原发性高血压患者心理状况及个性特征分析

目的 了解原发性高血压患者心理状况及个性特征。方法 采用症状自评量表（SCL-90）及艾森克个性问卷（EPQ）对40例原发性高血压患者进行调查,并与40名健康者进行配对比较分析。结果 ①原发性高血压组患者在SCL-90总分、总均分、阳性项目分、阳性均分及各因子分均明显高于健康对照组（P〈0．05或0．01）,主要表现在躯体化、抑郁、焦虑等几个方面。②原发性高血压组患者的Ⅳ维度t分明显高于对照组（P〈0．01）。结论 原发性高血压患者存在明显的心理问题,心理状况较差,且病前个性以情绪不稳多见,提示我们在治疗原发性高血压的同时有必要进行针对性心理干预。     

躯体形式障碍患者述情障碍分析

目的探讨躯体形式障碍患者的述情障碍及其心理健康状况。方法采用多伦多述情障碍量表（TAS），症状自评量表（SCL-90）对50例躯体形式障碍患者（研究组）和50例健康者（对照组）进行测评，并进行比较分析。结果研究组TAS、SCL-90量表评分总分及各因子分均显著高于对照组（P〈0．05或〈0．01）。结论躯体形式障碍患者存在明显的述情障碍，其心理健康状况较差。     

高校教师心理健康与体育锻炼的相关研究

目的了解高校教师现阶段心理健康状况及影响因素，为寻找高校教师心理保健的对策提供依据。方法采用症状自评量表（SCL-90）和体育锻炼问卷对某高校151名教师进行了问卷调查，并将统计结果根据工作年限、年龄、学历、性别、研究学科、体育锻炼等情况进行对比分析。结果高校教师的SCL-90各因子得分比国内常模各因子得分高，工作8年以上教师的躯体化、抑郁和偏执等因子得分明显高于工作1～8年的教师（P〈0．05，P〈0．01）；35岁以上教师的躯体化、忧郁、偏执和人际关系敏感因子得分明显高于35岁以下的教师（P〈0．05，P〈0．01）；高学历的教师（硕士、博士）的强迫、忧郁和敌对因子得分明显高于大学及以下学历的科技人员（P〈0．05，P〈0．01）；经常参加体育锻炼者除敌对因子分高于偶尔参加与基本不锻炼者外，其余因子分均低于后者，躯体化、人际关系、抑郁、焦虑4个因子两者间存在显著性差异（P〈0．05）。结论高校教师的心理健康水平较低，体育锻炼状况不佳，应加强心理卫生、体育锻炼及健康知识的宣传，做好心理咨询和心理保健，提高高校教师的心理健康水平。     

心理干预对耳鸣患者疗效的影响

目的探讨心理干预在耳鸣患者治疗中的效果，为临床应用提供依据。方法在耳鼻喉科门诊随机抽出以耳鸣为第一主诉患者121例，将患者随机分为两组，A组62例接受心理干预、掩蔽及药物治疗，B组59例接受掩蔽、药物治疗。治疗前后用SCL-90及耳鸣程度主观评估进行比较。结果两组患者治疗前SCL-90评分比较无差异（P〉0．05），治疗组治疗前后SCL-90评分在躯体化、人际关系敏感、抑郁、焦虑、敌对、恐怖、偏执因子上前后差异较为明显（P〈0．05，P〈0．01），对照组治疗前后各因子分无差异（P〉0．05），两组治疗后在躯体化、抑郁、焦虑、敌对、恐怖、偏执因子上相比均有显著差异（P〈0．05或P〈0．01）。两组患者疗效均有改善，而治疗组改善更为明显（P〈0．05）。结论心理干预对耳鸣患者有较好的疗效。     

