新型低密度脂蛋白吸附剂的制备及其吸附性能研究

作者曾介绍了三种低密度脂蛋白（LDL）吸附剂的合成及其性能。本文介绍了用反相悬浮聚合法制备新型低密度脂蛋白的吸附剂，观察了此类吸附剂对低密度脂蛋白、总胆（TC）及高密度脂蛋白（HDL）的吸附性能。实验结果表明：该吸附剂对LDL具有较高的选择性，吸附率可达5４.9％，而对ＨＤＬ则不吸附。     

载脂蛋白B基因Xba I位点多态性对血清载脂蛋白及血脂的影响

目的 探讨人群中载脂蛋白（apolipoprotein,Apo)B基因的Xba I位点多态性对血清载脂蛋白和血脂水平的影响。方法 采用聚合6酶链反应－限制性片段长度多态性分析方法,分析了536名25－64岁无血缘关系汉族人的ApoB基因Xba 1位点多态性,并测定其血清ApoA 1,ApoB,总胆固醇（TC）,甘油三酯（TG）,高密度脂蛋白胆固醇（HDL－C）和计算低密度脂蛋白胆固醇（LDL－C）及非高密度脂蛋白胆固醇（nHDL-C),结果 人群中X－X基因型和X－X＋基因型频率分别为0．950和0．050,未X＋X＋基因型者。Xba I基因型和等位基因频率的分布无性别差异,但该基因型对男性载脂蛋白和血脂的影响大于对女性的影响,男性X－X＋基因型者TC,nHDL-C入LDL－C水平明显高于X－X－基因型者（P＜0．05）,Xba I基因型可解释男性LDL－C变化的1．6％（P＜K0．05）,结论 Xba I基因型对载脂蛋白和血脂的影响有性别差异,对男性LDL－C的影响较大。     

新型低密度脂蛋白吸附剂的制备及其吸附性能研究

作者曾介绍了三种低密度脂蛋白(LDL)吸附剂的合成及其性能[1].本文介绍了用反相悬浮聚合法制备新型低密度脂蛋白的吸附剂,观察了此类吸附剂对低密度脂蛋白、总胆(TC)及高密度脂蛋白(HDL)的吸附性能.实验结果表明该吸附剂对LDL具有较高的选择性,吸附率可达54.9%,而对HDL则不吸附.     

血脂康治疗高脂血症患者116例分析

目的研究血脂康对高脂血症患者TC（血清总胆固醇）、TG（甘油三脂）、LDL-C（低密度脂蛋白胆固醇）、HDL-C（高密度脂蛋白胆固醇）的影响。方法选择232例原发性高脂血症患者随机分为两纽。血脂康组为观察组，肌醇烟酸酯组为对照组。分□口服血脂康1．2g／d或肌醇烟酸酯0．2g／d，连服8周。结果服血脂康和肌醇烟酸酯TC分别降低22．3％和19．6％，TG分别降低22．5％和38．6％，LDL—C分口降低32．7％和25．1％，HDL—C分别升高32．1％和24．8％（以上P均〈0．01）。结论血脂康降低TG的作用弱于肌醇烟酸酯，但其降低TC、LDL—C、和升高HDL-C的作用强于肌醇烟酸酯。     

膳食纤维固定化牛磺酸及其吸附LDL-C的性能研究

研究一种利用静电作用选择性去除低密度脂蛋白胆固醇(LDL-C)的吸附剂。以花生壳膳食纤维为载体,牛磺酸为配基合成此吸附剂,通过探讨反应时间、温度和牛磺酸用量对吸附剂中SO42-含量的影响,获得理想的制备条件;探讨吸附剂用量、吸附时间对血浆吸附效果的影响,获得合适的吸附条件。结果表明,该吸附剂对血浆总胆固醇(TC)吸附率达到33.9%,低密度脂蛋白胆固醇(LDL-C)吸附率达到40.3%,高密度脂蛋白胆固醇(HDL-C)的吸附率为16.4%。该吸附剂对胆固醇具有较高的吸附选择性,可以以其为基础进行双亲性胆固醇吸附剂的研制。     

