骨髓间充质干细胞分化为心肌细胞的研究

目的目的研究大鼠骨髓间充质干细胞经5-氮杂胞苷诱导在体外转化为心肌样细胞的情况,为心衰的干细胞移植治疗提供基础。方法分离培养大鼠骨髓间充质干细胞,用不同浓度5-氮杂胞苷诱导不同时间,通过形态学、PAS反应、免疫细胞化学等鉴定。结果诱导细胞以梭形、柱状为主,部分细胞有分支,核一个、卵圆形、居中,类似心肌细胞形态;PAS反应阳性;诱导后培养2周,Sarcomeric Actin和Connexin-43表达较弱,以后逐渐增强。以10×10-6mol/L5-氮杂胞苷诱导24h效果最佳。结论骨髓间充质干细胞在5-氮杂胞苷诱导下可定向分化为心肌样细胞,是自体心肌细胞的一种良好供体来源。     

聚乳酸-聚乙醇酸共聚物复合心肌样细胞体外构建工程化心肌组织

背景:研究证实,在一定的诱导条件下,骨髓间充质干细胞可能向心肌细胞等多种中胚层来源的间质细胞分化。目的:探索以聚乳酸-聚乙醇酸共聚物为支架、骨髓间充质干细胞诱导分化的心肌样细胞为种子细胞,体外构建工程化心肌组织的可行性。方法:分离SD大鼠骨髓间充质干细胞,取第3代骨髓间充质干细胞加入含5-氮胞苷的培养液进行诱导分化,培养4周。将诱导成功后的细胞制成细胞悬液,缓慢滴注于预先制备好的聚乳酸-聚乙醇酸共聚物上,培养14d。以倒置相差显微镜观察诱导前后细胞的形态学变化,免疫荧光染色法鉴定诱导后骨髓间充质干细胞中心肌特异性肌钙蛋白Ⅰ的表达,大体观察工程化心肌组织在培养期间的形态,透射电镜观察工程化心肌组织的超微结构。结果与结论:原代培养的骨髓间充质干细胞14d形成集落,传代细胞体积变大,5-氮胞苷诱导后细胞呈长梭形,呈一致性生长。免疫荧光染色结果显示诱导后骨髓间充质干细胞表达心肌特异性肌钙蛋白Ⅰ。透射电镜可见肌丝、Z线样物质。结果证实,以聚乳酸-聚乙醇酸共聚物为支架、骨髓间充质干细胞诱导分化的心肌样细胞为种子细胞,可于体外构建出类似天然心肌的工程化心肌组织。     

5-氮胞苷诱导骨髓间充质干细胞向心肌样细胞的转化

背景：利用骨髓间充质干细胞多向分化潜能及其可在体外表达多种外源目的基因的特性,将其作为种子细胞用于未来组织器官的修复和替代已成为当前研究的热点。目前,已从人和几种动物骨髓中分离出间充质干细胞,但对猪骨髓间充质干细胞的研究报道很少。目的：建立猪骨髓间充质干细胞体外培养及其转化为心肌样细胞的方法,并探讨其生物学特性。 方法：猪的骨髓间充质干细胞分离纯化后,加入5-氮胞苷诱导分化,用抗desmin、MHC、cTnI、Cx-43进行免疫细胞化学染色鉴定。结果与结论：体外培养的猪骨髓间充质干细胞经5-氮胞苷诱导后,部分间充质干细胞呈梭形,阳性表达desmin、MHC、cTnI和Cx-43。结果提示猪骨髓间充质干细胞在体外条件下经5-氮胞苷诱导后可分化为心肌样细胞。     