52例网络成瘾青少年心理社会综合干预的疗效观察

目的：评估心理社会综合干预对网络成瘾（IAD）青少年的疗效。方法：将52例IAD青少年进行以焦点解决短期疗法为主并与家庭治疗结合的心理社会综合干预，疗程为3月，用IAD诊断问卷（IAD-DQ）、症状自评量表（SCL-90）评估其心理健康状况和临床疗效。结果：治疗显效率和总有效率分别为61．54％（32例）和86．54％（45例），其治疗后的IAD-DQ评分、上网时间较治疗前均明显下降，差异具有显著性意义（P〈0．01）。治疗前IAD青少年的SCL-90评分与国内常模比较，除躯体化（S）、精神病性（P）及偏执（Pa）因子无显著差异外，其SCL-90总分及强迫（Oc）、人际敏感（Is）、抑郁（D）、焦虑（A）、敌对（H）、恐怖（Ph）因子分均明显高于常模值（P〈0.05或P〈0．01）；而治疗后上述计分均较治疗前显著降低（P〈0．05或P〈0.01）。结论：心理社会综合干预能显著减少IAD青少年上网时间及改善其情绪和心理功能。     

护理专业男生的心理健康状况和个性研究

目的了解高校男护生心理健康状况及个性特点。方法应用症状自评量表（SCL-90）、卡特尔16种个性因素问卷（16PF）和自制调查问卷．对某高校护理系60名男生（以下简称A组）、护理系60名女生（以下简称B组）和60名本校非男护生（C组）进行心理健康状况和个性调查。结果①SCL-90结果：A组的强迫、人际敏感、焦虑、抑郁、恐怖、偏执因子分显著高于B组（P〈0．05或P〈0．01）;A组的总分、强迫、人际敏感、焦虑、偏执因子分显著高于C组（P〈0．05或P〈0．01）;②16PF结果：A组和C组在稳定性、兴奋性、敢为性、忧虑性和紧张性方面有显著差异（P〈0．05或P〈0．01）。结论男护生的心理健康水平相对较低．且存在不良个性心理特征．应采取各种措施促进其心理和个性健康发展。     

恶性肿瘤患者的心理状况及生活质量分析

目的：了解恶性实体瘤及白血病患者的心理状况及生活质量，为今后的治疗、减轻患者痛苦提供参考。方法：采用症状自评量表（SCL-90）及生活质量综合评定问卷（GQOLI-74）对38例恶性实体瘤和28例白血病患者进行问卷调查，并与对照组对比。结果：白血病组的躯体、抑郁得分明显高于对照组（P〈0.01，0．05）：恶性实体瘤组的阳性项目数、躯体、抑郁、焦虑、恐怖、精神病因子得分均明显高于对照组（P〈0．01，0．05）。白血病组、恶性实体瘤组在躯体功能、心理功能、社会功能分值均明显低于对照组（P〈0．01，0．05）。结论：恶性实体瘤与白血病患者病后都表现出抑郁、人际关系敏感性低的心理特征，即“癌症心理”。患者病后的生活质量在躯体功能、心理功能、社会功能方面均明显降低．     

1091名新兵集训前后心理变化追踪观察

目的 研究新兵集训前后的心理变化规律。方法 应用症状自评量表（SCL-90）,对1091名新兵集训前后心理变化追踪测评。结果 集训前SCL-90因子分均低于中国新兵常模（P〈0．01）。集训后SCL-90因子分均低于集训前（P〈0．01）。SCL-90因子分中,除偏执、敌对外,其余各分值均有明显下降（P〈0．01）,有极显著性差异。敌对分值略有下降（P〈0．05）,有显著性差异。但偏执分值下降不明显（P〉0．05）。结论 新兵入伍后其心理状况不断变化,对此变化追踪观察,有利于新兵心理健康水平的提高。     

复发肺结核患者心理健康及社会支持状况调查

目的分析复发肺结核患者心理健康及社会支持状况特点，为进一步改善复发肺结核患者的治疗，针对性地进行心理干预提供依据。方法采用症状自评量表（SCL-90）、社会支持评定量表（SSRS）对98例复治涂阳患者进行问卷调查研究，记录不同性别、年龄、文化程度及婚姻状态患者的SCL-90、SSRS评分情况。并选择同期初治涂阳患者140例和健康志愿者120例作为对照。采用t检验和方差分析对各项指标均数进行统计分析。结果女性复治涂阳肺结核患者SCL-90阳性项目数高于男性患者（P〈0．01）。不同年龄复发涂阳患者．在强迫症状、人际关系、恐怖3个因子上（P〈0．05）以及客观支持上（P〈0．01）存在差异。不同文化程度复发涂阳患者，在强迫症状、人际关系、抑郁、恐怖、偏执5个因子上以及客观支持上（P〈0．05）存在差异。未婚、离异患者社会支持低于已婚患者（P〈0．01）。复治涂阳肺结核患者SCL-90阳性项目数高于健康对照组（P〈0．01），而客观、主观支持及支持总分低于健康对照组（P〈0．01）。结论复治涂阳患者心理健康水平较差，社会支持低。在严格执行全程督导管理过程中，要注重配合心理干预和治疗。     