磷酸盐型低密度脂蛋白亲和吸附剂制备与体外吸附试验研究

研究目的是制备低密度脂蛋白亲和吸附剂,用于去除高脂血症患者血液中高含量的低密度脂蛋白。首先以悬浮分散法制备壳聚糖微球和纤维素微球载体,然后固定磷酸吡哆醛和磷酸盐配基,制备出三种吸附剂,并进行体外静态吸附性能测试。结果表明,壳聚糖-磷酸吡哆醛吸附剂对LDL最大吸附量为1.30mg/mL,磷酸盐型壳聚糖和纤维素吸附剂对LDL的最大吸附量分别为2.72mg/mL和3.12mg/mL,并且吸附量随配基含量的增加呈增大趋势,3种吸附剂对高密度脂蛋白均无明显吸附。对吸附剂的灭菌和储存稳定性的研究表明,磷酸盐型纤维素吸附剂具有较好的稳定性。本研究第一次报道磷酸盐型低密度脂蛋白吸附剂。     

一种新型体外血浆脂类吸附过滤器的性能评价

目的对一种新型体外血浆脂类吸附过滤器JX—DELP进行性能评价。方法①通过体外静态吸附实验检验过滤器滤膜对血脂的吸附效果。②模拟过滤器产品结构组成，设计并加工了小型血浆过滤装置。使用该装置模拟临床应用条件，考察了血浆用量、过滤速度和时间对过滤吸附效果的影响；考察了循环过滤方式对高脂血症患者血浆的综合过滤吸附效果。③考察滤膜与全血直接接触条件下材料的血液相容性。结果过滤器的滤膜在体外对血脂的清除率分别为：总胆固醇（TC）16．7％，甘油三酯（TG）9．7％，低密度脂蛋白（LDL）13．5％。在体外循环实验中，在一定的血浆处理体积、过滤速度和时间内，对TC、TG和LDL的清除率分别为52．0％、50．1％和38．4％。血浆其他组分的浓度变化不显著。过滤器滤膜对全血各组分无显著破坏作用，溶血率仅为0．19％，具有良好的血液相容性。结论体外血浆脂类吸附过滤装置，JX—DELP，能快速有效地去除高脂血症患者血浆中含量过高的血脂，而不会对血液其他组分产生破坏作用，同时滤膜本身有很好的血液相容性。该装置可用于降低血脂和血黏度，临床治疗某些高血脂相关疾病。     

广州市457名在校学生肥胖和血脂紊乱状况分析

目的分析广州市457名在校学生肥胖和血脂紊乱状况。方法随机抽取广州市区小学、初中、高中各一所学校的学生共457名，测量身高、体重、脂肪含量，采集静脉血测定总胆固醇（TC）、高密度脂蛋白胆固醇（HDL—C）、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇（LDL—C）、甘油三酯（TG），按照美国国家胆固醇教育计划（NCEP）推荐的儿童血脂异常诊断标准进行分析。中国学龄儿童青少年超重、肥胖筛查体重指数依据中国肥胖问题工作组推荐标准。结果该样本中31．1％出现血脂紊乱，超重＋肥胖率为36．3％，肥胖率为15．8％；血脂紊乱发生率在体型正常者中与超重或肥胖者中有显著性差异（P〈0．05）；TC和脂肪含量在男女性别之间总体均数差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）；体重指数（BMI）除LDL-C外，与TG、TC、HDL—C相关系数差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。结论此次调查结果显示，457名学生中，按照青少年肥胖分级，超重与肥胖率已达到Ⅲ级水平中的高度警戒水平。     

