床旁DR与床旁CR胸部摄影质量对比分析

目的 通过对床旁数字化X线摄影系统(DR)与计算机X线摄影系统(CR)拍摄胸片图像的质量分析总结,探讨床旁DR摄影的优势.方法 应用床旁DR系统拍摄床旁胸片900张,与随机抽取的既往床旁CR胸片900张进行对比.结果 床旁DR的应用进一步减少了重拍率,降低了辐射剂量,可提供更加优良的影像信息.结论 床旁DR胸部摄影较CR胸部摄影有着明显的优势,在危重患者和手术患者的诊治中起到了积极作用.

Abstract：

Objective To explore the advantages of the bedside DR,taking the quality analysis of the chest image taken from the bedside digital radiography systems (DR) and computed radiography system (CR).Method All of the 900 pieces chest image taken by bedside DR,compared with the 900 pieces CR image randomly chosen.Results Bedside DR could further reduce the rate of the remake and the radiation dose,and provided more excellent image information.Conclusion The chest image taken by bedside DR has obviously advantage than CR.It can play a positive role in the diagnosis and treatment of the critical patient and surgical patient.     

DR、CR、屏-胶系统在胸部摄影中的价值比较

随着计算机技术和图像处理技术的飞速发展,医学影像设备不断更新换代,近几年X线摄影已由普通屏-胶摄影到CR(computed radiography,CR)再到DR(Direct Digitized Radiography,DR)而进入数字化时代.     

Optimising image quality and radiation dose for neonatal incubator imaging

IntroductionNeonates often require imaging within incubators however limited evidence exists as to the optimal method and acquisition parameters to achieve these examinations. This study aims to standardise and optimise neonatal chest radiography within incubators.MethodsA neonatal anthropomorphic phantom was imaged on two different incubators under controlled conditions using a DR system. Exposure factors, SID and placement of image receptor (direct v tray) were explored whilst keeping all other parameters consistent. Image quality was evaluated using absolute visual grading analysis (VGA) with contrast-to-noise ratio (CNR) also calculated for comparison. Effective dose was established using Monte Carlo simulation using entrance surface dose within its calculations.ResultsVGA and CNR reduced significantly (p < 0.05) whilst effective dose increased significantly (p < 0.05) for images acquired using the incubator tray. The optimal combinations of parameters for incubator imaging were: image receptor directly behind neonate, 0.5 mAs, 60 kV at 100 cm SID, however, if tray needs to be used then these need to be adapted to: 1 mAs at maximum achievable SID. Effective dose was highest for images acquired using both incubator tray and 100 cm SID owing to a decrease in focus to skin distance. There is significant increase (p < 0.01) in VGA between using 0.5 mAs and 1 mAs but an apparent lack of increase between 1 and 1.5 mAs.ConclusionUsing the incubator tray has an adverse effect on both image quality and radiation dose for incubator imaging. Direct exposure is optimal for this type of examination but if tray needs to be used, both mAs and SID need to be increased slightly to compensate.Implications for practiceThis study can help inform practice in order to both standardise and optimise chest imaging for neonates in incubators.     

A systematic review of incubator-based neonatal radiography – What does the evidence say?

ObjectivesThis systematic review aimed to explore the impact of incubator design (canopy, mattress, and mattress support) on neonatal imaging in terms of imaging technique, radiation dose and image quality.Key FindingsA systematic literature review was performed by searching multiple healthcare databases. Following study selection and extraction, 7 articles were deemed eligible and included within the study. Of these 7 studies, six were experimental phantom based with the remaining one being a retrospective analysis. Four studies reported a percentage reduction in beam attenuation for incubator components ranging from 12% to 72% with one other study reporting a reduction but with no numerical data. This wide variation in radiation beam attenuation from the incubator components was correlated with image quality within five studies, two suggesting reduced image quality when using the incubator tray under the mattress support whilst the other three found no significant difference. Although the seven studies reported that incubator components reduced X-ray beam intensity, there was limited evidence on whether this required an increase in exposure factors. Only one study suggested increasing exposure parameters to accommodate for the increase in beam attenuation when using an incubator tray.ConclusionThe literature clearly demonstrates that with existing incubator designs, there is considerable beam attenuation between placing the image receptor directly behind the neonate as oppose to the incubator tray. However, this radiation beam attenuation is not well correlated to neonatal radiation dose or image quality effects and therefore is very confusing when considering clinical implementation.Implications for practiceThis review highlights the need for standardisation and further optimisation work to ensure best practice for this vulnerable patient group.     

