Oncologic outcome of 132 cases of laparoscopic radical nephrectomy with intact specimen removal for T1-2N0M0 renal cell carcinoma

We present the short and long-term oncologic outcome of 132 patients with pathologically confirmed T1–T2, N0M0 renal cell carcinoma (RCC), who underwent laparoscopic radical nephrectomy with intact specimen removal at our institution. Beginning January 1998, we prospectively collected data of 132 patients undergoing laparoscopic radical nephrectomy, whose final pathologic stage was T1 or T2, N0M0, RCC. The clinical data of three groups categorized as group (pT1a)—36 patients, group (pT1b)—51 patients and group (pT2)—45 patients were analyzed statistically to assess oncological outcome. The specimens were removed intact without morcellation in all patients in a homemade plastic bag. The total median follow-up was 56 months (range 3–80 months) and there were no local or port-site recurrences or hernia. Patients with pT2 tumors had significantly greater operating time, blood loss and analgesic requirements than pT1a/pT1b tumor patients. The distant metastases were found in 1, 4 and 5 patients in group pT1a, pT1b and pT2, respectively. The 5-year cancer-specific survival was 97.2, 86.3 and 82.2%, respectively, in pT1a, pT1b and pT2 tumor patients (significantly lower in pT2 than pT1a, P = 0.008). The 5-year recurrence-free survival was 97.2, 84.3 and 82.2%, respectively, in pT1a, pT1b and pT2 tumor patients (significantly lower in pT2 than pT1a, P = 0.02). Laparoscopic radical nephrectomy (retroperitoneal and transperitoneal route) with intact specimen removal for localized renal cell carcinoma (T1-2N0M0) provides satisfactory short and long-term oncologic efficacy.     

Survival after partial and radical nephrectomy for the treatment of stage T1bN0M0 renal cell carcinoma (RCC) in the USA: a propensity scoring approach

Study Type – Therapy (cohort) Level of Evidence 2b What's known on the subject? and What does the study add? Partial nephrectomy has become the standard of care for T1a renal tumours, and the application of nephron‐sparing techniques has increasingly been expanded to patients with localized T1b cancers. However, the relative efficacy of partial versus radical nephrectomy for these medium‐sized tumours has yet to be definitively established. This study employs a propensity scoring approach within a large US population‐based cohort to determine that no survival differences exist among patients with T1b renal tumours undergoing partial versus radical nephrectomy.

OBJECTIVES

• ? To compare survival after partial nephrectomy (PN) vs radical nephrectomy (RN) among patients with stage TIb renal cell carcinoma (RCC) using a propensity scoring approach.
• ? Propensity score analysis is a statistical methodology that controls for non‐random assignment of patients in observational studies.

PATIENTS AND METHODS

• ? Using the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results registry, 11 256 cases of RCCs of 4–7 cm that underwent PN or RN between 1998 and 2007 were identified.
• ? Propensity score analysis was used to adjust for potential differences in baseline characteristics between patients in the two treatment groups.
• ? Overall survival (OS) and cancer‐specific survival (CSS) of patients undergoing PN vs RN was compared in stratified and adjusted analysis, controlling for propensity scores.

RESULTS

• ? In all, 1047 (9.3%) patients underwent PN. For the entire cohort, no difference in survival was found in patients treated with PN as compared with RN, as shown by the adjusted hazard ratio (HR) for OS (1.10; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.91–1.36) and renal‐CSS (HR 0.91; 95% CI: 0.65–1.27).
• ? When the cohort was stratified by tumour size and age, no difference in survival was identified between the groups.

CONCLUSIONS

• ? Even when stratified by tumour size and age, a survival difference between PN and RN in a propensity‐adjusted cohort of patients with T1b RCC could not be confirmed.
• ? If validated in prospective studies, PN may become the preferred treatment for T1b renal tumours in centres experienced with nephron‐sparing surgery.

