Dust in dental laboratories. Part III: Efficiency of ventilation systems and face masks

The efficiency of local exhaust and electrostatic ventilation systems installed in dental laboratories has been measured. With local exhaust systems, dust amounts could be reduced in breathing air close to the emission source to levels lower than threshold limit values for various elements or compounds in dust produced through cutting, grinding, or polishing various dental materials such as chromium-cobalt, nickel, or gold alloys, porcelain, gypsum models, or denture base material.However, the local exhaust system did not enable a dust reduction from handling amalgam dies consistent with criteria of threshold limit values for mercury and silver.The efficiency of electrostatic filters installed in dental laboratories for general ventilation purposes was found to range from 37% to 73% based on weight reduction.Various ventilation systems with bag filters possessing a high efficiency based on weight reductions allowed small, respirable particles less than 5 μm to recirculate within the working environment.The efficiency of face masks for the reduction of inhaled dust revealed efficiencies for two commercial masks ranging from 70% to 95% based on weight reduction. However, such masks only partly retained the respirable dust.     

Respirability, microstructure and filler content of composite dusts

Dusts were generated from five composites, with two different shades each. Between 54 and 70 mass percent of the dust (60 to 92% of the particles) collected was respirable. The average particle size collected was 3.97 microns by mass (0.9 microns by number of particles). Between 14 and 22% of the dust generated was respirable. Filler content of the respirable dust particles was within 3 mass percent of the amount of filler in each cured composite. Powder x-ray diffraction revealed that respirable dust particles collected from composites reported to contain crystalline silica fillers contain the same crystalline silica. The results indicate that improperly protected dental personnel who are regularly exposed to composite dusts generated during high-speed finishing of composites containing quartz filler may be at risk for developing silicosis. Dental personnel should wear masks specifically designed to filter respirable silica when finishing composite restorations with high-speed instrumentation.     

Cytotoxic and inflammatory response of human lung epithelial cells A549 to particles released from dental restorative materials during dry and wet grinding

ObjectivesThe aim was to evaluate the release of particles from dental materials during wet and dry grinding and test their effects on human lung epithelia cells in-vitro.MethodsFour dental restorative materials were used: two composites [Ceram.x® universal (Dentsply Sirona) and Filtek? Supreme XTE (3 M)], one ceramic [VITABLOCS® Mark II (VITAy)] and a ceramic-resin material [Lava? Ultimate (3 M)]. Material samples were ground to powder under standardized wet and dry conditions in an isolated dental room. During grinding, the particle concentrations were measured with LAS and CPC. Baseline values were measured before grinding. The particles’ size was evaluated using DLS and SEM. Water was used as control. The cytotoxicity and inflammatory response of the lung cells (A549) after exposure to different concentrations (1, 3, 10, 30, 100, 300 μg/mL) of the generated dust were analyzed with LDH, WST-1 and ELISA.ResultsLAS and CPC revealed a high concentration of particles< 10 µm and< 1 µm respectively, into the air. Particles showed high tendency to agglomerate. DLS showed particle size distribution between 150 nm and 18 µm independently of the material composition. All materials induced significant effects (p < 0.05) on the cell membrane integrity and viability of the A549 cells. Only the ceramic particles showed a significant increase in hydroxyl radical formation at low concentrations (p < 0.05), for both wet and dry conditions. All materials except ceramic, induced a significant release of IL-8 in A549 cells at 300 μg / mL (p < 0.05).SignificanceWet and dry grinding of dental materials result in release of ultrafine and fine particulate matter into the air. The in-vitro findings on the cellular response of lung cells to generated dust indicate a potential risk for human health due inhalation of the released particles. The use of water-cooling seems to be beneficial resulting in reduced release of particles compared to dry grinding.     

Cytotoxic and genotoxic potential of respirable fraction of composite dust on human bronchial cells