5-氮胞苷体外诱导骨髓间充质干细胞向心肌样细胞分化:超顺磁性氧化铁颗粒的标记

背景:骨髓间充质干细胞体外经多种诱导剂均可成功转化为心肌样细胞,目前国内外报道中普遍采用的诱导剂为5-氮胞苷。超顺磁性氧化铁颗粒直径小,可被干细胞吞噬,加上其顺磁性可被MRI探测到信号,因而成为目前广泛应用于活体检测干细胞移植的理想示踪剂。目的:与未经标记的干细胞相比,观察超顺磁性氧化铁颗粒标记方式对干细胞体外经5-氮胞苷诱导向心肌样细胞分化效应的影响。方法:分离培养猪骨髓间充质干细胞,实验组采用P3代细胞经超顺磁性氧化铁颗粒标记,标记后细胞经5-氮胞苷体外诱导24h后继续培养,对照组直接经5-氮胞苷诱导。2周后用抗结蛋白、肌球蛋白重链、心肌特异性肌钙蛋白I、连接蛋白43进行免疫细胞化学染色鉴定,经普鲁士蓝染色观察细胞内铁颗粒。结果与结论:5-氮胞苷诱导分化后细胞表达抗结蛋白、肌球蛋白重链、心肌特异性肌钙蛋白I和连接蛋白43,且超顺磁性氧化铁颗粒标记诱导细胞内普鲁士蓝染色呈阳性。提示超顺磁性氧化铁颗粒标记骨髓间充质干细胞经5-氮胞苷体外诱导后可以分化为心肌样细胞。     

骨髓间充质干细胞向心肌细胞分化的体外诱导实验

目的:研究大鼠骨髓间充质干细胞(MSCs)经5-氮杂胞苷诱导在体外分化为心肌样细胞的情况,为心衰的干细胞移植治疗提供实验依据。方法:分离培养大鼠MSCs,用不同浓度5-氮杂胞苷诱导不同时间,用形态学、PAS反应、免疫细胞化学等鉴定。结果:诱导细胞以梭形、柱状为主,部分细胞有分支,单核,核卵圆形、居中,类似心肌细胞形态;PAS反应阳性;诱导培养2周,Sarcomeric actin和Connexin-43表达较弱,以后逐渐增强。以10-5mol/L5-氮杂胞苷诱导24h效果最佳。结论:MSCs在5-氮杂胞苷诱导下可定向分化为心肌样细胞,可望成为自体心肌细胞的一种良好供体来源。     

3种诱导法诱导CD73+脂肪间充质干细胞成心肌细胞效果的比较

目的 从脂肪来源的间充质干细胞（ADMSCs）的混合细胞群中分离纯化出CD73阳性的细胞亚群,证明几种不同诱导法诱导CD73细胞的
成心肌分化潜能。方法 体外分离培养1~3 月龄小鼠的ADMSCs,利用流式细胞仪从ADMSCs中分选出CD73⁺和CD73^-两个细胞亚群。分别培养两组细
胞,利用5-氮杂胞苷（5-aza）、心肌组织裂解液和5-aza+心肌组织裂解液对两组分选出的细胞分别进行成心肌的诱导。利用免疫细胞化学技术
检测3种诱导法的成心肌效果。结果 未分选的ADMSCs可分化为成脂和成骨细胞,分选的CD73⁺细胞具备分化为心肌细胞的良好潜能。3种诱导法
均能诱导CD73⁺ADMSCs向心肌方向分化,5-aza诱导CD73⁺ADMSCs分化为心肌细胞率为（22.99±6.72）%,心肌组织裂解液组心肌细胞率（14.12±5.42）%,5-aza+心肌组织裂解液组心肌细胞率（26.94±6.11）%。3种方法比较,5-aza+心肌组织裂解液的诱导效果最佳（P<0.05）。结论 CD73+比CD73-
的ADMSCs更易于分化为心肌细胞。化学诱导因素和体外模拟心肌微环境,可高效诱导脂肪间充质干细胞分化为心肌细胞。     

5-氮杂胞苷诱导人脐带间充质干细胞向心肌样细胞的分化

背景：5-氮杂胞苷能诱导人脐带间充质干细胞分化为心肌细胞。 目的：以5-氮杂胞苷诱导人脐带间充质干细胞分化为心肌细胞。 方法：采用贴壁培养法分离、纯化人脐带间充质干细胞,以5-氮杂胞苷诱导第3代人脐带间充质干细胞分化为心肌样细胞。 结果与结论：诱导前人脐带间充质干细胞呈典型的梭形;诱导后一二周细胞体积变大,三四周后相邻细胞间胞膜有接触,逐渐相连呈肌管状,细胞胞质内可见细丝样结构。诱导4周后免疫组织化学鉴定人脐带间充质干细胞cTnI表达阳性,未诱导细胞cTnI表达阴性;诱导组Nkx2.5、GATA 4 mRNA表达水平较未诱导组显著增加(P < 0.05)。提示5-氮杂胞苷可能通过调控GATA4、Nkx2.5基因的表达促进人脐带间充质干细胞分化为心肌样细胞,并促进其成熟。     