     

临床T1期肾癌后腹腔镜根治术的治疗报告

目的 探讨后腹腔镜肾癌根治术治疗临床T1期肾癌的可行性及临床应用价值.方法 2004年7月至2007年11月行后腹腔镜肾癌根治术治疗临床T1期肾癌32例.结果 32例均无中转开放,平均手术时间192 min(100～305 min),平均出血量123 ml(50～500 ml),术后平均肠道恢复时间1 d(1～2 d),术后住院时间平均4.8 d(4～7 d),联合肾上腺切除4例.2例术中腹膜穿孔,1例术后发生皮下气肿.术后分期为T1N0M0 30例,T3aN0M0 2例,T4N0M0 1例.随访1～29个月,平均12个月,31例未发现肿瘤复发或转移,1例T4期患者术后10个月发生肿瘤局部复发和转移.结论 不宜行保留肾单位手术治疗的T1期肾癌患者可推荐后腹腔镜肾癌根治术.     

临床T1b期肾癌选择性保留肾单位手术分析

目的 探讨临床T1b期肾癌选择性保留肾单位手术(nephron sparing surgery,NSS)的安全性和可行性. 方法 2005年1月至2008年12月行NSS治疗T1b期肾癌30例,男19例,女11例;年龄39 ～ 74岁,平均56岁;CT或MRI测量肿瘤最大径4.2～7.0 cm,平均5.4 cm;患侧肾脏最长径9.6～12.6 cm,平均11.4 cm.相对肿瘤大小定义为薄层CT或MRI上肿瘤最大径与患肾最长径的比值;相对肿瘤大小为0.38 ～0.47,平均0.43.术中可疑区域行冰冻活检控制阳性切缘,安全切缘为肾表面距肿瘤0.5 cm,基底距肿瘤0.2 cm.评估术中血管阻断时间、出血量、切缘阳性等技术参数和术后患者肾功能变化及肿瘤控制情况. 结果 1例因术中切穿肾盂,开放血流后出血不能控制,中转开放性肾切除术;29例成功完成NSS,动脉阻断时间14 ～ 30 min,中位17 min;术中出血量20～100 ml,中位40 ml,无输血.术后3个月肾功能无变化.随访36 ～72个月,中位56个月,患者均存活,肿瘤无复发. 结论 临床T1b期肾癌选择性NSS治疗安全、有效,肿瘤位置及相对肿瘤大小是NSS手术的重要影响因素.     

A prospective comparison of laparoscopic and robotic radical nephrectomy for T1-2N0M0 renal cell carcinoma

Objectives  We prospectively evaluated the safety, feasibility, and efficiency of robotic radical nephrectomy (RRN) for localized renal tumors (T1-2N0M0) and compared this with laparoscopic radical nephrectomy (LRN). Materials and methods  Between October 2006 to August 2007, a prospective data analysis of 15 cases of renal cell carcinoma (RCC) stage T1-2N0M0, undergoing RRN was done. These patients were compared with a contemporary cohort of 15 patients of RCC with clinical stage T1-2N0M0, undergoing LRN. To keep comparison robust, all cases were performed by a single surgeon. Demographic, intra-operative, post-operative outcomes, pathological characteristics and follow-up data of the two groups were recorded and analyzed statistically. Results  Patients in group A (RRN) experienced significantly (P = 0.001) long operating time than group B (LRN). However, mean estimated blood loss, intra-operative and post-operative complications, blood transfusion rate, analgesic requirement, hospital stay and convalescence were comparable in two groups (P < 0.05). There was one conversion to open surgery in group A, and none in group B. The mean follow-up was comparable in two groups (8.3 and 9.1 months, respectively, in group A and B, P = 0.09). There were no local, port-site or distal recurrences in either group. Conclusions  Robotic radical nephrectomy is a safe, feasible and effective for performing radical nephrectomy for localized RCC. Both groups (RRN and LRN) had comparable intra-operative, peri-operative, post-operative and oncological outcomes except for longer operating time with increased cost for RRN. In this comparative study, there were no outstanding benefits of RRN observed over LRN for localized RCC.     