CR与非晶体硅DR胸部摄影曝光剂量优化的探讨

目的 比较CR与非晶体硅DR在胸部摄影中入射剂量的差异,探讨两者最优化曝光剂量。方法 应用CR、DR分别对胸部模体行不同入射剂量曝光成像,记录模体表面入射剂量,用CDRAD2.0评估软件计算模体影像图像质量因子反数值IQFinv。CR组、DR组图像IQFinv差异用两独立样本t 检验;CR组、DR组各自图像IQFinv与入射剂量的关系应用pearson相关;应用ROC曲线分析获取两组最佳图像IQFinv值,并换算曝光剂量。结果 CR和DR组入射剂量和图像质量IQFinv值之间呈明显的正相关(r =0.893、0.848, P<0.01),并存在线性回归。CR和DR组IQFinv值差异有统计学意义(t =5.455, P<0.05)。ROC曲线分析(曲线下面积AUC＝0.893, P<0.001),最佳IQFinv值为3.55。结论 CR、DR系统对于低对比度细节的检测能力均随着入射剂量的增加而增加。入射剂量相同时,DR系统对于低对比度细节的检测能力优于CR;在获得相同的图像质量时,与CR相比应用DR可大大降低被检者辐射剂量。     

新生儿床旁X射线摄影辅助器的临床应用

目的探讨新生儿床旁摄影中应用床旁X射线摄影辅助器(专利号:202 023 219 898.1)的临床应用价值。方法选择2021年4月至2022年2月在华中科技大学同济医学院附属协和医院新生儿重症监护病房(NICU)拟行床旁胸片摄影的180例患儿为研究对象, 根据是否应用床旁X射线摄影辅助器, 分为两组:对照组90例(男48例, 女42例), 年龄(3.3±2.0)d(0～10 d),按常规工作流程对患儿胸部进行摄影;试验组90例(男50例, 女40例), 年龄(3.1±2.2)d(0～12 d), 采用床旁摄影防护和体位固定装置对患儿胸部进行摄影。比较两组患者检查所用时间、重拍率及图像质量。结果试验组诊断医师评分及患儿舒适度评分均高于对照组, 差异具有统计学意义(t=3.98、3.82, P<0.001)。试验组成功率高于对照组, 差异具有统计学意义(χ2 =7.84, P<0.05)。试验组检查平均耗时较对照组, 差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论在新生儿床旁摄影中应用床旁X射线摄辅助器能够在不显著增加检查时间的情况下, 显著提高检查成功率和图像质量, 降低患儿...     

全数字乳腺摄影系统与双面阅读CR乳腺摄影系统的比较

目的 对比研究全数字乳腺摄影系统(FFDM)与双面阅读CR乳腺摄影成像系统(DSCRM)辐射剂量与成像质量的关系.方法 在相同的辐射剂量下用FFDM和DSCRM对ALVIM统计学乳腺摄影模体TRM进行曝光,记录摄影条件和模体表面入射剂量,然后固定此摄影条件kV值,选用不同mAs值用DSCRM对模体进行曝光,记录表面入射剂量,并将所获取的影像在图像诊断工作站显示器上由3位放射学专家进行视读打分,按照5分值判断法评判,绘制ROC曲线,计算出每种信号的判断概率值Pdet,对所得数据进行统计学分析.结果 在辐射剂量为1.36 mGy时,FFDM所摄取模体影像内容物中不同直径钙化点和肿块灶的Pdet值分别是0.730 ～0.925和0.670～0.945,DSCRM所得模体影像内容物中不同直径钙化点和肿块灶的Pdet值分别是0.632～0.815和0.575～0.785.二者在1.35 mm肿块灶和0.40 mm钙化点用双因素方差分析(ANOVA)进行处理,(F=37.1,P＜0.05).在相同的判断概率值Pdet下,DSCRM所用表面入射剂量为1.63 mGy,腺体平均剂量为0.65 mGy,FFDM所用的表面入射剂量为1.36 mGy,腺体平均剂量为0.56 mGy,FFDM较DSCRM表面入射剂量减少了19.8％,腺体平均剂量减少16.0％.结论 在相同曝光条件下,FFDM对模体内容物的检出率高于DSCRM;在获得相似图像质量时,FFDM的辐射剂量明显低于DSCRM.     