Lp(a)与LDL氧化修饰的比较

脂蛋白（a）［Lp（a）］是一种特殊的血浆脂蛋白,其结构、理化性质和脂质组成与低密度脂蛋白（LDL）极为相似。氧化低密度脂蛋白（Ox－LDL）在动脉粥样硬化（AS）的发生、发展中起重要作用,Lp（a）的氧化亦发生于体内动脉壁。在体外,Lp（a）能经铜离子（Cu2＋）介导发生氧化修饰,但与LDL相比,Lp（a）氧化的延迟时间是LDL的1．62倍,氧化速率和氧化程度均只有LDL的63％,故Lp（a）对氧化的敏感性和氧化程度均较LDL为低,其高度致AS作用,难以完全用较高的氧化敏感性来加以解释。     

阿托伐他汀治疗血脂异常的疗效及安全性研究

目的研究阿托伐他汀治疗血脂异常的临床疗效及安全性。方法78例血脂异常病人，给予阿托伐他汀10mg／d，每晚8时服用，4周后如未达有效标准，可加量至20mg／d，治疗8周，治疗前后分别测血脂、磷酸肌酸激酶及肝肾功能等。结果治疗8周末，总胆固醇（TC）下降34．2％、甘油三酯（TG）下降32．6％、低密度脂蛋白（LDL—C）下降40．1％，高密度胆固醇（HDL—C）升高29．7％，各项指标治疗前后比较有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。结论阿托伐他汀是安全、有效，进行冠心病一、二级预防的理想调脂药。     

Schizophrenia in a North Swedish geographical isolate, 1900–1977. Epidemiology, genetics and biochemistry

Over 200 schizophrenic patients belonging to three major and interrelated pedigree complexes have been investigated over the past 30 years in a North Swedish geographically isolated population, presently numbering about 6,000. An intensive investigation of a number of biochemical correlates and genetic markers in a few selected families belonging to one of the major pedigrees has indicated new strategies for the current research program.
Schizophrenia, as defined operationally, is significantly associated with decreased activities of two enzymes (1) blood platelet monoamine oxidase, (2) plasma dopamine-β-hydroxylase, and (3) with the genetic marker Gc² (group specific antigen). Both enzymes are subject to genetic variation. A positive score for linkage between schizophrenia and low plasma DBH activity has been calculated, but, so far, available data are insufficient for discrimination between linkage and partial contribution of genetically controlled low plasma DBH to the pathogenesis of the disease. Alternatively, both mechanisms could be involved.
As a model for continued research, schizophrenia is explained as based on a double dominant-recessive genotype (Aabb), representing a vulnerability which in about 50 % of cases develops into clinical schizophrenia. It is suggested that the dominant mutation (A) operates on or affects MAO activity, and that the recessive genotype (bb) is instrumental in low variates of DBH activity and very likely such variates within the normal range of physiological variation. Moreover, it is suggested that the combined effects of MAO- and DBH-reduced efficiency on the metabolism of e.g. dopamine could be an essential pathogenic mechanism for the schizophrenic illness which is segregating in this population.     

Renal dysplasia and asplenia in two sibs

A family is reported in which two sibs, one male and the other female, both died within 24 hours of birth with enlarged polycystic kidneys. Postmortem histology in the second child showed gross renal dysplasia. In both children the pancreas was enlarged, nodular and cystic but the liver appeared macroscopically normal. In the second child, histological examination confirmed pancreatic fibrosis with cystic dilation of ducts, but showed portal fibrosis with bile duct proliferation in the liver.
This combination of findings is very reminiscent of those in a girl and her brother reported by Ivemark et al. (1959). The children reported here also showed absence or hypoplasia of the spleen, cardiac anomalies and other features of the Ivemark syndrome (Ivemark 1955), a quite different, usually sporadic, congenital disorder. It is suggested that the children described here have a distinct lethal congenital disorder, probably inherited in an autosomal recessive manner.     

