康复训练改善脑卒中患者认知障碍的临床观察

目的：研究康复训练对脑卒中患者认知障碍的临床效果。方法：将48 例合并有认知障碍的脑卒中患者随机分为训练组和对照组，训练组在常规康复训练的基础上给予认知康复训练，对照组予以常规康复训练，训练时间为2个月。在训练前、训练后1个月及2个月分别用简易智能状态检查（mini-mental state examination, MMSE）量表、Fugl-Meyer量表及改良Barthel指数对患者认知、运动功能分级及日常生活活动能力进行评定。结果：两组患者训练前认知、运动功能分级及日常生活活动能力差异无显著性（P>0.05）。两组患者训练1个月时Fugl-Meyer量表评分及Barthel指数无明显差异（P>0.05），MMSE评分有显著差异（P<0.05）；2个月时，两组患者之间MMSE、Fugl-Meyer量表及Barthel指数存在明显差异（P<0.05）。结论：对于合并认知障碍的脑卒中患者，同时给予认知康复训练和常规康复训练，有利于其认知功能、运动功能和日常生活活动能力的改善。     

计算机辅助训练对轻度认知功能障碍的干预性研究

目的：探究计算机辅助训练对轻度认知功能障碍(MCI)的干预性研究。方法：连续收集年龄≥60岁的轻度认知功能障碍（MCI）患者100例,随机分为治疗组与对照组各50例,对照组给予健康宣教与危险因素控制,治疗组在对照组的基础上联合计算机辅助认知训练,每周3次,每次30min,共6个月。在治疗前、治疗后3、6、12个月,采用蒙特利尔认知评估量表（MoCA）和工具性日常生活能力（IADL）量表进行评价。结果：在治疗3、6、12个月后,治疗组MoCA值均明显高于干预前及同时间对照组（P＜0.01）,在治疗6个月、12个月时对照组MoCA值较干预前明显升高（P＜0.01）,2组之间存在交互作用（F=158.6,P＜0.01）。治疗12个月后,2组IADL评分均明显高于治疗前（P＜0.01）,且治疗组的IADL明显高于对照组（P＜0.01）。结论：对MCI患者进行早期筛查、健康宣教、危险因素控制及计算机辅助认知功能训练的综合干预,可有效改善认知功能障碍,减缓认知功能障碍发展,提高生活质量。     

Assessment of core cognitive processes in cognitive therapy

In the practice of cognitive therapy therapists are often faced with the task of selecting a specific cognitive target for intervention. This paper outlines a theoretical rationale that will facilitate selection of targets most likely to lead to meaningful clinical change. Specific technical guidelines, designed to facilitate the therapist's efforts to identify such targets, are proposed. These guidelines derive from a proposed hierarchical model of cognitive structure, which stipulates that cognitive processes vary in terms of how central and peripheral they are with respect to overall cognitive organization.Preparation of this article was supported in part by University of Toronto Grant 3-370-286-70 to the first author.     

认知康复对精神分裂症认知功能影响的研究

目的:探讨认知康复对精神分裂症认知功能的影响。方法:对象取自无锡市精神卫生中心住院精神分裂症患者100例。随机分配到个别认知康复组(个别康复)33例、集体认知康复组(集体康复)33例和单独服用抗精神病药物组(对照组)34例。认知康复的主要内容是认知重建技术和社会技能训练。每周治疗3次,每次60min,6个月为1疗程。应用韦氏成人智力量表(WAIS)和威斯康星卡片分类测验(WCST)评定治疗前后的认知功能。结果:100例患者均完成治疗,三组患者康复训练前后的WAIS、WCST均无显著差异。但康复训练后个别康复、集体康复的WAIS总分、作业增分的差值显著高于对照组(P=0.034、P=0.039),集体康复的言语分差值显著高于对照组(P=0.040)。WCST操作显示接受认知康复的患者其执行功能的改善优于对照组(P<0.05—0.01)。但个别康复和集体康复之间差异无显著性。结论:接受认知康复的精神分裂症患者在认知功能改善方面优于仅服用抗精神病药物的患者。     