后腹腔镜及开放保留肾单位手术治疗T_(1a)N_0M_0期肾癌的临床疗效比较

目的:分析比较后腹腔镜及开放保留肾单位手术治疗T1a N0M0期肾癌的临床疗效。方法:回顾性分析2008年8月~2013年5月在我院治疗的保留肾单位手术患者52例,分为后腹腔镜组(23例)和开放组(29例),观察比较两组患者肾动脉阻断时间、手术时间、术中出血量、术中及术后输血率、术后并发症、恢复进食时间、引流天数、术后住院天数、IL-2用药情况、出院时肌酐及远期肾功能、有无局部复发和远处转移等指标。结果:两组患者在肾动脉阻断时间、手术时间、恢复进食时间及术后住院天数上差异具有统计学意义(P0.05)。两组患者在术中出血量、术中输血率、术后引流天数、术后输血率、术后并发症、IL-2用药、出院时肌酐水平、病理类型及远期肾功能、局部复发和远处转移等方面差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。结论:后腹腔镜下保留肾单位手术治疗T1a N0M0期肾癌疗效可靠,与开放性手术相比,术后恢复快,远期肾功能、局部复发及转移率方面相似。     

The prognostic value of carcinoembryonic antigen in T1N1M0 and T2N1M0 non-small cell carcinoma of the lung.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the significance of preoperative clinicopathological factors, including serum carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA), as well as postoperative clinicopathological factors in T1-2N1M0 patients with non-small cell lung cancer who underwent curative pulmonary resection. METHODS: Twenty T1N1M0 disease patients and 25 T2N1M0 patients underwent standard surgical procedures between September 1996 and December 2005, and were found to have non-small lung cancer. As prognostic factors, we retrospectively investigated age, sex, Brinkman index, histologic type, primary site, tumor diameter, clinical T factor, clinical N factor, pathological T factor, preoperative serum CEA levels, surgical procedure, visceral pleural involvement, and the status of lymph node involvement (level and number). RESULTS: The overall 5-year survival rate of all patients was 59.6%. In univariate analysis, survival was related to age (<70/>or=70 years, p=0.0079), site (peripheral/central, p=0.043), and CEA level (<5.0/>or=5.0 ng/ml, p=0.0015). However, in multivariate analysis, CEA (<5.0/>or=5.0 ng/ml) was the only independent prognostic factor; the 5-year survival of the patients with an elevated serum CEA level (>or=5.0 ng/ml) was only 33.2% compared to 79.9% in patients with a lower serum CEA level (<5.0 ng/ml). CONCLUSIONS: An elevated serum CEA level (>or=5.0 ng/ml) was an independent predictor of survival in pN1 patients except for T3 and T4 cases. Therefore, even in completely resected pN1 non-small cell lung cancer, patients with a high CEA level might be candidates for multimodal therapy.     

Comparison Between Radical Esophagectomy and Definitive Chemoradiotherapy in Patients with Clinical T1bN0M0 Esophageal Cancer

Background

Esophagectomy remains the mainstay treatment for clinical T1bN0M0 esophageal cancer because pathologic lymph node metastases in these patients are not negligible. Recently, chemoradiotherapy (CRT), which can preserve the esophagus, has been reported to be a promising therapeutic alternative to esophagectomy. However, to our knowledge, no comparative studies of esophagectomy and CRT have been reported in clinical T1bN0M0 esophageal cancer.

Methods

A total of 173 patients with clinical T1bN0M0 squamous cell carcinoma of the thoracic esophagus were enrolled in this study, 102 of whom were treated with radical esophagectomy (S group) and 71 with definitive CRT (CRT group). Treatment results of both groups were retrospectively compared.

