Comparative evaluation of the human whole blood and human peripheral blood monocyte tests for pyrogens

Two different in vitro tests for pyrogens, using human peripheral blood monocytes (PBMNC) and diluted whole blood (WBC), respectively, were applied to different classes of parenteral medicinal products. Many of these products did not have a specified endotoxin limit concentration that was established as the maximum valid dilution to comply with the test. The results of the in vitro tests for pyrogens were compared with the results from the Limulus amoebocyte lysate (LAL) and rabbit pyrogen tests. The Second International Standard for endotoxin was used to calibrate all of the assays and the International Standard for IL-6 was used to calibrate the IL-6 ELISA which provided the readout for the in vitro tests for pyrogens. Preparatory tests were conducted to ensure that the "criteria for validity and precision of the standard curve" were satisfied and that the drugs being tested did not interfere in the tests. The PBMNC/IL-6 test had a detection limit of 0.06 EU/ml and spike recoveries were 62-165%. The whole blood/IL-6 test also had a detection limit of 0.06 EU/ml and spike recoveries were 58-132%. The application to the detection of non-endotoxin pyrogens needs to be evaluated in more detail, but the two in vitro tests for pyrogens showed good agreement overall, both with each other and with the LAL test and the rabbit pyrogen test for the detection of endotoxins.     

鲎试剂法检测平衡液中细菌内毒素

目的 建立平衡液的细菌内毒素检查方法。方法 参照中国药典2000年版细菌内毒素检查法及热原检查法。结 果 干扰试验表明,供试品对细菌内毒素检查法不存在干扰作用。结论 细菌内毒素检查法可代替家兔法进行平衡液热原 检查。     

鲎试剂在一些注射剂热原检测中的应用

<正> 热原的鲎试验法,自1972年 Cooper 氏首先应用于注射剂检查以来,国外已积累了许多资料。它与家兔法比较具有方法简便、快速、可靠、灵敏度高,且能定量,无生物差异等优点。美国食品和药品管理局已批准用它代替家兔法进行医疗器械和一些药品热原检查。美国药典ⅩⅩ版已收载鲎试验为测定细菌内毒素(即热原)浓度的方     

In vitro pyrogenicity of Gram-positive bacteria--validation of the kit using fresh human whole blood

The two conventional tests to detect pyrogen contaminants in injectable pharmaceutical drugs are the Rabbit Model and the Limulus amoebocyte lysate (LAL) test. To replace these models, a new system on human whole blood is developed, using the release of Interleukin 1 beta (IL1beta) after cell stimulation with gram-positive and gram negative pyrogens. The purpose of this study was to validate the ENDOSAFE-IPT kit using the quantitative ELISA enzyme immunoassay. The assay is divided into two parts: blood cell stimulation with Lipopolysaccharides (LPS) and Lipoteichoic acid (LTA) and quantitation of IL1beta using the ELISA method. In each assay, blood from a particular donor were stimulated with the Endotoxin Standard, and with a sample of a commercial antibiotic preparation (Clavulanic acid/Ticarcillin) spiked with the Endotoxin Standard. LTA from Bacillus subtilis and a sample of diphtheria toxoid were also used. At least, six assays were tested. A polynomial regression of the Endotoxin Standard series showed a correlation coefficient greater than 0.99. The spiked antibiotic sample recoveries were 50-121%. The LTA quantitation limit was 0.1 microg/ml and the range of detection of pyrogens from Gram positive diphtheria toxoid was 0.77 to 2.5 EEU/ml. The IL1beta production varied markedly between donors. However the coefficient of variation was less than 20 % intra-assay. In conclusion, the ENDOSAFE-IPT kit can be used for the quantitative and qualitative detection of pyrogens from Gram negative and Gram positive bacteria.     

Pyrogen testing in vitro using the Limulus test]

The applicability of the Limulus test for the pyrogen test was checked in comparison to the pyrogen test in rabbits. In 6 out of 24 lots of raw materials and drugs pyrogens could be detected by means of the pyrogen test in rabbits. 2 of these 6 lots showed positive reaction in the Limulus test, there were no false positive results. Testing 7 bacterial strains in modified quantity of germs the Limulus test turned out to be more sensitive than the pyrogen test in rabbits. The application of this in vitro test as a complement to the pyrogen test in rabbits for a certain kind of problems is discussed.     