胸部CR图像窗宽、窗位的后处理

目的 探讨窗宽、窗位在胸部CR图像后处理的应用方法和效果。方法 对100例患者胸部正，侧位图像应用相应3种后处理方法（分别为常规胸片后处理，软组织、肋骨、纵隔片的后处理，病灶片后处理），由两位副主任技师和两位副主任医师对这些后处理的胸部CR胶片图像进行分析，评价后处理方法的优缺点。结果 这3种方法对胸部CR图像的后处理使相应的胸部CR图像对比度适当，清晰度提高，充分显示病变。结论 这3种后处理方法正确应用可保证胸部CR图像质量，更好地满足诊断要求。     

DR与屏-胶系统诊断胸壁骨折的对比分析

在临床上,胸部创伤所致的胸壁骨折,其显示以胸部平片结合CT扫描为较好的检查方法已成共识,但对直接数字化摄影(Digital radiography简称DR)清楚地显示细微的胸壁骨折或不完全性骨折的报道甚少。本文收集我院100例胸部创伤所致的胸壁骨折病人的屏-胶系统和DR检查的结果,进行回顾     

Neonatal chest radiography: Influence of standard clinical protocols and radiographic equipment on pathology visibility and radiation dose using a neonatal chest phantom

IntroductionLittle is known about the variations in pathology visibility (PV) and their corresponding radiation dose values for neonatal chest radiography, between and within hospitals. Large variations in PV could influence the diagnostic outcome and the variations in radiation dose could affect the risk to patients. The aim of this study is to compare the PV and radiation dose for standard neonatal chest radiography protocols among a series of public hospitals.MethodsA Gammex 610 neonatal chest phantom was used to simulate the chest region of neonates. Radiographic acquisitions were conducted on 17 X-ray machines located in eight hospitals, utilising their current neonatal chest radiography protocols. Six qualified radiographers assessed PV visually using a relative visual grading analysis (VGA). Signal to noise ratios (SNR) and contrast to noise ratios (CNR) were measured as a measure of image quality (IQ). Incident air kerma (IAK) was measured using a solid-state dosimeter.ResultsPV and radiation dose varied substantially between and within hospitals. For PV, the mean (range) VGA scores, between and within the hospitals, were 2.69 (2.00–3.50) and 2.73 (2.33–3.33), respectively. For IAK, the mean (range), between and within the hospitals, were 24.45 (8.11–49.94) μGy and 34.86 (22.26–49.94) μGy, respectively.ConclusionBetween and within participating hospitals there was wide variation in the visibility of simulated pathology and radiation dose (IAK).Implications for practiceX-ray units with lower PV and higher doses require optimisation of their standard clinical protocols. Institutions which can offer acceptable levels of PV but with lower radiation doses should help facilitate national optimisation processes.     

数字合成体层成像低剂量特性在骨骼系统影像学中的研究

目的 对比数字化断层融合技术(DTS)与数字X射线摄影(DR)、电子计算机X射线断层扫描技术(CT)在骨骼系统影像学诊断中X射线辐射剂量的差异,分析3种检查方法在骨骼系统影像学诊断中的敏感性、特异性.方法 回顾性分析2010年2月至2012年3月间在本院同时行DR、DTS、CT骨骼系统检查的100名患者资料,对比DR、DTS、CT之间的X射线辐射剂量,以临床诊断结果为金标准,由2名专家评价3种检查方法的图像,对评价结果进行受试者操作特性曲线(ROC)分析.结果 DR、DTS、CT组的吸收剂量与有效剂量平均值分别为[(1.9±1.8)mGy、(0.03±0.03) mSv)]、[(3.5±1.5)mGy、(0.05±0.02) mSv)]、[(397.7±106.0)mGy·cm、(5.60±1.50) mSv].3种检查方法的吸收剂量和有效剂量差异有统计学意义(F=1377、1377,P＜0.05).采用LSD检验分析CT与DR、DTS的辐射剂量,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05).阅片者A、B对DR、DTS、CT检出病灶可信度评价的ROC曲线下面积分别为0.870±0.035、0.966±0.018、0.974±0.015和0.852±0.038、0.951±0.021、0.959±0.019,对其进行Z检验,DR与DTS的差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05);DR与CT的差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05).CT与DR敏感性差异有统计学意义(x2 =4.833,P＜0.05).结论 DTS的辐射剂量只有CT的1％左右,其在骨骼系统的图像质量可以与CT相当.如有DR检查诊断不明确或有疑似病变的患者,推荐首选DTS进一步检查,减少不必要的辐射剂量.     