Results

No statistically significant difference was found in overall survival, but the S group displayed significantly better progression-free survival than the CRT group. Disease recurrence was observed in 12 S group patients and 20 CRT group patients. The incidence of distant recurrence was similar, while local recurrence and lymph node recurrence were significantly more frequent in the CRT group. In the S group, 20 patients had pathologic lymph node metastasis. The progression-free survival of patients with pathologic lymph node metastasis did not differ from those without nodal metastasis. In the CRT group, local recurrence could be controlled by salvage esophagectomy, but treatment results of lymph node recurrence were poor; only 4 of 12 patients with lymph node recurrences were cured.

Conclusions

Selection of patients at high risk of pathologic lymph node metastasis is essential when formulating treatment decisions for clinical T1bN0M0 esophageal cancers.     

保留肾单位手术治疗早期肾细胞癌疗效分析

目的 评价比较T1a和T1b期肾细胞痛患者行保留肾单位手术(NSS)的临床疗效.方法 回顾性分析1999年11月至2009年12月施行NSS治疗的101例T1期肾细胞癌患者临床资料,男性79例,女性22例,年龄28～79岁,平均52.3岁.根据肿瘤病理组织大小分为T1a期62例,T1b期39例.对两组患者一般资料、手术时间、术中出血量、术中输血率、术中肾动脉阻断率及阻断时间,以及术后并发症发生率、术后肿瘤复发转移及生存情况等进行统计学分析.结果 两组手术时间:T1a组为(151±80)min,T1b期为(158±50)min;术中出血量:T1a期(322±596)ml,T1b期(308±239)ml,两组比较差异无统计学意义(P=0.32和P=0.45).术后随访8～102个月(平均38.4个月),除T1b期患者中1例于术后36个月因肿瘤转移死亡外,其余100例患者无肿瘤复发.结论 对T1期肾细胞癌患者施行NSS可获得满意临床效果,且T1a与T1b期患者疗效相当.

Abstract：

Objective To investigate the safety and effect of nephron-sparing surgery (NSS)in treatment of T1a and T1b renal cell carcinoma. Methods Retrospective analyzed the clinical data of 101patients with T1 renal cell carcinoma underwent NSS from November 1999 to December 2009. Including 79male and 22 female with the mean age of 52. 3 years ( ranged 28 to 79 years). Based on tumor pathologic diameter, 101 patients were divided into T1a group with 62 patient and T1b group with 39 cases.Demographic,intraoperative, postoperative and follow-up data were compared between the 2 groups. Results The operation were performed successfully in all the 101 cases. The mean operation time was ( 151 ± 80)min in group T1a and ( 158 ±50)min in group T1b with no statistical difference (P =0.32). The mean blood loss was ( 322 ± 596) ml in group T1 a and (308 ± 239 ) ml in group T1 b ( P = 0. 45 ). Postoperative followup ranged from 8 to 102 months with a mean of 38.4 months. One patient in T1b group died of distant metastasis 36 months after operation. Others were no tumor recurred. Conclusion Nephron-sparing surgery is safe and effective for the treatment of T1a and T1b renal cell carcinoma.     

The prognostic value of the site of invasion in T3aN0M0 clear cell renal cell carcinoma

Background

The 7th Tumor-Node-Metastasis system for clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC) classified renal sinus fat invasion (SFI), perirenal fat invasion (PFI), or renal vein invasion (RVI) as stage pT3a. However, their close interactions and prognostic value of them remain controversial. The goal of this study is to further analyze their prognostic values for patients with T3aN0M0 ccRCC.

Prognostic heterogeneity in T3aN0M0 renal cell carcinoma according to the site of invasion

Purpose

We investigated the influence of the site of invasion on recurrence and survival in patients with pT3aN0M0 renal cell carcinoma (RCC).