医学生心理健康、应对方式与创伤后应激反应的相关研究

目的：探讨医学生创伤后应激反应的发生与其心理健康、应对方式的相关性。方法：采用创伤后应激障碍症状自评量表，90项症状自评量表（SCL-90），应付方式问卷，对405例医学本科生进行评定。结果：创伤后应激反应组SCL-90中各因子的得分要高于对照组，且存在显著性差异（P〈0.001）。与对照组相比，应激反应症状组在成熟型应对方式上的得分要低于前者（P〈0．05，P〈O．001），而在不成熟型和混合型应对方式上的得分要高于前者（P〈0.001）。应激反应症状总分与SCL-90总均分及各因子分呈正相关（P〈0．01），与解决问题、求助呈负相关（P〈0．01），而与幻想、退避、自责呈正相关（P〈0．01）。结论：创伤后应激反应者心理健康状况普遍较差，可能与其不适当的应对方式有关。     

Schizophrenia in a North Swedish geographical isolate, 1900–1977. Epidemiology, genetics and biochemistry

Over 200 schizophrenic patients belonging to three major and interrelated pedigree complexes have been investigated over the past 30 years in a North Swedish geographically isolated population, presently numbering about 6,000. An intensive investigation of a number of biochemical correlates and genetic markers in a few selected families belonging to one of the major pedigrees has indicated new strategies for the current research program.
Schizophrenia, as defined operationally, is significantly associated with decreased activities of two enzymes (1) blood platelet monoamine oxidase, (2) plasma dopamine-β-hydroxylase, and (3) with the genetic marker Gc² (group specific antigen). Both enzymes are subject to genetic variation. A positive score for linkage between schizophrenia and low plasma DBH activity has been calculated, but, so far, available data are insufficient for discrimination between linkage and partial contribution of genetically controlled low plasma DBH to the pathogenesis of the disease. Alternatively, both mechanisms could be involved.
As a model for continued research, schizophrenia is explained as based on a double dominant-recessive genotype (Aabb), representing a vulnerability which in about 50 % of cases develops into clinical schizophrenia. It is suggested that the dominant mutation (A) operates on or affects MAO activity, and that the recessive genotype (bb) is instrumental in low variates of DBH activity and very likely such variates within the normal range of physiological variation. Moreover, it is suggested that the combined effects of MAO- and DBH-reduced efficiency on the metabolism of e.g. dopamine could be an essential pathogenic mechanism for the schizophrenic illness which is segregating in this population.     

Renal dysplasia and asplenia in two sibs

A family is reported in which two sibs, one male and the other female, both died within 24 hours of birth with enlarged polycystic kidneys. Postmortem histology in the second child showed gross renal dysplasia. In both children the pancreas was enlarged, nodular and cystic but the liver appeared macroscopically normal. In the second child, histological examination confirmed pancreatic fibrosis with cystic dilation of ducts, but showed portal fibrosis with bile duct proliferation in the liver.
This combination of findings is very reminiscent of those in a girl and her brother reported by Ivemark et al. (1959). The children reported here also showed absence or hypoplasia of the spleen, cardiac anomalies and other features of the Ivemark syndrome (Ivemark 1955), a quite different, usually sporadic, congenital disorder. It is suggested that the children described here have a distinct lethal congenital disorder, probably inherited in an autosomal recessive manner.     