改善轻度认知障碍患者认知功能的护理干预效果研究

目的探讨护理干预对改善轻度认知障碍患者认知功能的效果。方法选取30例轻度认知障碍患者作为研究对象,指导其接受护理干预与健康管理,分别于干预前、末次干预后、干预后3周评价干预效果。结果干预后不同时间点测量的认知功能、知识、行为问卷得分均高于干预前,态度问卷得分低于干预前,差异均具有统计学意义(P<0.01或P<0.05);末次干预后和干预后3周患者的得分差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论护理干预能够提高患者的认知功能、轻度认知障碍知识水平、态度和行为,对患者需进行持续性的护理干预。     

认知护理干预对抑郁症病人认识障碍影响的研究

[目的]观察认知护理干预对抑郁症病人认识障碍的影响。[方法]选择58例抑郁症病人,随机分为实验组(28例)和对照组(30例),对两组病人进行健康教育并给予常规治疗护理,实验组加用认知护理干预。4周后对两组病人用汉密顿抑郁量表(HAMD)评定,计算其中认识障碍因子分。[结果]实验组4周后的HAMD中认识障碍因子分明显低于对照组(P<0.01)。[结论]认知护理干预可明显改善抑郁症病人的认识障碍。     

有氧舞蹈对轻度认知障碍患者认知和运动功能的影响

摘要 目的：探讨自主设计的有氧舞蹈对轻度认知障碍（MCI）患者认知和运动功能的干预作用。 方法：将MCI患者随机分为运动组和对照组,运动组接受35min/次、3次/周、为期3个月的有氧舞蹈,对照组仅接受健康宣教。所有受试者在干预前、干预3月后、入组6个月随访时接受认知功能和运动功能评估。 结果：干预前,两组的基线评估结果无显著性差异（P>0.05）。3个月有氧舞蹈干预后,运动组简易精神状态评分（mini-mental state examination, MMSE）、蒙特利尔认知评估(Montreal cognitive assessment,MoCA)评分、韦氏逻辑记忆测试评分、连线测试-A所需时间和连线测试-B所需时间与干预前比较均有显著性差异（P<0.05）;韦氏逻辑记忆量表评分,连线测试-B所需时间与对照组比较有显著性差异（P<0.01,P<0.05）。随访时运动组MoCA评分,韦氏逻辑记忆测试评分、连线测试-A与干预前比较有显著性差异（P<0.05）。3个月干预后,运动组Berg平衡量表评分与干预前和对照组比较差异均有显著性意义（P<0.05）。 结论：有氧舞蹈能够改善MCI患者的认知功能和运动功能。     

认知康复训练治疗脑损伤后认知功能障碍的Meta分析

目的:系统评价认知康复训练治疗脑损伤后认知障碍的疗效。方法:计算机检索CNKI、VIP、CBM、万方及PubMed数据库,查找关于认知康复训练治疗脑损伤后认知障碍的临床随机对照试验。对纳入的研究逐个进行质量评价,并进一步对治疗后认知训练组和对照组的有效率、简易智力状况检查法(MMSE)、日常生活活动能力(ADL)、洛文斯顿认知功能评定测验(LOTCA)评分进行Meta分析。结果:16个研究共1281例患者符合纳入标准。结果显示,认知训练组的总有效率、MMSE、ADL及LOTCA评分均明显优于对照组(P0.05,0.01)。结论:认知康复训练治疗脑损伤后认知障碍患者可一定程度上减轻认知障碍的程度,提高患者的自我生活能力。     

The cognitive side of anxiety

Building from a differentiation of the dimensions of cognition (prepostions/content, operations, products, structures), a cognitive component model of anxiety is proposed and described. The model consists of the critical psychopathological features, common psychopathological features, and error variance. Cognitive distortions are differentiated from cognitive deficiencies. Specific critical features, such as schematic content and functioning, temporal distortions, and task-irrelevant thought, are described and are considered aspects of cognitive functioning relatively specific to anxiety. Common features, such as self-absorption, automatic processing, capacity limitations, and cognitive asymmetry, are also described but are considered aspects of dysfunctional cognition associated with anxiety as well as some other related psychopathologies. Questions requiring additional research are noted.The order of the authors was randomly determined. Appreciation is expressed to David Barlow for his helpful comments on this paper.     