The dominant diseases of modernized societies as omega-3 essential fatty acid deficiency syndrome: Substrate beriberi

About 1900, modern food selection and processing caused widespread $\text{epidemics}$ of the B vitamin deficiency diseases of beriberi and pellagra which, for genetic reasons, often expressed as different diseases ranging from bowel and heart disease to dermatoses and psychoses. But the B vitamins merely help convert essential fatty acids (EFA) into the prostaglandin (PG) tissue regulators and it now turns out that, through hydrogenation, milling and selection of w3-poor southern foods, we have also been systematically depleting, by as much as 90%, a newly discovered trace Nordic EFA (w3) of special importance to primates and sole precursor of the PG3(4) series, even as a concurrent fiber deficiency increases body demand for EFA. Since substrate EFA is processed by many B vitamin catalysts, an EFA deficiency will mimic a $\text{panh}$ypovitaminosis B, i.e., a mixture of $\text{substrate}$ beriberi and $\text{substrate}$ pellagra resembling vitamin beriberi and pellagra but exhibiting as even more diverse $\text{endemic}$ disease. This would consitute a second stage of the Modern Malnutrition and explain why some workers now hold the dominant diseases of modermized societies to be new, nutritionally based, pellagraform yet lipid-related and to range, once again, from heart disease to psychosis. It is an assumption that our dominant diseases are unrelated to each other or are merely revealed by our diagnostic acumen and therapeutic success; and that hydrogenating millions of tons of food oils annually, to destroy the rancidity producing w3-EFA, is safe for $\text{primates}$. Extensive beriberiform disease is reported here in 32 typical cases taken from medical practice which responds strikingly to linseed oil supplements (60% w3-EFA) in confirmation of identical results in Capuchins.     

'Very sore nights and days': the child's experience of illness in early modern England, c.1580-1720

Sick children were ubiquitous in early modern England, and yet they have received very little attention from historians. Taking the elusive perspective of the child, this article explores the physical, emotional, and spiritual experience of illness in England between approximately 1580 and 1720. What was it like being ill and suffering pain? How did the young respond emotionally to the anticipation of death? It is argued that children’s experiences were characterised by profound ambivalence: illness could be terrifying and distressing, but also a source of emotional and spiritual fulfilment and joy. This interpretation challenges the common assumption amongst medical historians that the experiences of early modern patients were utterly miserable. It also sheds light on children’s emotional feelings for their parents, a subject often overlooked in the historiography of childhood. The primary sources used in this article include diaries, autobiographies, letters, the biographies of pious children, printed possession cases, doctors’ casebooks, and theological treatises concerning the afterlife.     

Guidelines for the Validation and Use of Immunoassays for Determination of Introduced Proteins in Biotechnology Enhanced Crops and Derived Food Ingredients

Recent advancements in agricultural biotechnology have created a need for analytical techniques to determine introduced proteins in crops enhanced through modern biotechnology techniques. These proteins are expressed in plant tissues and may be present in food ingredients. Immunoassays are ideally suited for protein detection and may be used as both quantitative and threshold methods. Microplate ELISA and lateral flow devices are two of the most commonly used immunoassay formats for agricultural biotechnology applications. This paper provides general background information and a discussion of criteria for the validation and application of immunochemical methods to the analysis of proteins introduced into plants and food ingredients using biotechnology methods. It is the result of a collaborative effort of members of the Analytical Environmental Immunochemical Consortium. This collaborative effort represents the combined expertise of several organizations to reach consensus on establishing guidelines for the validation and use of immunoassays. Further, the paper offers developers and users a consistent approach to adopting the technology as well as aid in producing accurate and meaningful results.     

HLA in North Colombia Chimila Amerindians

HLA-A,-B,-C,-DRB1 and -DQB1 alleles have been studied in Chimila Amerindians from Sabana de San Angel (North Colombian Coast) by using high resolution molecular typing. A frequent extended haplotype was found:HLA-A*24:02-B*51:10-C*15:02-BRB1*04:07-DQB1*03:02 (28.7%) which has also been described in Amerinndian Mayos Mexican population (Mexico, California Gulf, Pacific Ocean). Other haplotypes had already been found in Amerindians from Mexico (Pacific and Atlantic Coast), Peru (highlands and Amazon Basin), Bolivia and North USA. A geographic pattern according to HLA allele or haplotype frequencies is lacking in Amerindians, as already known. Also, five new extended haplotypes were found in Chimila Amerindians. Their HLA-A*24:02 high frequencies characteristic is shared with aboriginal populations of Taiwan; also, HLA-C*01:02 high frequencies are found in New Zealand Maoris, New Caledonians and Kimberly Aborigines from Australia. Finally, this study may show a model of evolutionary factors acting and rising one HLA allele frequency (-A*24:02), but not in others that belong to the same or different HLA loci.     