ObjectiveTo determine the cytotoxic and genotoxic potential of the respirable fraction of composite dust (<4 μm) on human bronchial epithelial cells.MethodsComposite sticks of three commercial dental composites (Filtek Supreme XTE, Grandio, Transbond XT) were ground in an enclosed plexiglass chamber with a rough dental bur (grain-size 100 μm) and the generated airborne respirable dust was collected in a personal cyclone on a teflon filter (pore size 5 μm). Immediately after particle collection, the dust was quantified gravimetrically and the particles were suspended in cell culturing medium. Next, human bronchial epithelial cells (16HBE14o-) were exposed to the suspensions (3 μg/ml–400 μg/ml). After 24 h, cell viability (WST-1 assay) and membrane integrity (LDH assay) were evaluated. Furthermore, the genotoxic effect of a sub-cytotoxic concentration (50 μg/ml) of composite dust was evaluated by the comet assay after 3 h exposure and cell cycle disturbances were analyzed by flow cytometry. Cellular uptake of particles was evaluated by transmission electronic microscope (TEM).ResultsFor all three tested composite materials, a decrease in metabolic activity of 10–35% was observed when the cells were exposed to the highest concentrations (100 μg/ml–400 μg/ml). Toxicity was partially linked to membrane disruption especially after 72 h exposure. All tested composites provoked a mild genotoxic effect after short-term exposure compared to the control groups. TEM revealed that respirable particles of all tested composites were taken up by the cells.SignificanceThe respirable fraction of composite dust only showed cytotoxic effects at the highest concentrations, whereas mild genotoxicity was observed after exposure to a sub-cytotoxic concentration.     

Quantitative and qualitative analysis of particulate production during simulated clinical orthodontic debonds

ObjectivesThe objectives of this investigation were firstly to quantitatively and qualitatively determine particulate production during orthodontic debond and enamel cleanup procedures, and secondly to examine what methods can be employed to minimize operator exposure to such dust particles.MethodsA qualitative study was performed to determine the aerodynamic diameters and compositions of particulates produced during simulated clinical debonds and enamel cleanup procedures on extracted teeth. In each case the enamel was cleaned using tungsten carbide burs in either a high or slow speed handpiece, with or without water coolant spray, with or without high volume evacuation (HVE) or a face mask.ResultsThe use of a high speed handpiece with a tungsten carbide bur and water irrigation at enamel cleanup produced the greatest concentration of respirable particulates. Within this dust, calcium, phosphorus, aluminum and silicon were the most commonly found elements. The dust levels observed did not exceed limits advised for respirable dusts in general. However, the concentration of silica within the dusts created is unknown. The face mask and HVE were effective at reducing exposure to respirable particles, but the mask was most effective, reducing exposure by up to 96%.SignificanceA face mask is an effective means of reducing dust inhalation and is advised for all clinical procedures that produce dusts.     

Particle size and composition of composite dusts

Inhalation of respirable crystalline silica dusts (sized between 0.5 and 5.0 micrograms) causes silicosis. Crystalline silica fillers are used in some composites and fine dusts/aerosols generated during high-speed finishing of these materials may be regularly inhaled by clinical dental personnel. Due to the widespread use of composites, the potential of these dusts/aerosols for causing silicosis warrants concern. Six composites were polymerized, then abraded with diamond and carbide finishing burs to produce dusts in a manner simulating the clinical finishing of esthetic veneers. Dusts were collected on 0.8 micron filters using an air sampling pump. Six hundred particles of each dust sample were counted and measured using a light microscope. The respirable fraction of dust particles ranged between 57.2 and 85.7%. The diamond bur created more respirable particles than the carbide bur for each composite tested. The elemental composition of particles of each composite was determined by energy dispersive x-ray analysis. Silicon was detected in amounts ranging from 71-100%. Based on the composition and particle size distribution only, dusts generated during simulated finishing of composite resins containing quartz filler have the potential for causing silicosis in dental personnel.     

Novel composite cement containing the anti-microbial compound CPC-Montmorillonite

ObjectivesThe aim of this study was to evaluate the mechanical properties, bonding performance and anti-microbial activity of a novel composite cement containing cetylpyridinium chloride (CPC) modified montmorillonite (‘CPC-Mont’), and using these parameters to determine the optimal particle size and concentration of CPC-Mont the composite cement can be loaded with.MethodsCPC-Mont particles with a median diameter of 30 and 7 µm were prepared and added to a composite cement at a concentration of 2, 3, 4, 5 and 7.5 wt%. Mechanical properties and bonding performance of the experimental composite cements were evaluated by 3-point bending and micro-tensile bond-strength testing. The amount of CPC released from the cement disks was quantified using a UV–vis recording spectrophotometer. The anti-biofilm activity was studied using scanning electron microscopy (SEM).ResultsAdding 30-μm CPC-Mont decreased the mechanical properties and bonding performance of the composite cement, while no reduction was observed for the 7-μm CPC-Mont loaded cement formulation. Although CPC release substantially decreased during the 7-day period assessed, 5- and 7.5-wt% CPC-Mont loaded composite cement inhibited biofilm formation for 30 days.SignificanceLoading composite cement with CPC-Mont with a median diameter of 7 µm at concentrations of 5–7.5 wt% was effective in achieving continuous anti-biofilm activity, while maintaining mechanical strength and bonding performance.     