Laparoscopic surgery for stage T1 renal cell carcinoma: radical nephrectomy and wedge resection

OBJECTIVES: Renal cell carcinoma (RCC) is likely to become one of the most important indications for laparoscopic surgery. We herein report our experience. METHODS: From April 1994 until April 1999, 98 patients presenting with RCC were treated laparoscopically by either radical nephrectomy (RN; n = 73) or wedge resection (WR; n = 25). The mean age was 62.3 years. The mean tumour diameters were 3.8 cm (RN) and 1.9 cm (WR). All tumours were clinical stage T1 lesions. The transperitoneal approach was used for RN in all patients. For WR either the transperitoneal or the retroperitoneal approach was used. In 15 patients, the adrenal gland was removed simultaneously. The specimen was entrapped in an organ bag and removed intact through a small muscle-splitting incision in the lower abdominal wall. RESULTS: RN: The mean operating time was 142 (range 86-230) min, the mean blood loss was 170 (range 0-1,500) ml, and the mean postoperative hospital stay was 7.4 (range 3-32) days. Minor complications occurred in 4.0% of the patients, while major complications were seen in 8.0% of them. WR: The mean operating time was 163.5 (range 90-300) min, the mean blood loss was 287 (range 20-800) ml, and the postoperative hospital stay was 8.0 (range 3-8) days. Minor complications: 4%, major complications: 8%. Histology revealed RCC stage T1 in 77 patients, stage T3a in 7, and stage T3b in 3 patients, oncocytoma in 2 patients, angiomyolipoma in 2, renal adenoma in 1, renal metastasis in 1, multilocular cysts in 4, and renal abscess in 1 patient. Over mean follow-up periods of 13.3 and 22.2 months for RN and WR, respectively, neither local recurrences nor metastases have been observed among patients with histologically confirmed RCC. CONCLUSIONS: Laparoscopic surgery for clinical stage T1 RCC is safe and efficient. Excellent tumour control can be achieved. However, longer follow-up periods will be necessary to confirm these results.     

Laparoscopic versus open partial nephrectomy for the treatment of pathological T1N0M0 renal cell carcinoma: a 5-year survival rate

PURPOSE: We retrospectively compared the oncological adequacy of laparoscopic partial nephrectomy to that of open partial nephrectomy in the treatment of patients with pathological stage T1N0M0 renal cell carcinoma. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of 143 patients with stage T1N0M0 renal tumors confirmed by pathological examination of the surgical specimen underwent partial nephrectomy between January 1996 and June 2004 with a followup of at least 1.5 years. Of these patients 85 were treated laparoscopically and the remaining 58 underwent open surgery. Medical and operative records were retrospectively reviewed with emphasis on tumor recurrence and survival. Statistical analysis was performed using Kaplan-Meier analysis. RESULTS: The mean followup for the laparoscopy group was 40.4 +/- 18.0 months. A total of 83 patients survived. Of these patients 2 patients experienced disease recurrence within 18 to 46.2 months, 1 patient died of cancer metastasis to brain within 29.7 months and 1 died of an unrelated cause. Seeding of the port sites did not develop in any of the patients. The 5-year disease-free and actuarial survival rates for this group were 91.4%, and 93.8%, respectively. The 58 patients who underwent open surgery had a mean followup of 49.68 +/- 28.84 months. A total of 53 patients survived without any disease recurrence, 1 survived with recurrence within 8 months, 1 survived with metastasis within 49 months and 3 died of unrelated causes. The 5-year disease-free and patient survival rates for this group were 97.6% and 95.8%, respectively. Kaplan-Meier disease-free survival and patient survival analysis revealed no significant differences between the laparoscopic and open partial nephrectomy groups. CONCLUSIONS: Laparoscopic partial nephrectomy is an alternative technique with mid-range oncological results comparable to open partial nephrectomy in patients with localized pathological stage T1N0M0 renal cell carcinoma.     