骨髓间充质干细胞分化为心肌样细胞的实验研究

目的通过体外诱导研究大鼠骨髓间充质干细胞向心肌样细胞的分化,为心衰的干细胞移植治疗提供实验依据。方法分离培养大鼠骨髓间充质干细胞,采用5-氮杂胞苷定向诱导,通过形态学、免疫细胞化学及磷钨酸苏木素染色(PTAH)鉴定。结果诱导后细胞以梭形、柱状为主;部分细胞有分支,核一个、卵圆形、居中,类似心肌细胞形态;诱导24h后培养2周,Sarcomeric Actin和Connexin-43表达较弱,以后表达逐渐增强;诱导细胞PTAH阳性。结论骨髓间充质干细胞能在体外被诱导分化为心肌样细胞,有望成为心衰时干细胞移植治疗的理想细胞材料。     

心肌微环境与5-氮杂胞苷诱导脂肪间充质干细胞心肌分化的差异（英文）

目的探讨体内心肌微环境及体外5-氮杂胞苷(5-aza)诱导脂肪间充质干细胞分化为心肌样细胞的作用差异。方法取小鼠腹股沟的皮下脂肪组织,分离培养脂肪间充质干细胞(ADMSCs),对其进行表面标记和成骨、成脂分化能力鉴定。选取生长状态良好的第3代ADMSCs,分为5-aza体外诱导组、体内心肌移植组,体外诱导3周以及体内移植1周后,采用免疫荧光技术检测特异性心肌肌钙蛋白T(cT nT)的表达。结果两种诱导方法ADMSCs均表达cT nT,5-aza诱导组3周表达率(33.33±3.79)%,移植组1周表达率(42.93±4.04)%,移植组1周较5-aza诱导组3周具有更高的分化效率(P0.05)。结论体外5-aza化学诱导和体内心肌微环境均可使ADMSCs分化为心肌样细胞,但心肌微环境的诱导分化效率明显高于5-aza的作用。     

5-氮胞苷诱导体外培养的胚胎干细胞向心肌样细胞分化

目的研究5-氮胞苷(5-aza)体外诱导胚胎干细胞分化为心肌细胞的可行性。方法将P19细胞接种于培养板中或铺有琼脂的培养板中,5μmol/L5-aza培养7d后用不含5-aza的培养基继续培养。倒置显微镜观察细胞跳动情况,用免疫细胞化学、RT-PCR检测及电镜观察等方法鉴定细胞分化。结果5-aza暴露结合悬浮培养可诱导P19细胞分化为有节律跳动的心肌细胞。分化的细胞表达心肌特异的GATA-4、α-MHC mRNA及α-sarcomeric actin、cTnT蛋白,同时透射电镜观察到细胞质内有明显的肌丝。结论5-aza在体外可诱导胚胎干细胞向心肌样细胞分化,悬浮培养有助于细胞的心肌化过程。     

Renal dysplasia and asplenia in two sibs

A family is reported in which two sibs, one male and the other female, both died within 24 hours of birth with enlarged polycystic kidneys. Postmortem histology in the second child showed gross renal dysplasia. In both children the pancreas was enlarged, nodular and cystic but the liver appeared macroscopically normal. In the second child, histological examination confirmed pancreatic fibrosis with cystic dilation of ducts, but showed portal fibrosis with bile duct proliferation in the liver.
This combination of findings is very reminiscent of those in a girl and her brother reported by Ivemark et al. (1959). The children reported here also showed absence or hypoplasia of the spleen, cardiac anomalies and other features of the Ivemark syndrome (Ivemark 1955), a quite different, usually sporadic, congenital disorder. It is suggested that the children described here have a distinct lethal congenital disorder, probably inherited in an autosomal recessive manner.     