CR与非晶体硅DR胸部摄影曝光剂量优化的探讨

目的 比较CR与非晶体硅DR在胸部摄影中入射剂量的差异,探讨两者最优化曝光剂量.方法 应用CR、DR分别别胸部模体行不同入射剂量曝光成像,记录模体表面入射剂量,用CDRAD2.0评估软件计算模体影像图像质量因子反数值IQFinv.CR组、DR组图像IQFinv差异用两独立样本t检验;CR组、DR组各自图像IQFinv与入射剂量的关系应用pearson相关;应用ROC曲线分析获取两组最佳图像IQFinv值,并换算曝光剂量.结果 CR和DR组入射剂量和图像质量IQFinv值之间呈明显的正相关(r=0.893、0.848,P<0.01),并存在线性回归.CR和DR组IQFinv值差异有统计学意义(t=5.455,P<0.05).ROC曲线分析(曲线下面积AUC=0.893,P<0.001),最佳IQFinv值为3.55.结论 CR、DR系统对于低对比度细节的检测能力均随着入射剂量的增加而增加.入射剂量相同时,DR系统对于低对比度细节的检测能力优于CR;在获得相同的图像质量时,与CR相比应用DR可大大降低被榆者辐射剂量.     

CR与非晶体硅DR胸部摄影曝光剂量优化的探讨

目的 比较CR与非晶体硅DR在胸部摄影中入射剂量的差异,探讨两者最优化曝光剂量.方法 应用CR、DR分别别胸部模体行不同入射剂量曝光成像,记录模体表面入射剂量,用CDRAD2.0评估软件计算模体影像图像质量因子反数值IQFinv.CR组、DR组图像IQFinv差异用两独立样本t检验;CR组、DR组各自图像IQFinv与入射剂量的关系应用pearson相关;应用ROC曲线分析获取两组最佳图像IQFinv值,并换算曝光剂量.结果 CR和DR组入射剂量和图像质量IQFinv值之间呈明显的正相关(r=0.893、0.848,P<0.01),并存在线性回归.CR和DR组IQFinv值差异有统计学意义(t=5.455,P<0.05).ROC曲线分析(曲线下面积AUC=0.893,P<0.001),最佳IQFinv值为3.55.结论 CR、DR系统对于低对比度细节的检测能力均随着入射剂量的增加而增加.入射剂量相同时,DR系统对于低对比度细节的检测能力优于CR;在获得相同的图像质量时,与CR相比应用DR可大大降低被榆者辐射剂量.     

Digital imaging of the chest in newborns: influence of radiation exposure on image quality

In order to evaluate the influence of radiation exposure on image quality in digital storage phosphor radiography, 200 digital storage phosphor chest radiographs, obtained on a neonatal Intensive Care Unit, and the same number of conventional screen-film radiographs (speed 250) were assessed for the visibility of anatomical structures and catheters. The same exposure parameters were used in both groups. Normal variations of radiation exposure under free exposure conditions were estimated in all digital images using a formula calculating radiation dose in the screen-plane from image sensitivity, latitude and average grey value of the right lung. There was already a significant (P < 0.001) decline in image quality in the digital images with a 30–50% reduction in radiation exposure, which was most severe for structures such as trachea, retrocardiac space, lung texture and low-contrast catheters. Compared with optimally exposed conventional images, only those digital images with a slightly higher than normal dose had an equivalent image quality. Correspondence to: U. Bick     

