不能充分反映重症手足口病病情的严重程度。     

重症手足口病患儿合并心肺功能衰竭的危险因素及治疗体会

目的：探讨重症手足口病（HFMD）患儿合并心肺功能衰竭的危险因素及治疗体会。方法：统计分析2011年3～8月198例重症HFMD患儿的临床资料,通过单因素分析及logistic回归分析调查重症HFMD患儿合并心肺功能衰竭的危险因素并探讨丙种球蛋白联合地塞米松及利巴韦林治疗的有效性。结果：单因素分析显示,与未合并心肺功能衰竭组比较,合并心肺功能衰竭组患儿的意识障碍、呼吸急促、血流动力学改变、肌钙蛋白增高和EV71感染比例显著增加,差异有统计学意义（P<0.05）。Logistic回归分析表明,呼吸急促、血流动力学改变、EV71感染为进展为心肺功能衰竭的主要危险因素。与地塞米松+利巴韦林二联治疗比较,丙种球蛋白+地塞米松+利巴韦林三联联合治疗更能有效阻止重症HFMD患儿血流动力学的改变（P<0.01）。丙种球蛋白+地塞米松+利巴韦林三联治疗未合并心肺功能衰竭组的疗效明显好于合并心肺功能衰竭组（P<0.01）。结论：重症HFMD合并心肺功能衰竭的主要危险因素包括呼吸急促、血流动力学改变及EV71感染。早期给予丙种球蛋白+地塞米松+利巴韦林联合治疗可以减少心肺功能衰竭的发生。     

新生儿食物过敏

食物过敏主要是指食物进入人体后,机体对之产生异常免疫反应,导致机体生理功能的紊乱和(或)组织损伤,进而引发一系列临床症状。导致食物过敏发生的机制包括:肠道黏膜屏障功能破坏、口服免疫耐受建立失败、宫内致敏、母乳过敏原传递以及遗传和环境等多个方面。临床症状多以消化系统表现为主,重症者还包括低白蛋白血症、生长发育受限甚至循环衰竭和休克。食物过敏明确诊断依靠食物激发试验。饮食回避是目前新生儿食物过敏唯一有效的治疗方法,益生菌的应用可预防食物过敏的发生。     

儿童危重型手足口病死亡的危险因素分析

目的 探讨儿童危重型手足口病死亡的危险因素。方法 以2010 年5 月至2012 年9 月监护室住院治疗的164 例危重型手足口病患儿为研究对象,根据预后分为死亡组（33 例）和存活组（131 例）。比较两组在基本情况、临床症状、体征、辅助检查方面的差异;采用非条件logistic 回归分析死亡的危险因素。结果 死亡组和存活组在不典型皮疹、持续高热（≥ 3 d）、呼吸困难、肺出血、心率增快、血压异常、冷汗、毛细血管再充盈时间>3 s、频繁抽搐发生率及血糖、血清肌酸激酶同工酶、血清乳酸水平方面存在明显差异（P<0.05）。多因素logistic 回归分析显示：肺出血（OR=9.466,95%CI：1.786~21.256）、血压异常（OR=5.224,95%CI：1.012~28.985）、血清乳酸增高（OR=2.154,95%CI：1.020~8.253）是危重型手足口病死亡的独立危险因素。结论 肺出血、血压异常、血清乳酸增高是危重症手足口病患儿死亡的主要危险因素。     

EV71感染致重症手足口病的研究进展

肠道病毒71型(enterovirus 71,EV71)是人类肠道病毒的一种,近30年来,EV71感染在亚太地区广泛流行,是手足口病(HFMD)重症病例的主要病原体.EV71感染引起的重症HFMD病情进展迅速,可表现为中枢神经系统和呼吸系统受累,其发病机制目前尚不十分清楚.研究认为病毒首先通过神经通路侵犯中枢神经系统,导致中枢神经系统的并发症,严重的病例进一步发展为肺水肿、肺出血.研究重症EV71感染的临床特征和发病机制从而采取积极有效的措施阻断其并发症的发生具有重要意义.     

Left ventricular diastolic dysfunction in bronchopulmonary dysplasia

We report 2 infants with severe bronchopulmonary dysplasia in whom left ventricular diastolic dysfunction contributed to clinical abnormalities, including pulmonary hypertension and recurrent pulmonary edema. We speculate that close monitoring for left ventricular diastolic dysfunction may assist with clinical management and improve outcomes of infants with severe bronchopulmonary dysplasia.