Ultracryotomy: development and application (with examples from the yeast cytology) (author's transl)

The preparation steps usually necessary for obtaining ultrathin frozen sections of biological material (chemical prefixation, enclosing, cryoprotective treatment, freezing, sectioning, and post-staining the sections for transmission electron microscopy) are submitted to a critical analysis. The application of cryo-ultramicrotomy, in particularly for cytochemical purposes, is reviewed. Fundamental considerations of chemical prefixation and poststaining are supported by examples from yeast cytology. Furthermore, the efficiency of the cryo-ultramicrotomy (electron optical resolution of ultrastructural details) is demonstrated on yeast cells and protoplasts.     

The universal muscular chamber. A basic unit of the genitourinary, cardiovascular, gastro-intestinal, skeletal, cutaneous, respiratory and other systems, endocameral hypertension; and spasm, the key to their idiopathic diseases and arthropathies

Starting with the integument, we see many organs are contractile sacs or multiples thereof, which tubes or bags constitute the major part of the entire body. Recognition of this basic unit and its characteristics sheds new light, individually and collectively, on many disorders previously considered unrelated. Muscular tears and perforations develop in the walls of these chambers, being no way peculiar to those organs, wherein, hydrochloric acid occurs. So, it is not necessary to explain the absence of excessive acid from patients who exhibit holes in the gastric, uterine, aortic, duodenal, rectal, pulmonary, retina, and other walls. Muscle, not acid is the great common factor relating idiopathic disorders in the gastrointestinal tract to each other and to similar diseases in other systems. When the units are linked together, the lesions tend to appear as arthropathies, i.e. at the joints. Rephrasing common-place observations, frees us from conventional, conceptual cul-de-sacs. An observation is only as good as its interpretation, so all possibilities must be considered, otherwise, we will remain blinded by our misconceptions.     

Der Einfluß von Nahrungsmitteln und Rauchen auf die klinisch-chemische Diagnostik von Phäochromozytom,Neuroblastom und Karzinoid-Syndrom

Zusammenfassung Der Einfluß von verschiedenen Nahrungsmitteln auf Methoden zur Bestimmung von Adrenalin (AD), Noradrenalin (NA), Vanillinmandelsäure (VMS), Metanephrinen (MN), Homovanillinsäure (HVS) und 5-Hydroxyindolessigsäure (5-HIE) im 24 h-Harn zur Diagnose des Phäochromozytoms bzw. Karzinoid-Syndroms wurde untersucht. Die in die Untersuchung einbezogenen Nahrungsmittel waren: Tee, Kaffee, Mandeln, Ananas, Käse, Walnüsse, Vanillepudding, Bananen, Tomaten und Milchschokolade. Außerdem wurde der Einfluß des Zigarettenrauchens auf die Bestimmung von AD, NA, VMS und MN untersucht.Walnüsse führten zu einer starken Erhöhung der 5-HIE-Ausscheidung. Bananen erhöhten die Ausscheidung von AD, NA, VMS, MN und 5-HIE. Kaffee und Ananas bewirkten eine geringe Zunahme der MN-Werte. Rauchen von 20–30 Zigaretten/Tag beeinflußte keine der vier Variablen.Wenn die beschriebenen Methoden benutzt werden, sollte lediglich auf den Verzehr von Bananen und Walnüssen vor und während der Harnsammelperioden verzichtet werden, da die oberen Normgrenzen im Harn überschritten werden könnten. Ein Verzicht auf Kaffee und Ananas in normalen Mengen ist nicht erforderlich. Es besteht kein Anlaß, weiterhin die bisherigen umfangreichen Restriktionen der übrigen Nahrungsmittel beizubehalten.