The dominant diseases of modernized societies as omega-3 essential fatty acid deficiency syndrome: Substrate beriberi

About 1900, modern food selection and processing caused widespread $\text{epidemics}$ of the B vitamin deficiency diseases of beriberi and pellagra which, for genetic reasons, often expressed as different diseases ranging from bowel and heart disease to dermatoses and psychoses. But the B vitamins merely help convert essential fatty acids (EFA) into the prostaglandin (PG) tissue regulators and it now turns out that, through hydrogenation, milling and selection of w3-poor southern foods, we have also been systematically depleting, by as much as 90%, a newly discovered trace Nordic EFA (w3) of special importance to primates and sole precursor of the PG3(4) series, even as a concurrent fiber deficiency increases body demand for EFA. Since substrate EFA is processed by many B vitamin catalysts, an EFA deficiency will mimic a $\text{panh}$ypovitaminosis B, i.e., a mixture of $\text{substrate}$ beriberi and $\text{substrate}$ pellagra resembling vitamin beriberi and pellagra but exhibiting as even more diverse $\text{endemic}$ disease. This would consitute a second stage of the Modern Malnutrition and explain why some workers now hold the dominant diseases of modermized societies to be new, nutritionally based, pellagraform yet lipid-related and to range, once again, from heart disease to psychosis. It is an assumption that our dominant diseases are unrelated to each other or are merely revealed by our diagnostic acumen and therapeutic success; and that hydrogenating millions of tons of food oils annually, to destroy the rancidity producing w3-EFA, is safe for $\text{primates}$. Extensive beriberiform disease is reported here in 32 typical cases taken from medical practice which responds strikingly to linseed oil supplements (60% w3-EFA) in confirmation of identical results in Capuchins.     

'Very sore nights and days': the child's experience of illness in early modern England, c.1580-1720

Sick children were ubiquitous in early modern England, and yet they have received very little attention from historians. Taking the elusive perspective of the child, this article explores the physical, emotional, and spiritual experience of illness in England between approximately 1580 and 1720. What was it like being ill and suffering pain? How did the young respond emotionally to the anticipation of death? It is argued that children’s experiences were characterised by profound ambivalence: illness could be terrifying and distressing, but also a source of emotional and spiritual fulfilment and joy. This interpretation challenges the common assumption amongst medical historians that the experiences of early modern patients were utterly miserable. It also sheds light on children’s emotional feelings for their parents, a subject often overlooked in the historiography of childhood. The primary sources used in this article include diaries, autobiographies, letters, the biographies of pious children, printed possession cases, doctors’ casebooks, and theological treatises concerning the afterlife.     

Guidelines for the Validation and Use of Immunoassays for Determination of Introduced Proteins in Biotechnology Enhanced Crops and Derived Food Ingredients

Recent advancements in agricultural biotechnology have created a need for analytical techniques to determine introduced proteins in crops enhanced through modern biotechnology techniques. These proteins are expressed in plant tissues and may be present in food ingredients. Immunoassays are ideally suited for protein detection and may be used as both quantitative and threshold methods. Microplate ELISA and lateral flow devices are two of the most commonly used immunoassay formats for agricultural biotechnology applications. This paper provides general background information and a discussion of criteria for the validation and application of immunochemical methods to the analysis of proteins introduced into plants and food ingredients using biotechnology methods. It is the result of a collaborative effort of members of the Analytical Environmental Immunochemical Consortium. This collaborative effort represents the combined expertise of several organizations to reach consensus on establishing guidelines for the validation and use of immunoassays. Further, the paper offers developers and users a consistent approach to adopting the technology as well as aid in producing accurate and meaningful results.     

HLA in North Colombia Chimila Amerindians

HLA-A,-B,-C,-DRB1 and -DQB1 alleles have been studied in Chimila Amerindians from Sabana de San Angel (North Colombian Coast) by using high resolution molecular typing. A frequent extended haplotype was found:HLA-A*24:02-B*51:10-C*15:02-BRB1*04:07-DQB1*03:02 (28.7%) which has also been described in Amerinndian Mayos Mexican population (Mexico, California Gulf, Pacific Ocean). Other haplotypes had already been found in Amerindians from Mexico (Pacific and Atlantic Coast), Peru (highlands and Amazon Basin), Bolivia and North USA. A geographic pattern according to HLA allele or haplotype frequencies is lacking in Amerindians, as already known. Also, five new extended haplotypes were found in Chimila Amerindians. Their HLA-A*24:02 high frequencies characteristic is shared with aboriginal populations of Taiwan; also, HLA-C*01:02 high frequencies are found in New Zealand Maoris, New Caledonians and Kimberly Aborigines from Australia. Finally, this study may show a model of evolutionary factors acting and rising one HLA allele frequency (-A*24:02), but not in others that belong to the same or different HLA loci.     