口腔修复诊室中义齿粉尘浓度检测与分析

目的： 检测与分析口腔修复科义齿粉尘污染现况并提出有效的防护措施。方法： 使用个体粉尘采样泵,对口腔修复科常见的5种义齿材料（超硬树脂基托、高级人工牙、光敏塑料、钴铬合金和饰面瓷）所产生的粉尘进行呼吸性粉尘浓度检测,使用X射线衍射分析法（XRD）检测饰面瓷粉尘中游离二氧化硅呼吸性粉尘浓度,使用电感耦合原子发射光谱分析法（ICP-AES）检测钴铬合金粉尘中钴元素的胸廓性粉尘及铬元素的可吸入性粉尘浓度,并将测定结果与中国和美国的职业接触限值进行对比。结果： 口腔修复科5种常见粉尘的呼吸性粉尘浓度均远低于中国和美国制定的职业接触限值。饰面瓷中游离二氧化硅、钴铬合金中钴及化合物粉尘浓度均低于检测下限。铬及其化合物可检出,但其浓度也远低于职业接触限值。结论： 口腔修复诊室中存在粉尘污染问题,以重金属污染（如铬）为主,应采取通风吸尘及配戴专业口罩等防护措施。     

Custom-made 3D-printed face masks in case of pandemic crisis situations with a lack of commercially available FFP2/3 masks

In the case of pandemic crisis situations, a crucial lack of protective material such as protective face masks for healthcare professionals can occur. A proof of concept (PoC) and prototype are presented, demonstrating a reusable custom-made three-dimensionally (3D) printed face mask based on materials and techniques (3D imaging and 3D printing) with global availability. The individualized 3D protective face mask consists of two 3D-printed reusable polyamide composite components (a face mask and a filter membrane support) and two disposable components (a head fixation band and a filter membrane). Computer-aided design (CAD) was used to produce the reusable components of the 3D face mask based on individual facial scans, which were acquired using a new-generation smartphone with two cameras and a face scanning application. 3D modelling can easily be done by CAD designers worldwide with free download software. The disposable non-woven melt-blown filter membrane is globally available from industrial manufacturers producing FFP2/3 protective masks for painting, construction, agriculture, and the textile industry. Easily available Velcro fasteners were used as a disposable head fixation band. A cleaning and disinfection protocol is proposed. Leakage and virological testing of the reusable components of the 3D face mask, following one or several disinfection cycles, has not yet been performed and is essential prior to its use in real-life situations. This PoC should allow the reader to consider making and/or virologically testing the described custom-made 3D-printed face masks worldwide. The surface tessellation language (STL) format of the original virtual templates of the two reusable components described in this paper can be downloaded free of charge using the hyperlink (Supplementary Material online).     

Levels of mercury and silver in dust from the trimming of amalgam dies

Abstract – The levels of mercury and silver in dust arising from the trimming, i.e. grinding, of amalgam dies in dental laboratories have been measured. In breathing air close to the workpiece, the mercury and silver contents exceeded the threshold limit values for short-term exposure by factors of about 60 and 400 in cases when local ventilation was not in use. With efficient local exhaust systems enabling a dust reduction of about 94% , the short-term exposure limit values for mercury and silver were exceeded by factors of about 4 and 20 respectively. Mercury and silver were assayed quantitatively by means of nuclear chemical analysis. A major part of the amalgam dust consisted of respirable particles. The collected dust comprised about 80% amalgam and 20% particulate matter from grinding wheels and stones according to SEM and EDAX measurements.     

Mechanical properties of glass‐fibre‐reinforced composite posts after laser irradiation with different energy densities

The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effect of the surface treatments on flexural strengths and flexural modulus of glass‐fibre‐reinforced composite (GFRC) posts. Sixty‐three posts were randomly divided into 9 groups (n = 7), and various surface treatments were performed. The control group was left untreated. Other groups were treated with 9% hydrofluoric acid, sandblasting with 120 µm Al₂O₃ particles and Er,Cr:YSGG laser irradiation with different powers (1 W, 2 W, 3 W, 4 W, 5 W and 6 W). The samples were subjected to 3‐point bending test, and data were calculated. Statistical analysis was performed. The flexural strengths of fibre posts treated with sandblasting, hydrofluoric acid, 1 W and 2 W laser were statistically similar with control group (P > 0.01). However, the flexural strength of fibre posts treated with 3 W, 4 W, 5 W and 6 W laser was statistically lower than control group (P < 0.01). High laser irradiations cause melting on the post surface and breaks in fibrils.     