腹腔镜下保留肾单位手术治疗T1肾癌

目的 探讨腹腔镜下保留肾单位手术治疗T1肾癌的方法和疗效. 方法 肾癌患者32例.男24例,女8例.年龄31～72岁,平均49岁.均经B超、CT或MRI检查确诊为T1N0M0肾癌.肿瘤位于左肾21例,右肾11例;肾上极10例,下极13例,肾脏中部5例,近肾盂部位4例;偏背侧18例,腹侧14例.肿瘤平均直径(2.8±0.8)cm.25例行后腹腔途经,肿瘤位于偏腹侧者7例行经腹途径腹腔镜下保留肾单位术,均沿瘤体边缘外0.5 cm处分离切除肿瘤.手术前后行肾核素扫描(ECT)检测分肾功能. 结果 31例完成腹腔镜下保留肾单位手术,1例因缝合后肾脏渗血明显,中转开放手术.32例阻断肾蒂时间平均(24±4)min.3例开放血流后有明显渗血,均有2次阻断肾蒂史,阻断血管时间>30 min.31例平均手术时间(105±15)min,平均出血量(120±22)ml,6例术中输血400 ml.5例肿瘤位于肾脏中部者术前放置双J管.3例切除肿瘤后暴露肾盏,于术后当日通过膀胱镜放置双J管引流,其中2例于术后2～3 d发生漏尿,引流量200～300 ml,分别于术后15、21 d引流液<20 ml后拔出负压引流管后愈合.术后复查SCr、BUN均正常.术后住院时间平均(9±2)d.术后病理报告切缘均未见肿瘤残留.平均随访(23±5)个月,肿瘤无复发.术后1个月B超和CT复查发现患侧肾手术部位局部血肿3例,术后3个月血肿吸收.术后15 d复查双肾ECT,9例患侧肾血流较术前下降10%～15%,3例下降20%;术后1个月复查,7例患侧肾血流较术前下降10%～15%,术后(23±5)个月复查.仍有3例患侧肾血流较术前下降10%～15%. 结论 腹腔镜下保留肾单位手术安全可行.     

Radical prostatectomy for clinical stage T1-2N0M0 prostatic adenocarcinoma: long-term results

A total of 441 stage T1-2N0M0 and 11 stage T1-2N0M0 cancer patients with an elevated acid phosphatase level only, and 18 stage T1-2N+M0 cancer patients underwent radical prostatectomy. Analysis of the 441 stage T1-2N0M0 cancer patients demonstrated that failure and survival were a function of the disease being organ-confined, specimen-confined or margin-positive, with 10-year failure rates of 12, 30 and 60%, respectively. Of the patients with positive margins 44 were and 79 were not irradiated postoperatively. Postoperative radiation produced no survival advantage. No difference in interval to failure or of survival could be identified between 105 patients whose disease was diagnosed by transurethral resection and 328 who had a palpable abnormality. Eleven patients had negative bone and node findings but they had an elevated acid phosphatase level. All 8 patients not treated with immediate androgen deprivation failed within 36 months.     

Thinking beyond surgery in the management of renal cell carcinoma: the risk to die from renal cell carcinoma and competing risks of death

Introduction

The presentation of renal cell carcinoma (RCC) has changed where it is most commonly identified when asymptomatic and incidental. Contemporary patients with renal tumors are often older in age and may have significant concurrent medical comorbidity, where proceeding with routine surgical treatment may not be of benefit. Traditional clinical assessments have not considered the impact of comorbidity on oncologic outcome, and recent studies have demonstrated the relationship between comorbidity and patient survival. We review the existing data examining the significance of medical comorbidity on RCC management and outcomes.

Materials and methods

The existing literature on this topic is reviewed, and validated measures of comorbidity are described. The available studies examining the relationship between comorbidity and RCC are summarized.

Results and Discussion

The article reviews the growing body of literature supporting the importance of assessment of patient comorbidity, and we highlight novel prognostic instruments that can estimate the likelihood of several different patient outcomes following RCC treatment, and these nomograms can be accessed via a web-based portal (www.cancernomograms.com) to assist in patient education and clinical decision making.