溶酶体靶向的汉坦病毒包膜糖蛋白DNA 疫苗的体液免疫评价和攻毒保护效果

目的:构建嵌合溶酶体相关膜蛋白(LAMP)的汉坦病毒糖基化蛋白DNA 疫苗并对其免疫进行评价。方法:利用前期实验构建的重组质粒pVAX-Gn、pVAX-Gc、pVAX-LAMP/ Gn 和pVAX-LAMP/ Gc 以及inactivated 疫苗免疫BALB/ c 小鼠,分别通过间接ELISA 和中和试验检测免疫小鼠血清中的特异性抗体和中和抗体;攻毒实验检测小鼠体内的保护效力。结果:间接ELISA 结果显示,pVAX-LAMP/ Gc 组特异性抗体滴度最高,依次为pVAX-Gc、pVAX-LAMP/ Gn、pVAX-Gn 与inactivated疫苗组;中和结果显示,LAMP 组均优于相应传统DNA 疫苗组,且抗体效价均优于Inactived vaccine 组;攻毒实验显示,DNA 疫苗和inactivated 疫苗组小鼠体内无汉坦病毒特异性抗原检出。结论:LAMP 分子的嵌合DNA 疫苗可诱导更高水平的抗体,在小鼠体内有较好的保护效力,这一靶向策略有望成为提高DNA 疫苗效价的有效方式。     

季节性流感裂解疫苗在小鼠中半数有效剂量ED50a的测定

目的探讨季节性流感疫苗在小鼠中的免疫原性及其使50％小鼠血凝抑制抗体滴度（HI）达到40的血凝素（HA）有效剂量（ED50。）。方法以我国2008—2009年度季节性流感裂解疫苗为模式,将该疫苗中针对甲型流感病毒HlNl与H3N2两种组分按照HA不同剂量免疫小鼠,通过比较1针免疫与2针免疫所产生的Hl抗体强度探讨季节性流感疫苗在小鼠中的免疫原性,确定疫苗免疫程序;此后,观察两种疫苗组分免疫小鼠后的HI抗体动力学,确定HI抗体产生的高峰期;最后,使用HA不同剂量免疫小鼠,在HI抗体高峰期测定使50％小鼠HI抗体滴度达到40的HA有效剂量（ED50。）。结果季节性流感疫苗1针与2针免疫结果显示,两种疫苗组分1针免疫可在小鼠中产生HI抗体滴度范围为10～120,2针免疫可以使HI抗体滴度为1针免疫的10～100倍;HI抗体动力学研究表明,两种疫苗组分1针免疫后第28～35天为HI抗体产生的高峰期;该高峰期的ED50‘测定结果表明,两种疫苗组分使50％小鼠HI抗体滴度达到40的HA有效剂量（ED50。）均为1．5μg。结论季节性流感疫苗在小鼠中具有良好的免疫原性,1针免疫后第28～35天为抗体产生的高峰期,使50％小鼠HI达到40的HA有效剂量为1．5μg,为建立以季节性流感疫苗为参考的免疫保护评价体系奠定了基础。     

幽门螺杆菌Lpp20核酸疫苗的构建及其免疫活性的初步研究

目的 构建幽门螺杆菌脂蛋白Lpp20基因的真核表达载体pcDNA3.1(+)/Lpp20,并在HeLa细胞中进行表达.通过肌肉注射免疫C57BL/6小鼠,观察其诱导小鼠产生的体液免疫和细胞免疫应答水平.方法 用PCR法扩增Lpp20全基因,再将Lpp20基因克隆至pcDNA3.1(+)真核细胞表达载体构建pcDNA3.1(+)/Lpp20重组体,观察其在HeLa细胞中的表达.将核酸疫苗PcDNA3.1(+)/Lpp20、对照空质粒pcDNA3.1(+)及PBS分组通过肌肉注射免疫6周龄C57BL/6小鼠.隔2周免疫一次,共免疫4次.间接ELISA法测定小鼠血清中抗Lpp20 IgG抗体水平,双抗体夹心ELISA法检测脾淋巴细胞培养上清中IFN-γ水平,MTT比色法检测脾淋巴细胞增殖反应.通过PCR法检测小鼠肌细胞中Lpp20基因的存在.结果 小鼠接种pcDNA3.1(+)/Lpp20核酸疫苗后能产生特异性IgG抗体,6周后ELISA测定血清抗体A450值为0.74,效价为1:1024.核酸疫苗免疫组小鼠脾淋巴细胞经特异性抗原刺激后,培养上清中IFN-γ含量明显升高[(410.36±56.23)ps/ml],与空质粒组[(25.26±10.85)pg/ml]之间差异有统计学意义(P<0.01).脾淋巴细胞增殖反应测定,核酸疫苗组小鼠脾淋巴细胞经特异性抗原刺激后,刺激指数(2.37±0.22)明显高于空质粒组(1.53±0.47)和PBS组(1.20±0.13),P<0.01.PCR检测Lpp20基因可在小鼠肌细胞中存在.结论 成功构建了pcDNA3.1(+)/Lpp20核酸疫苗,且其在小鼠体内可诱导较强的特异性体液免疫和细胞免疫应答.为进一步研究该疫苗的免疫保护作用提供实验依据.     