重复经颅磁刺激联合认知功能训练治疗轻度认知功能障碍的疗效观察

目的：观察重复经颅磁刺激（rTMS)联合认知功能训练对轻度认知功能障碍(MCI)患者认知功能改善作用。方法：MCI患者80例随机分为2组各40例,观察组采用rTMS治疗联合认知功能训练,对照组采用认知功能训练治疗。2组患者分别在治疗前后进行蒙特利尔认知评估量表(MoCA)评定及事件相关电位(ERP) P300检查。结果：治疗8周后,观察组MoCA量表各因子分及总分均明显高于治疗前及对照组(P＜0.05,0.01);对照组MoCA量表各因子中视空间与执行、延迟回忆、语言、注意力、计算力、定向及总分均明显高于治疗前(P＜0.05),命名及抽象力得分治疗前后比较差异无统计学意义。2组P300潜伏期均较治疗前明显缩短(P＜0.05),且观察组P300潜伏期缩短更明显(P＜0.05);2组波幅均较治疗前明显增高(P＜0.05),且观察组增高幅度更大(P＜0.05) 。结论：重复经颅磁刺激联合认知功能训练对MCI患者的认知功能有明显的疗效,且明显优于单纯认知功能训练治疗。     

计算机化认知训练对轻度认知障碍老年人干预效果的Meta分析

目的 评价计算机化认知训练对轻度认知障碍老年人的干预效果。方法 检索中英文数据库中有关计算机化认知训练对轻度认知障碍老年人干预效果的随机对照试验,应用Revman5.2软件进行Meta分析。结果 共纳入12篇文献,涉及488例病人。结果显示,干预结束时试验组简易精神状态量表（MMSE）和蒙特利尔认知功能状态量表（MoCA）得分优于对照组［MD=1.78, 95%CI(0.41,3.15), P<0.05］,［MD=4.02, 95%CI(1.33,6.70), P<0.05］;试验组顺向数字测试（DSF）和逆向数字测试（DSB）得分优于对照组［MD=1.01, 95%CI(0.39,1.64), P<0.05］,［MD=0.67, 95%CI(0.16,1.17), P<0.05］;试验组延迟回忆得分优于对照组［MD=1.20, 95%CI(1.00,1.39), P<0.05］;但对言语流畅性测试（SF）、老年抑郁量表（GDS）和日常生活能力量表（ADL）得分的改善效果不明显。结论 计算机化认知训练能改善轻度认知障碍老年人的整体认知功能, 尤其是注意力和短时记忆力以及延迟记忆能力方面,但对言语功能、抑郁状态和ADL改善效果不明显。还需大样本、高质量的随机对照试验进行验证。     

背景音乐下头皮针结合计算机辅助认知训练对脑卒中认知障碍的影响

目的:观察背景音乐下头皮针结合计算机辅助认知训练对脑卒中认知障碍的临床疗效。方法:脑卒中后认知障碍患者60例随机分成观察1组、观察2组和对照组各20例,3组患者均进行计算机辅助认知训练,观察2组增加头皮针治疗,观察1组增加背景音乐下头皮针治疗。治疗前后采用洛文斯顿认知成套测试(LOTCA)、简化Fugl-Meyer运动功能评定(FMA)、改良Barthel指数量表(MBI)进行评估。结果:治疗后3组患者的LOTCA、FMA和MBI评分较治疗前有显著提高(P0.01,0.05)。且观察1组LOTCA总分、子项目中除注意力外各项以及FMA和MBI评分较对照组改善更显著(P0.01,0.05);观察2组的LOTCA总分、视知觉、思维操作、视运动组织以及FMA评分较对照组改善更显著(P0.01,0.05)。观察1组的思维操作及LOTCA总分较观察2组改善更显著(P0.01,0.05)。结论:背景音乐下头皮针结合计算机辅助认知训练的脑卒中患者认知功能全面改善,优于单纯进行计算机辅助认知训练和结合头皮针治疗的患者。     

强化认知功能训练在脑梗死后非痴呆认知功能障碍临床护理中的应用

目的探讨强化认知功能训练在脑梗死后非痴呆认知功能障碍患者临床护理中的应用效果。方法选取86例脑梗死后非痴呆认知功能障碍患者(ASA分级Ⅰ~Ⅱ级)为研究对象,按照入院顺序分为2组,各43例。对照组患者给予常规护理及康复指导;在对照组基础上,观察组接受护理人员根据患者MMSE量表、Mo CA量表评分制定的强化认知功能训练。采用MMSE量表、Mo CA量表、改良Barthel指数及SF-36量表比较2组患者护理前后认知功能、日常生活活动能力及生活质量变化。结果护理前,2组认知功能及日常生活活动能力比较差异均无统计学意义(P0.05);护理3个月后,观察组MMSE、Mo CA、改良Barthel指数改善程度显著优于对照组,差异均有统计学意义(P0.05)。护理前2组患者SF-36量表各项评分差异均无统计学意义(P0.05),护理3个月后,2组患者SF-36量表各项评分均显著改善,且观察组改善程度显著优于对照组,差异均有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论强化认知功能训练有助于改善脑卒中患者日常生活活动能力,可提高生存质量,值得在临床推广应用。     