Ultracryotomy: development and application (with examples from the yeast cytology) (author's transl)

The preparation steps usually necessary for obtaining ultrathin frozen sections of biological material (chemical prefixation, enclosing, cryoprotective treatment, freezing, sectioning, and post-staining the sections for transmission electron microscopy) are submitted to a critical analysis. The application of cryo-ultramicrotomy, in particularly for cytochemical purposes, is reviewed. Fundamental considerations of chemical prefixation and poststaining are supported by examples from yeast cytology. Furthermore, the efficiency of the cryo-ultramicrotomy (electron optical resolution of ultrastructural details) is demonstrated on yeast cells and protoplasts.     

The universal muscular chamber. A basic unit of the genitourinary, cardiovascular, gastro-intestinal, skeletal, cutaneous, respiratory and other systems, endocameral hypertension; and spasm, the key to their idiopathic diseases and arthropathies

Starting with the integument, we see many organs are contractile sacs or multiples thereof, which tubes or bags constitute the major part of the entire body. Recognition of this basic unit and its characteristics sheds new light, individually and collectively, on many disorders previously considered unrelated. Muscular tears and perforations develop in the walls of these chambers, being no way peculiar to those organs, wherein, hydrochloric acid occurs. So, it is not necessary to explain the absence of excessive acid from patients who exhibit holes in the gastric, uterine, aortic, duodenal, rectal, pulmonary, retina, and other walls. Muscle, not acid is the great common factor relating idiopathic disorders in the gastrointestinal tract to each other and to similar diseases in other systems. When the units are linked together, the lesions tend to appear as arthropathies, i.e. at the joints. Rephrasing common-place observations, frees us from conventional, conceptual cul-de-sacs. An observation is only as good as its interpretation, so all possibilities must be considered, otherwise, we will remain blinded by our misconceptions.     

Der Einfluß von Nahrungsmitteln und Rauchen auf die klinisch-chemische Diagnostik von Phäochromozytom,Neuroblastom und Karzinoid-Syndrom

Zusammenfassung Der Einfluß von verschiedenen Nahrungsmitteln auf Methoden zur Bestimmung von Adrenalin (AD), Noradrenalin (NA), Vanillinmandelsäure (VMS), Metanephrinen (MN), Homovanillinsäure (HVS) und 5-Hydroxyindolessigsäure (5-HIE) im 24 h-Harn zur Diagnose des Phäochromozytoms bzw. Karzinoid-Syndroms wurde untersucht. Die in die Untersuchung einbezogenen Nahrungsmittel waren: Tee, Kaffee, Mandeln, Ananas, Käse, Walnüsse, Vanillepudding, Bananen, Tomaten und Milchschokolade. Außerdem wurde der Einfluß des Zigarettenrauchens auf die Bestimmung von AD, NA, VMS und MN untersucht.Walnüsse führten zu einer starken Erhöhung der 5-HIE-Ausscheidung. Bananen erhöhten die Ausscheidung von AD, NA, VMS, MN und 5-HIE. Kaffee und Ananas bewirkten eine geringe Zunahme der MN-Werte. Rauchen von 20–30 Zigaretten/Tag beeinflußte keine der vier Variablen.Wenn die beschriebenen Methoden benutzt werden, sollte lediglich auf den Verzehr von Bananen und Walnüssen vor und während der Harnsammelperioden verzichtet werden, da die oberen Normgrenzen im Harn überschritten werden könnten. Ein Verzicht auf Kaffee und Ananas in normalen Mengen ist nicht erforderlich. Es besteht kein Anlaß, weiterhin die bisherigen umfangreichen Restriktionen der übrigen Nahrungsmittel beizubehalten.