检测热原的新方案

综述了利用外致热原激活体内血单核细胞（ＭＮＣ）释放细胞因子如白介素－１（ＩＬ－１）、肿瘤坏死因子（ＴＮＦ－α）等即所谓的内致热原的原理，将待检样品与ＭＮＣ共同培养，检测其上清液中的ＩＬ－１或ＴＮＦ－α含量，这一体外检测致热原的新方法。     

中药注射剂中热原的污染途径及处理方法的探讨

为避免临床"热原反应"的发生，中药注射剂在生产过程中必须杜绝热原污染。因此，需了解热原的含义、组成、性质、污染途径及预防，掌握去除热原的方法以及检查热原的方法，这样方能控制注射剂中热原的出现，达到提高注射剂成品质量的目的。     

盐酸罂粟碱氯化钠注射液细菌内毒素检测法实验研究

目的：建立盐酸罂粟碱氯化钠注射液的细茵内毒素检查方法。方法：用两个生产厂的鲎试剂对盐酸罂粟碱氯化钠注射液进行干扰试验研究。结果：盐酸罂粟碱氯化钠注射液对细茵内毒素检查无干扰作用。结论：可以用细茵内毒素检查法(凝胶法)代替家兔热原检查法控制其热原。     

复方甘露醇注射液细菌内毒素检查法的研究

目的探讨建立复方甘露醇注射液细菌内毒素检查法.方法参照中国药典2000年版细菌内毒素检查法及热原检查法.结果选用灵敏度为0.125 EU·mL-1的鲎试剂以1∶3稀释,多批样品的细菌内毒素检查结果与热原检查结果一致.结论采用细菌内毒素检查法替代热原检查法是可行的.     

凝胶限量法检查参芎葡萄糖注射液细菌内毒素的研究

目的建立凝胶限量法检查参芎葡萄糖注射液细菌内毒素的方法。方法参照中国药典中细菌内毒素检查法和细菌内毒素检查法应用指导原则要求进行实验设计,确定参芎葡萄糖注射液的细菌内毒素限值,用不同厂家的鲎试剂对三个批号的参芎葡萄糖注射液进行干扰试验,考察确立其内毒素的检查方法。结果参芎葡萄糖注射液经6倍稀释后能消除于扰,可用标示灵敏度为0．25EU／ml的鲎试剂检测其细菌内毒素。结论可用凝胶限量法代替家兔热原法检查参芎葡萄糖注射液的致热物质。     

细胞色素C注射液细菌内毒素检测法研究

目的: 建立细胞色素C注射液的细菌内毒素检查方法.方法: 用两个生产厂的鲎试剂对细胞色素C注射液进行干扰试验研究.结果: 细胞色素C注射液对细菌内毒素检查无干扰作用.结论: 可以用细菌内毒素检查法(凝胶法)代替家兔热原检查法控制其热原.     

克林霉素磷酸酯葡萄糖注射液细菌内毒素检查法的研究

目的　建立克林霉素磷酸酯葡萄糖注射液细菌内毒素检查的方法。方法　采用不同批号、不同生产厂家的鲎试剂对克林霉素磷酸酯葡萄糖注射液进行细菌内毒素检查法的干扰实验。结果　克林霉素磷酸酯葡萄糖注射液经 1∶8稀释后,对细菌内毒素检查法无干扰作用。结论　本品可用细菌内毒素检查法代替热原检查法,且结果一致。     

Pyrogen testing of lipidic parenterals with a novel in vitro test--application of the IPT based on cryopreserved human whole blood