Physical activity and cognitive function in adults with multiple sclerosis: an integrative review

Purpose: To identify and synthesize the research evidence concerning (1) the relationship between physical activity and cognitive performance in persons with multiple sclerosis (MS) and (2) to review the reported effects of physical activity interventions on neurocognitive performance conducted in this population.

Methods: Relevant peer-reviewed journal articles were identified by searching PubMed, PsychINFO, and SPORTDiscus through May 2016. Full-text articles meeting the inclusion criteria were evaluated for quality using tools developed by the National Institutes of Health. Studies deemed to be of poor quality were excluded from the review.

Results: Nineteen studies meeting the inclusion/exclusion criteria were analyzed. Nine studies reported significant relationships between higher levels of physical activity or cardiorespiratory fitness and measures of cognitive function. Data extracted from 10 physical activity intervention studies reported mixed results on the effectiveness of physical activity to improve selected domains of cognitive function in persons with MS.

Conclusion: Although correlational studies provide evidence to support a linkage between physical activity and cognitive function in persons with MS, this linkage is confounded by factors that may have influenced the studies’ results. Evidence derived from intervention studies that could support a positive effect of physical activity on cognition in persons with MS is equivocal.

• Implications for Rehabilitation

• Physical activity has numerous benefits for persons with multiple sclerosis (MS) including improvements in balance, ambulation, depression, fatigue, and quality of life.

• Structured physical activity programs may contribute to cognitive function stability or improvement in persons with MS.

     

Clinical self-disclosure: A reexamination of its cognitive control

This report represents a systematic reexamination of the Wilson and Dulany (1983) study that involved an analysis of the cognitive control of self-disclosure. Using a clinical analogue, the 48 male and 48 female subjects (a) were exposed to a role inducement requiring them to be either completely cooperative or completely resistant in psychotherapy, (b) completed assessments that represented models of the theory of propositional control (TPC) and of social learning theory (SLT), and (c) role-played an initial psychotherapy session according to their role inducements. The initial results demonstrated that the TPC model was superior to the SLT model in predicting reports of wanting to self-disclose and intention to self-disclose, and, in turn, those reports predicted self-disclosure. While both models contain subjective outcome components, the advantage of the TPC model was attributed to its inclusion of social and personal components. After determining that the results of the Wilson and Dulany (1983) study and the current study were equivalent, a reanalysis, which combined the two data sets, was conducted on a sample of 192 subjects. The outcome of the final regression analysis was discussed in terms of implications for the practical cognitive assessment of clinical self-disclosure.I gratefully acknowledge Michael Blank and Kirsten Rowe for their comments on a draft of this article.     

阿托伐他汀对不同阶段血管性认知功能障碍患者血脂和认知功能的影响

目的探讨阿托伐他汀对不同阶段血管性认知功能障碍(VCI)患者血脂和认知功能的影响。方法 156例VCI患者随机分为对照组76例和观察组80例。对照组无痴呆型血管认知功能障碍(VCIND)患者45例,血管性痴呆(VaD)患者31例;观察组VCIND患者47例,Va D患者33例。对照组给予常规治疗,观察组在对照组基础上加服阿托伐他汀。对比治疗前后2组血脂水平及认知功能状况。结果治疗后,观察组VCIND及Va D患者总胆固醇(TC)和低密度脂蛋白胆固醇(LDLC)水平显著低于治疗前及对照组(P0.05或P0.01),简易智能状态量表(MMSE)评分及蒙特利尔认知评估量表(Mo CA)评分均高于治疗前和对照组(P0.01);观察组治疗前后VCIND患者MMSE及Mo CA评分差值显著高于VaD患者(P0.01),而TC、LDL-C及HDL-C水平变化与Va D患者无显著差异(P0.05)。结论早期应用阿托伐他汀可显著改善VCI患者血脂水平和认知功能,延缓VCI疾病进展。     