Schizophrenia in a North Swedish geographical isolate, 1900–1977. Epidemiology, genetics and biochemistry

Over 200 schizophrenic patients belonging to three major and interrelated pedigree complexes have been investigated over the past 30 years in a North Swedish geographically isolated population, presently numbering about 6,000. An intensive investigation of a number of biochemical correlates and genetic markers in a few selected families belonging to one of the major pedigrees has indicated new strategies for the current research program.
Schizophrenia, as defined operationally, is significantly associated with decreased activities of two enzymes (1) blood platelet monoamine oxidase, (2) plasma dopamine-β-hydroxylase, and (3) with the genetic marker Gc² (group specific antigen). Both enzymes are subject to genetic variation. A positive score for linkage between schizophrenia and low plasma DBH activity has been calculated, but, so far, available data are insufficient for discrimination between linkage and partial contribution of genetically controlled low plasma DBH to the pathogenesis of the disease. Alternatively, both mechanisms could be involved.
As a model for continued research, schizophrenia is explained as based on a double dominant-recessive genotype (Aabb), representing a vulnerability which in about 50 % of cases develops into clinical schizophrenia. It is suggested that the dominant mutation (A) operates on or affects MAO activity, and that the recessive genotype (bb) is instrumental in low variates of DBH activity and very likely such variates within the normal range of physiological variation. Moreover, it is suggested that the combined effects of MAO- and DBH-reduced efficiency on the metabolism of e.g. dopamine could be an essential pathogenic mechanism for the schizophrenic illness which is segregating in this population.     

The dominant diseases of modernized societies as omega-3 essential fatty acid deficiency syndrome: Substrate beriberi

About 1900, modern food selection and processing caused widespread $\text{epidemics}$ of the B vitamin deficiency diseases of beriberi and pellagra which, for genetic reasons, often expressed as different diseases ranging from bowel and heart disease to dermatoses and psychoses. But the B vitamins merely help convert essential fatty acids (EFA) into the prostaglandin (PG) tissue regulators and it now turns out that, through hydrogenation, milling and selection of w3-poor southern foods, we have also been systematically depleting, by as much as 90%, a newly discovered trace Nordic EFA (w3) of special importance to primates and sole precursor of the PG3(4) series, even as a concurrent fiber deficiency increases body demand for EFA. Since substrate EFA is processed by many B vitamin catalysts, an EFA deficiency will mimic a $\text{panh}$ypovitaminosis B, i.e., a mixture of $\text{substrate}$ beriberi and $\text{substrate}$ pellagra resembling vitamin beriberi and pellagra but exhibiting as even more diverse $\text{endemic}$ disease. This would consitute a second stage of the Modern Malnutrition and explain why some workers now hold the dominant diseases of modermized societies to be new, nutritionally based, pellagraform yet lipid-related and to range, once again, from heart disease to psychosis. It is an assumption that our dominant diseases are unrelated to each other or are merely revealed by our diagnostic acumen and therapeutic success; and that hydrogenating millions of tons of food oils annually, to destroy the rancidity producing w3-EFA, is safe for $\text{primates}$. Extensive beriberiform disease is reported here in 32 typical cases taken from medical practice which responds strikingly to linseed oil supplements (60% w3-EFA) in confirmation of identical results in Capuchins.     

What will studies of Fulani individuals naturally exposed to malaria teach us about protective immunity to malaria?

There are an estimated over 200 million yearly cases of malaria worldwide. Despite concerted international effort to combat the disease, it still causes approximately half a million deaths every year, the majority of which are young children with Plasmodium falciparum infection in sub-Saharan Africa. Successes are largely attributed to malaria prevention strategies, such as insecticide-treated mosquito nets and indoor spraying, as well as improved access to existing treatments. One important hurdle to new approaches for the treatment and prevention of malaria is our limited understanding of the biology of Plasmodium infection and its complex interaction with the immune system of its human host. Therefore, the elimination of malaria in Africa not only relies on existing tools to reduce malaria burden, but also requires fundamental research to develop innovative approaches. Here, we summarize our discoveries from investigations of ethnic groups of West Africa who have different susceptibility to malaria.     

'Very sore nights and days': the child's experience of illness in early modern England, c.1580-1720

Sick children were ubiquitous in early modern England, and yet they have received very little attention from historians. Taking the elusive perspective of the child, this article explores the physical, emotional, and spiritual experience of illness in England between approximately 1580 and 1720. What was it like being ill and suffering pain? How did the young respond emotionally to the anticipation of death? It is argued that children’s experiences were characterised by profound ambivalence: illness could be terrifying and distressing, but also a source of emotional and spiritual fulfilment and joy. This interpretation challenges the common assumption amongst medical historians that the experiences of early modern patients were utterly miserable. It also sheds light on children’s emotional feelings for their parents, a subject often overlooked in the historiography of childhood. The primary sources used in this article include diaries, autobiographies, letters, the biographies of pious children, printed possession cases, doctors’ casebooks, and theological treatises concerning the afterlife.     