Microbiota profiles on the surface of non-woven fabric masks after wearing

This study aimed to characterize commensal microbiota on the skin before and after wearing masks, and to characterize the microbiota on the surface of used masks after 1 week of drying. From the 13 human subjects (age range, 19–26 years), mean bacterial concentrations of (6.1 ± 11.0) × 10⁵ and (1.0 ± 1.4) × 10⁶ colony-forming units (CFU)/mL were recovered from the skin of the buccal areas wiped with a sterile cotton swab before and after wearing non-woven fabric masks for 8 h, respectively. Furthermore (3.4 ± 4.9) × 10⁴ CFU/mL of bacteria were recovered from the mask surfaces. The bacteria contained in the masks, which consisted mainly of Cutibacterium acnes and Staphylococcus epidermidis/aureus, virtually disappeared after drying the masks indoors for 1 week.     

Levels of mercury and silver in dust from the trimming of amalgam dies.

The levels of mercury and silver in dust arising from the trimming, i.e. grinding, of amalgam dies in dental laboratories have been measured. In breathing air close to the workpiece, the mercury and silver contents exceeded the threshold limit values for short-term exposure by factors of aboit 60 and 400 in cases when local ventilation was not in use. With efficient local exhaust systems enabling a dust reduction of about 94%, the short-term exposure limit values for mercury and silver were exceeded by factors of about 4 and 20 respectively. Mercury and silver were assayed quantitatively by means of nuclear chemical analysis. A major part of the amalgam dust consisted of respirable particles. The collected dust comprised about 80% amalgam and 20% particulate matter from grinding wheels and stones according to SEM and EDAX measurements.     

Method development for the intraoral release of nanoparticles from dental restorative materials

ObjectiveThe aim of this study was the development of a novel in-vitro method to evaluate the intraoral release of wear particles with a diameter< 1 µm from dental restorative materials.MethodsTest fixtures for a dual-axis chewing simulator (CS-4.8, SD Mechatronik, Feldkirchen-Westerham, Germany), consisting of three components to mount the specimens and a solvent (distilled water) as well as a zirconia antagonist to transfer the masticatory forces onto the specimen was developed. Ceram.x Spectra™ ST HV (CS) and Filtek™ Supreme XTE (FS) specimens (n = 3) were fixed into the mounts and immersed in 25 ml solvent. All specimens were subjected to 500.000 wear cycles with a load of 49 N. The particle size distribution of the suspensions were examined by dynamic light scattering (DLS). The collected particles were characterised by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS). For wear quantification, the surfaces of the specimens were photo-optically scanned and the wear was measured. For the statistical analysis, one-way ANOVA and post-hoc Scheffé tests were applied.ResultsDLS showed particle diameters< 1 µm (CS: 18.06 nm-1.64 µm, FS: 72.30 nm-2.31 µm). SEM/EDS indicated an association between the detected elements and the materials’ composition. FS showed significantly higher volume loss (p = 0.007) and maximum depth of the wear profile (p = 0.005) than CS, but no significant differences in the surface loss (p = 0.668).SignificanceThe novel method is able to detect material dependent particles to the size of nanoscale after in-vitro abrasion.     

Effect of calcium orthophosphate particle size and CaP:glass ratio on optical,mechanical and physicochemical characteristics of experimental composites