人工智能图像优化技术在低剂量胸部CT检查中的初步应用研究

目的 探讨人工智能（AI）图像优化技术对低剂量胸部CT平扫图像质量及辐射剂量的影响。方法 前瞻性连续纳入2019年7月至8月于吉林大学第一医院采用NeuViz Prime CT行胸部CT平扫的80例患者,按随机数表法分为A、B两组,每组40例。A组为低剂量组,B组为常规剂量组,分别采用100及120 kV管电压;两组均采用自动管电流技术,参考毫安秒分别为70及140 mAs。根据重建方法的不同,将低剂量组分为A1、A2两个亚组,A1组为低剂量迭代组,采用迭代算法（ClearView 50%）重建图像;A2组为低剂量AI组,采用AI图像优化算法进一步优化A1组图像;B组采用迭代算法（ClearView 50%）重建图像。通过容积CT剂量指数（CTDI_vol）、剂量长度乘积（DLP）和有效辐射剂量（E）的值,比较A、B两组辐射剂量的差异。比较A1、A2及B组感兴趣区的噪声值（SD）、信噪比（SNR）及对比噪声比（CNR）。由两名高年资放射科医生以Likert 5级评分法对3组图像质量进行主观评价。结果 A、B两组患者临床资料的比较差异均无统计学意义。A组与B组相比[（1.48±0.49）mSv vs.（5.30±1.40）mSv],有效辐射剂量降低约72.1%。在图像质量方面,与B组相比,A1组SD较高且SNR及CNR较低（Z_SD=-4.24,Z_SNR=-2.54,t_CNR=-2.27,P<0.05）。经AI优化后,A2组的SD显著低于B组（Z_SD=-28.24,P<0.001）,且SNR及CNR显著高于B组（t_SNR=-26.04,t_CNR=-36.88,P<0.001）;两组图像噪声的主观评分差异无统计学意义,但B组在肺内组织结构显示方面优于A2组（χ²=4.96、7.04,P<0.05）。结论 在辐射剂量降低约72.1%的情况下,经AI优化的低剂量胸部CT图像可达到常规剂量图像质量水平。     

宁夏儿童头颅、胸部CT辐射剂量状况分析

目的 评估宁夏地区儿童头颅、胸部CT检查的辐射剂量水平,为不同年龄段儿童的CT辐射剂量优化提供基础。方法 采用分层整群抽样的方法,实地采集宁夏地区不同市、县、区不同规模医院1~2周内儿童（≤15岁）头颅、胸部CT的扫描参数、容积CT剂量指数（CTDI_vol）及剂量长度乘积（DLP）,计算患者有效剂量（E）值;并将CTDI_vol、DLP的第75百分位数（P₇₅）与其他国家推荐的DRL值进行比较;所有儿童分4个年龄组：<1岁、1~5岁、6~10岁、11~15岁。结果 走访调查39家医院,调查CT设备47台,采集头颅断层扫描1 134例,胸部平扫636例。头颅CTDI_vol、DLP的P₇₅分别为：<1岁：44.2 mGy、456.2 mGy·cm;1~5岁：57.2 mGy、659.6 mGy·cm;6~10岁：61.1 mGy、668.7 mGy·cm;11~15岁：63.6 mGy、849.3 mGy·cm。胸部CTDI_vol、DLP的P₇₅分别为：<1岁：5.0 mGy、89.2 mGy·cm;1~5岁：5.9 mGy、124.8 mGy·cm;6~10岁：6.0 mGy、167.9 mGy·cm;11~15岁：7.1 mGy、235.0 mGy·cm。结论 宁夏地区儿童胸部CT的辐射剂量与其他报道相近,但头颅CT的辐射剂量相对偏高,且各年龄段均存在偏高现象,尤以婴儿患者较著;应加强宁夏地区儿童头颅CT的辐射剂量优化与监管,增强儿科医生、放射科医生的剂量控制意识,提高对辐射相关风险的认识。     