轻度认知障碍调查研究

目的 本研究旨在明确轻度认知障碍(MCI)的影响因素,明确控制危险因素对MCI的防治作用.方法 调查对象为2007年12月至2009年12月期间,在秦皇岛市社区选取65岁及以上老年人,包括城市人口和农村人口.最终入选本研究1 011例,男410例,女601例.采用统一的调查表和标准化调查用语,按名单入户调查,详细记录调查资料.对符合入选标准的受试者进行认知功能评估,记录受试者的人口学资料、生活习惯、既往病史、神经心理评估结果.最后完成诊断(包括认知水平和其他疾病诊断).不能完成评估或不能配合进行认知评估者,依据临床信息进行诊断.结果 ①MCI 67例,痴呆45例,正常899例,MCI的发生率为6.6％,痴呆发生率4.5％;②人口学资料:高龄、农村MCI的发生率较高,与低龄和城市居住者差异有统计学意义(P＜0.01),其中随着年龄增长,MCI发生率随之增长趋势明显;性别、受教育情况、体质量指数、职业,差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05).③生活习惯:吸烟史、是否饮酒,运动状态与MCI的发生率差异有统计学意义,其中随着吸烟史增长,MCI发生率随之增长趋势明显,运动状态持续时间增长,MCI发生率随之明显降低;是否喝茶差异无统计学意义.④患病史:脑血管疾病、心脏疾病、内分泌代谢疾病、癫痫、抑郁症、脑外伤史、家族史与MCI的发生率差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05或＜0.01).高血压差异无统计学意义.结论 随着年龄增长,MCI发生率随之增长趋势明显;农村MCI的发生率明显高于城市.随着吸烟史增长,MCI发生率随之增长,运动状态持续时间增长,MCI发生率随之降低趋势明显,饮酒人群MCI患病率明显高于非饮酒人群.脑血管疾病、心脏疾病、内分泌代谢疾病、癫痫、抑郁症、脑外伤史、家族史与MCI的发生率差异有统计学意义.     

Factors associated with changing cognitive function in older adults: implications for nursing rehabilitation.

This article reviews the significant effects of aging on cognitive function. As people age, brain tissue volume decreases, white matter hyperintensities increase, and associated deficits are seen in working memory, attention, and executive function. Comorbidities include hypertension, diabetes, and cardiovascular risk factors. Another factor that affects cognitive function is the presence of apolipoprotein E-4, which is negatively correlated with cognitive function. In addition, decreased serum levels of endogenous sex hormones are related to changes in cognitive function, but hormone replacement therapy may be detrimental. Improved cognition has been associated with moderate alcohol intake, regular exercise, and exposure to novel stimuli. This article also examines research evaluating brain-plasticity-based training and rehabilitation to reverse losses in sensory, cognitive, and motor processing. Rehabilitation nursing strategies for dealing with the decline of cognitive function include educating patients and developing a program about lifestyle changes that will enhance cognitive stimulation; minimizing risks for and effects of hypertension, diabetes, and cardiovascular disease; recognizing and accommodating sensory deficits; and maintaining awareness of current research outcomes to guide evidence-based practice.     

蒙特利尔认知评估量表在帕金森病伴轻度认知功能障碍患者中的应用研究

目的:评估蒙特利尔认知评估量表(Mo CA)在帕金森病伴轻度认知功能障碍患者中的应用价值。方法:首先收集帕金森病患者140例,经临床评估筛查出帕金森病伴轻度认知功能障碍组(PD-MCI组)71例和帕金森病不伴认知功能障碍组(PD-NC组)69例。对两组患者分别进行Mo CA和简易精神状态检查量表(MMSE)检测,最后根据两个量表的得分情况进行比较分析。结果:PD-MCI组的Mo CA和MMSE得分分别为(21.00±4.113)分和(27.62±2.344)分,结果明显低于对照组的(27.72±2.595)分和(28.75±1.566)分,具有显著差异(P<0.01)。以26分为界,Mo CA筛选敏感性为90.14%,特异性为79.71%,而MMSE敏感性仅为28.17%,特异性为96.65%。PD-MCI组患者在视空间与执行、注意、语言、抽象、延迟回忆、定向力等认知领域得分明显低于对照组(P<0.01)。结论:Mo CA量表是PD-MCI患者比较理想的筛查工具,与MMSE相比具有更高的敏感性。Mo CA量表在临床上的推广,有助于临床医师快速客观地评价PD患者早期的认知情况。