ObjectiveEvaluate light transmittance (%T), color change (ΔE), degree of conversion (DC), bottom-to-top Knoop microhardness (KHN), flexural strength (BFS) and modulus (FM), water sorption/solubility (WS/SL) and calcium release of resin composites containing different dicalcium phosphate dihydrate (DCPD)-to-barium glass ratios (DCPD:BG) and DCPD particle sizes.MethodsTen resin-based composites (50 vol% inorganic fraction) were prepared using BG (0.4 µm) and DCPD particles (12 µm, 3 µm or mixture) with DCPD:BG of 1:3, 1:1 or 3:1. A composite without DCPD was used as a control. DC, KHN, %T and ΔE were determined in 2-mm thick specimens. BFS and FM were determined after 24 h. WS/SL was determined after 7 d. Calcium release was determined by coupled plasma optical emission spectroscopy. Data were analyzed by ANOVA/Tukey test (alpha: 0.05).Results%T was significantly reduced in composites with milled, compared to pristine DCPD (p < 0.001). ΔE > 3.3 were observed with DCPD:BG of 1:1 and 3:1 formulated with milled DCPD (p < 0.001). DC increased at 1:1 and 3:1 DCPD:BG (p < 0.001). All composites presented bottom-to-top KHN of at least 0.8. BFS was not affected by DCPD size but was strongly dependent on DCPD:BG (p < 0.001). Reductions in FM were observed with milled DCPD (p < 0.001). WS/SL increased with DCPD:BG (p < 0.001). At 3DCPD: 1BG, using small DCPD particles led to a 35 % increase in calcium release (p < 0.001).SignificanceA trade-off between strength and Ca²⁺ release was observed. In spite of its low strength, the formulation containing 3 DCPD: 1 glass and milled DCPD particles is preferred due to its superior Ca²⁺ release.     

Oxygen inhibition layer of composite resins: effects of layer thickness and surface layer treatment on the interlayer bond strength

An oxygen inhibition layer develops on surfaces exposed to air during polymerization of particulate filling composite. This study assessed the thickness of the oxygen inhibition layer of short‐fiber‐reinforced composite in comparison with conventional particulate filling composites. The effect of an oxygen inhibition layer on the shear bond strength of incrementally placed particulate filling composite layers was also evaluated. Four different restorative composites were selected: everX Posterior (a short‐fiber‐reinforced composite), Z250, SupremeXT, and Silorane. All composites were evaluated regarding the thickness of the oxygen inhibition layer and for shear bond strength. An equal amount of each composite was polymerized in air between two glass plates and the thickness of the oxygen inhibition layer was measured using a stereomicroscope. Cylindrical‐shaped specimens were prepared for measurement of shear bond strength by placing incrementally two layers of the same composite material. Before applying the second composite layer, the first increment's bonding site was treated as follows: grinding with 1,000‐grit silicon‐carbide (SiC) abrasive paper, or treatment with ethanol or with water‐spray. The inhibition depth was lowest (11.6 μm) for water‐sprayed Silorane and greatest (22.9 μm) for the water‐sprayed short‐fiber‐reinforced composite. The shear bond strength ranged from 5.8 MPa (ground Silorane) to 36.4 MPa (water‐sprayed SupremeXT). The presence of an oxygen inhibition layer enhanced the interlayer shear bond strength of all investigated materials, but its absence resulted in cohesive and mixed failures only with the short‐fiber‐reinforced composite. Thus, more durable adhesion with short‐fiber‐reinforced composite is expected.     

Effects of application method on shrinkage vectors and volumetric shrinkage of bulk-fill composites in class-II restorations

ObjectivesUpon initial proximal wall construction, the favorable C-factor of class-II cavities may become unfavorable. This study investigated the application method on bulk-fill resin composite polymerization shrinkage.MethodsOccluso-proximal class-II cavities were prepared in 40 molars and bonded with a self-etch adhesive (Adhese Universal). The study groups varied according to the resin composite application: group-1: bulk application, Tetric EvoCeram Bulk Fill (TBF); group-2: proximal wall construction (TBF) and occlusal cavity filling (TBF); group-3: thin flowable liner layer, Tetric EvoFlow Bulk Fill (TEF) and bulk filling (TBF); group-4: flowable liner (TEF), proximal wall (TBF), occlusal cavity (TBF); and group-5: bulk application, SDR (3 mm) and capping layer (TBF, 1 mm). Each resin composite increment was scanned twice using micro-CT (uncured, cured 40 s) at a resolution of 16 µm. Shrinkage vectors and volumetric polymerization shrinkage were evaluated and statistically analyzed (one-way ANOVA). SEM images were used to investigate the tooth-restoration interface.ResultsShrinkage vectors differed significantly among the groups and were greatest in gp5-fl/SDR (47.6 µm), followed by gp1-TBF (23.8 µm) and least in gp5-fl/SDR+TBF (11.1 µm). Volumetric shrinkage varied significantly with the use of SDR (gp5-fl/SDR: 2.6%) and TEF (gp4-fl/TEF: 2.5%) to TBF (gp4-fl/TEF+wl/TBF: 0.6%) in the incremental application.SignificanceBuilding a proximal resin composite wall yielded smaller shrinkage vectors than the bulk application. Applying a thin flowable liner decreased the shrinkage vectors, even more when building a proximal wall. A thin flowable liner is recommended when building a proximal resin composite wall.     