64层螺旋CT低剂量扫描诊断新生儿缺血缺氧性脑病的可行性

目的研究64层螺旋CT低剂量扫描在新生儿缺血缺氧性脑病（HIE）诊断中的可行性。方法选取临床拟诊HIE行CT检查的新生儿200例,随机等分成2组,分别使用120 kV,200 mAs及120 kV,75 mAs各扫描100例。分别比较2组CT权重剂量指数（CTDI）、剂量长度乘积（DLP）及总剂量（TDV）数值。两种扫描参数所得图像,由2名副高以上职称医师采用双盲法评价CT图像,分为优、良、合格和不合格,将优、良和合格归入符合诊断要求病例,并作统计学处理。结果在新生儿缺血缺氧性脑病的诊断中,64层螺旋CT低剂量组扫描的辐射剂量为常规组扫描辐射剂量的37.5%,两组符合诊断要求的影像质量差异无统计学意义（P〉0.05）。结论 120 kV,75 mAs低剂量扫描适用于新生儿缺血缺氧性脑病的CT检查,这也符合国际原子能机构（IAEA）倡导的将辐射照射减至可合理达到的最低水平的原则。     

Computed tomography diagnostic reference levels for adult brain,chest and abdominal examinations: A systematic review

ObjectivesRadiation dose variation within and among Computed Tomography (CT) centres is commonly reported. This work systematically reviewed published articles on adult Diagnostic Reference Levels (DRLs) for the brain, chest and abdomen to determine the causes and extent of variation. A systematic literature search and review was performed in selected databases containing leading journals in radiography, radiology and medical physics using carefully defined search terms related to CT and DRLs. The quality of the included articles was determined using the Effective Public Health Practise Project tool for quantitative studies.Key findingsThe 54 articles reviewed include: 45 studies using human data, 8 studies using phantom data, and one study with both human and phantom data. The main comparator in between studies was the dose indices used in reporting DRLs. DRL variations of up to a factor of 2 for the same procedure were noted in phantom studies, and up to a factor of 3 in human studies. Sources of variation include the type of scanner, the age of the scanner, differences in protocols, variations in patients, as well as variations in study design. Different combinations of dose indices were reported: volume computed tomography dose index (CTDIvol) and dose length product (DLP) (59%); DLP only (11%); weighted computed tomography dose index (CTDIw) and DLP (9%); CTDIvol only (7%); CTDIvol, DLP and effective dose (ED) (6%); CTDIw only (4%); CTDIvol, DLP and size specific dose estimate (SSDE) (1%) and CTDIw, CTDIvol and DLP (1%). The use of different dose indices limited dose comparison between studies.ConclusionThe study noted a 2–3 fold variation in DRLs between studies for the same procedure. The causes of variation are reported and include study design, scanner technology and the use of different dose indices.Implications for practiceThere is a need for standardisation of CT DRLs in line with the International Commission on Radiological Protection recommendations to reduce dose variation and facilitate dose comparison.     

CR与DR系统胸部摄影参数对比的实验研究

目的：比较CR、DR在胸部摄影中的最优化摄影参数。方法：CR、DR系统分别对胸部等效衰减模体行不同参数曝光成像,记录每次曝光的模体表面剂量,并计算模体影像图像质量因子反数值IQFinv。应用统计学软件分析获取CR组、DR组最佳图像的IQFinv值,并换算成摄影参数。结果：CR组、DR组摄影剂量和图像质量IQFinv值之间的线性回归方程为DR：IQFinv=0.005D＋3.359,CR：IQFinv=0.005D＋1.651,D为辐射剂量。ROC曲线分析（曲线下面积AUC=0.893,P〈0.001）,最佳IQFinv值为3.55,获得DR、CR最佳图像摄影参数分别为125 kV、1.6 mAs,125 kV、16 mAs。结论：要得到满足诊断要求且一致的图像质量,CR的摄影剂量大致是DR的4倍。     

床旁DR与CR胸部摄影质量的对比研究

目的通过床旁数字化X线摄影(digitalradiography,DR)系统与计算机X线摄影(computedradiography,CR)系统胸部摄影图像质量的对比分析,探讨床旁DR摄影的优势。方法随机抽取2010年拍摄的DR床旁X线胸片1000份和既往CR床旁X线胸片1000份进行对比分析。结果床旁DR摄影的应用提供了更加优良的图像质量,明显减少了放射技师的工作量,同时还降低了患者接受的辐射剂量。结论床旁DR胸部摄影比CR胸部摄影有着明显的优势,对手术患者和危重患者的诊治起到了积极作用。