Guidelines for the Validation and Use of Immunoassays for Determination of Introduced Proteins in Biotechnology Enhanced Crops and Derived Food Ingredients

Recent advancements in agricultural biotechnology have created a need for analytical techniques to determine introduced proteins in crops enhanced through modern biotechnology techniques. These proteins are expressed in plant tissues and may be present in food ingredients. Immunoassays are ideally suited for protein detection and may be used as both quantitative and threshold methods. Microplate ELISA and lateral flow devices are two of the most commonly used immunoassay formats for agricultural biotechnology applications. This paper provides general background information and a discussion of criteria for the validation and application of immunochemical methods to the analysis of proteins introduced into plants and food ingredients using biotechnology methods. It is the result of a collaborative effort of members of the Analytical Environmental Immunochemical Consortium. This collaborative effort represents the combined expertise of several organizations to reach consensus on establishing guidelines for the validation and use of immunoassays. Further, the paper offers developers and users a consistent approach to adopting the technology as well as aid in producing accurate and meaningful results.     

HLA in North Colombia Chimila Amerindians

HLA-A,-B,-C,-DRB1 and -DQB1 alleles have been studied in Chimila Amerindians from Sabana de San Angel (North Colombian Coast) by using high resolution molecular typing. A frequent extended haplotype was found:HLA-A*24:02-B*51:10-C*15:02-BRB1*04:07-DQB1*03:02 (28.7%) which has also been described in Amerinndian Mayos Mexican population (Mexico, California Gulf, Pacific Ocean). Other haplotypes had already been found in Amerindians from Mexico (Pacific and Atlantic Coast), Peru (highlands and Amazon Basin), Bolivia and North USA. A geographic pattern according to HLA allele or haplotype frequencies is lacking in Amerindians, as already known. Also, five new extended haplotypes were found in Chimila Amerindians. Their HLA-A*24:02 high frequencies characteristic is shared with aboriginal populations of Taiwan; also, HLA-C*01:02 high frequencies are found in New Zealand Maoris, New Caledonians and Kimberly Aborigines from Australia. Finally, this study may show a model of evolutionary factors acting and rising one HLA allele frequency (-A*24:02), but not in others that belong to the same or different HLA loci.     

Ultracryotomy: development and application (with examples from the yeast cytology) (author's transl)

The preparation steps usually necessary for obtaining ultrathin frozen sections of biological material (chemical prefixation, enclosing, cryoprotective treatment, freezing, sectioning, and post-staining the sections for transmission electron microscopy) are submitted to a critical analysis. The application of cryo-ultramicrotomy, in particularly for cytochemical purposes, is reviewed. Fundamental considerations of chemical prefixation and poststaining are supported by examples from yeast cytology. Furthermore, the efficiency of the cryo-ultramicrotomy (electron optical resolution of ultrastructural details) is demonstrated on yeast cells and protoplasts.     

The universal muscular chamber. A basic unit of the genitourinary, cardiovascular, gastro-intestinal, skeletal, cutaneous, respiratory and other systems, endocameral hypertension; and spasm, the key to their idiopathic diseases and arthropathies

Starting with the integument, we see many organs are contractile sacs or multiples thereof, which tubes or bags constitute the major part of the entire body. Recognition of this basic unit and its characteristics sheds new light, individually and collectively, on many disorders previously considered unrelated. Muscular tears and perforations develop in the walls of these chambers, being no way peculiar to those organs, wherein, hydrochloric acid occurs. So, it is not necessary to explain the absence of excessive acid from patients who exhibit holes in the gastric, uterine, aortic, duodenal, rectal, pulmonary, retina, and other walls. Muscle, not acid is the great common factor relating idiopathic disorders in the gastrointestinal tract to each other and to similar diseases in other systems. When the units are linked together, the lesions tend to appear as arthropathies, i.e. at the joints. Rephrasing common-place observations, frees us from conventional, conceptual cul-de-sacs. An observation is only as good as its interpretation, so all possibilities must be considered, otherwise, we will remain blinded by our misconceptions.