Pulmonary risk of intraoral surface conditioning using crystalline silica

PURPOSE: This study evaluated the pulmonary risk caused by possible respirable dust of Al2O3 and SiO(x) resulting from chairside tribochemical sandblasting procedures in a dental office. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Dust was collected using a trap near the working field, and quantitative morphologic determination and identification were performed with SEM and EDAX. Forty blasting processes (total time 20 minutes) were aimed at a dummy to obtain maximum pollution of the workplace. Respirable dust fraction was measured using personal air samplers with an 8-microm cellulose-nitrate filter and a volume flow rate of 2 L/min. Mass of the respirable dust fraction was determined, and respirable free crystalline silica was identified with the help of infrared spectroscopy. RESULTS: Blasting of metal or ceramic surfaces with tribochemical agents produces respirable and potentially harmful SiO(x) and Al2O3 particles with a diameter of less than 5 microm, showing a total concentration in the air of less than 0.3 mg/m3. With and without dental suction, the concentration of the respirable free crystalline silica was smaller than 0.02 mg/m3. CONCLUSION: Concern regarding the risk of chairside tribochemical methods and possible impairment of health of patients and dental staff is unfounded, even under extreme conditions or without protective measures, since the concentrations of SiO(x) found in the air of the workplace were far below the current threshold value of 0.15 mg/m3.     

Effect of different surface treatments on the composite–composite repair bond strength

The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of different mechanical and adhesive treatments on the bond strength between pre-existing composite and repair composite using two aging times of the composite to be repaired. Standardized cylinders were made of a microhybrid composite (Spectrum TPH) and stored in saline at 37°C for 24 h (n = 140) or 6 months (n = 140). Three types of mechanical roughening were selected: diamond-coated bur followed by phosphoric acid etching, mini sandblaster with 50-μm aluminum oxide powder, and 30-μm silica-coated aluminum oxide powder (CoJet Sand), respectively. Adhesive treatment was performed with the components of a multi-step bonding system (OptiBond FL) or with a one-bottle primer–adhesive (Excite). In the CoJet Sand group, the effect of a silane coupling agent (Monobond-S) was also investigated. The repair composite (Spectrum TPH) was applied into a mould in three layers of 1 mm, each separately light-cured for 40 s. Repair tensile bond strengths were determined after 24-h storage. Mechanical and adhesive treatment had significant effects on repair bond strength (P < 0.001). The age of the pre-existing composite had no significant effect (P = 0.955). With one exception (CoJet Sand/OptiBond FL Adhesive), adhesive treatments significantly increased repair bond strengths to 6-month-old composite when compared to the controls without adhesive. Adhesive treatment of the mechanically roughened composite is essential for achieving acceptable repair bond strengths. The more complicated use of silica-coated particles for sandblasting followed by a silane coupling agent had no advantage over common bonding systems.     

Wear particle release at the interface of dental implant components: Effects of different material combinations. An in vitro study

ObjectivesParticle generation from implant components caused by frictional wear affect the surrounding peri-implant tissues. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of combining implant and abutment materials on wear and particle release in a dynamical loading setup.MethodsA customized dynamical loading machine was used to subject two implant materials (Titanium and Titanium- Zirconium alloy) paired with two different abutment materials (Titanium and Zirconia) to a cyclic loading set of 240.000 cycles (simulating 1 year of clinical use). The implant and abutment complex was immersed in corrosive liquid to collect particle debris and measure the release of corroded ions. Scanning electron microscopy was used to analyze signs of wear on the components after testing and evaluate the size and composition of particle debris.ResultsWear signs were evident in all material couplings. Particle debris was found on top, inside the implants, and on the abutment heads. The particle size ranged between 0.6 and 16.9 µm, with larger particles composed of Ti. Smaller-sized particles were found in the container liquid ranging from 0.253 to 1.7 µm compared to inside the implants ranging from 3.25 to 95.3 µm. Larger particles were found inside Tizr implants compared to Ti implants. Low levels of ions released due to corrosion were found when measuring content in surrounding liquid.SignificanceParticle generation is evident when subjecting dental implant and abutment couplings in a dynamic loading setup. Internally connected implants hinder the release of larger particles to surrounding container liquid.