The European Pharmacopoeia has made the testing of small volume parenterals (< 15) obligatory since 2004. This concerns many formulations, e.g. vitamins, steroids and hormones, many of which are applied intramuscularly using a lipidic carrier. Lipopolysaccharides, the best established endotoxins from Gram-negative bacteria, bind strongly to lipophilic substances, which mask them in Limulus amebocyte lysate assays. End-product testing, therefore, can only be carried out in rabbit pyrogen tests. This will lead to a pronounced increase in animal experiments if no alternative procedures become available. We have described a novel in vitro pyrogen test (IPT) based on human whole blood, which has recently been validated in a collaborative study including the European Pharmacopoeia. Here, the utility of the IPT for lipophilic substances and lipid-containing end-products was assessed. For a variety of lipids commonly added to formulations of injectable endproducts, namely peanut oil, sesame oil, miglyol and paraffin, a protocol which allows interference-free testing was established applying the pharmacopoeial criterion of 50 to 200% retrieval of an LPS spike. Furthermore, end-product testing for three sample formulations was possible. In all, a method could be established which allows the determination of given or calculated ELC (endotoxin limit concentrations) according to Pharmacopoeia. It is concluded that monocytes do react to lipid-bound LPS, indicating that immune responses to contaminated endproducts must be anticipated, and that the IPT is suitable for endproduct control of these formulations.     

果糖二磷酸钠注射液细菌内毒素检查法的研究

目的 研究细菌内毒素法检查果糖二磷酸钠注射液的热原。方法 应用鲎试剂检查果糖二磷酸钠注射液中的热原。考察果糖二磷酸钠注射液对细菌内毒素检查法的干扰行为。结果 果糖二磷酸钠注射液稀释10倍，对细菌内毒素检查法无干扰作用。结论 选用鲎试剂，用细菌内毒素检查法代替果糖二磷酸钠注射液热原检查是可行的。     

Pyrogenen en hun verwijdering

A brief consideration of the terminology, sources, physicochemical properties and the biological effect of pyrogens is given, as background information for the manufacture ofiv fluids. The removal of pyrogens and the limitation of pyrogen production overcome the presence of pyrogens iniv fluids. Destination, reverse osmosis, ion exchange, depth filtration with asbestos, depth filtration without asbestos and molecular filtration are described as methods for the removal of pyrogens. Pyrogen production can be opposed by limiting microbial contamination. A directive for an acceptable level is given.     

刺五加注射液细菌内毒素检查法

目的研究刺五加注射液细菌内毒素检查(BET)的干扰试验,建立用BET代替热原检查(PT)。方法计算刺五加注射液的细菌内毒素限值,通过干扰试验,确定其最大非干扰浓度。结果刺五加注射液12倍稀释液对鲎试剂的细菌内毒素检查无干扰。结论刺五加注射液可用细菌内毒素检查法控制热原。     

地塞米松磷酸钠注射液的细菌内毒素检查法

目的:探讨地塞米松磷酸钠注射液对细菌内毒素检查实验的干扰情况,并建立其细菌内毒素检查的质量标准.方法:参照《中国药典》2005年版二部附录XI E细菌内毒素检查法,用两个厂家的鲎试剂对两个厂家的地塞米松磷酸钠注射液进行干扰试验.结果:地塞米松磷酸钠注射液对细菌内毒素检查有干扰作用,但通过细菌内毒素检查用水稀释可消除干扰.结论:该制剂可以用细菌内毒素检查法(凝胶法)代替兔热原检查法.     

塞克硝唑注射液中细菌内毒素的定量检测研究

目的建立塞克硝唑注射液中细菌内毒素定量分析的方法.方法采用动态比浊定量法考察塞克硝唑注射液对鲎试剂的干扰作用,并与热原检查法进行对比试验分析.结果塞克硝唑注射液的2倍稀释液用动态浊度法定量检测时已无干扰,内毒素回收率在50%～200%范围内,样品检查结果与家兔法一致.结论可用动态浊度法对塞克硝唑注射液中的细菌内毒素进行质量控制.     

参麦注射液细菌内毒素检测方法的研究

目的应用动态浊度法定量检测参麦注射液中的细菌内毒素。方法采用《中国药典》2005年版二部附录细菌内毒素定量检测法。结果将参麦注射液进行1∶20稀释,可排除干扰,回收率在50%-200%,无干扰作用。结论应用动态浊度法测定参麦注射液中的细菌内毒素是可行的,此方法既可避免家兔热原检查法操作复杂的缺点,同时又避免了限量法检测内毒素的干扰。