轮状病毒脂质体DNA疫苗体内诱导免疫应答研究

目的:通过对轮状病毒脂质体DNA疫苗体内免疫应答研究,寻找轮状病毒DNA疫苗理想的免疫佐剂.方法:脂质体包被的轮状病毒基因疫苗pcDNA1/VP7及裸DNA经肌肉注射及鼻粘膜两种途径免疫BALB/c小鼠,利用ELISA方法对其诱导产生的体液免疫应答进行测定.结果:经裸DNA及脂质体包被的质粒DNA免疫小鼠后,滴鼻组和肌注组血清特异性IgG水平较对照组明显升高.值得注意的是,脂质体包被的质粒DNA经肌注接种后血清特异性IgA水平也较对照组明显升高,而其余各实验组均未能诱导血清特异性IgA水平的升高.结论:脂质体在DNA接种中不仅作为质粒DNA疫苗的载体,而且起到免疫佐剂的作用.经该脂质体包被的质粒DNA免疫小鼠后,肌注组血清IgA水平较对照组明显升高,提示该脂质体包被的DNA经肌肉注射途径接种可能对机体产生免疫保护.     

注射用布氏菌活疫苗免疫学评价

目的以小鼠为动物模型,通过检测布氏菌活疫苗免疫小鼠产生的体液免疫、细胞免疫应答及保护力,对其进行免疫学评价。方法将30只小鼠随机分为3组,皮下免疫布氏活疫苗,免疫4周后分离血清及脾脏淋巴细胞。ELISA法检测免疫动物血清中总IgG抗体,抗体亚类IgG1及IgG2a;ELISPOT法检测分泌IFN-γ、IL-4的脾脏淋巴细胞数目,以及用ELISA方法检测体外再刺激后小鼠脾细胞分泌IFN-γ、IL-4的细胞因子水平;用羊布氏菌弱毒株M5攻击免疫动物,通过脾脏细菌计数评价布氏活疫苗的免疫保护作用。结果用ELISA法检测到免疫布氏活苗的小鼠体内有特异性抗体产生;ELISPOT可检测到较高的分泌IFN-γ脾脏淋巴细胞数目,ELISA方法可检测到较高的IFN-γ水平,表明布氏活疫苗主要诱导Th1型免疫应答;通过布氏活疫苗保护力分析,表明该疫苗具有较好的免疫保护效果。结论布氏疫苗采用注射免疫途径是可行的,免疫后能获得较好的免疫效果。     

恶性疟疾疫苗M.RCAg-1与候选佐剂纳米乳配伍的免疫原性研究

为了评价纳米乳作为佐剂对恶性疟疾人工重组蛋白疫苗M.RCAg-1免疫原性的影响,将纳米乳佐剂与M.RCAg-1相配伍,于第0、14、28 d肌肉注射免疫小鼠,抗原量为20μg/只。第3次免疫后10 d,眼球取血并取脾细胞。采用ELISA法检测小鼠血清特异性Ig G抗体水平、抗体亚类及其对抗原单表位的识别,用间接免疫荧光反应(IFA)检测抗体对恶性疟原虫天然蛋白的识别,用ELISPOT法检测小鼠脾淋巴细胞免疫应答水平。结果显示疫苗佐剂组小鼠血清中抗M.RCAg-1的抗体水平可达1∶108;疫苗佐剂组产生的特异性Ig G抗体以Ig G1为主;疫苗佐剂组抗体对抗原单表位和天然虫体的识别效果显著。各表位和蛋白诱发免疫小鼠分泌IFN-γ的特异性淋巴细胞克隆数高于分泌IL-4的特异性淋巴细胞克隆数。结果提示纳米乳作为恶性疟疾疫苗M.RCAg-1的佐剂,能够显著提高机体的体液免疫和细胞免疫应答水平。     

CpG-ODN和氢氧化铝复合佐剂对流感病毒裂解疫苗免疫效果的影响

目的 研究CpG-ODN和氢氧化铝复合佐剂对流感病毒裂解疫苗体液免疫和细胞免疫效果的影响,为今后研制新佐剂流感疫苗和解决流感疫苗产能不足的问题提供依据.方法 以不同剂量的2009 H1N1流感病毒裂解疫苗为抗原,分别以CpG-ODN、氢氧化铝以及CpG-ODN和氢氧化铝复合佐剂为疫苗佐剂免疫BALB/c小鼠,通过ELISA、血凝抑制试验和假病毒中和试验等方法评价体液免疫效果,通过ELISPOT、胞内细胞因子染色和体内CTL杀伤等方法评价细胞免疫效果.结果 与无佐剂对照组相比,CpG-ODN或氢氧化铝单独使用能够在一定程度上增强体液免疫,2针免疫后不同抗原剂量组中抗原特异性IgG抗体滴度、血凝抑制抗体滴度和中和抗体滴度分别提高3～6倍、2～4倍和4～8倍.CpG-ODN和氢氧化铝复合佐剂具有更强的佐剂效应,2针免疫后不同抗原剂量组中抗原特异性IgG抗体滴度、血凝抑制抗体滴度和中和抗体滴度分别提高23～ 57倍、9～20倍和16～64倍.根据体液免疫结果,复合佐剂能够使流感病毒裂解疫苗的抗原用量降低至少16倍.此外,复合佐剂能够显著增强流感病毒裂解疫苗的细胞免疫应答,不但能够促进抗原特异性CD4+T细胞的IFN-γ分泌,而且能够促进抗原特异性CD8+T细胞的CTL杀伤活性.结论 CpG-ODN和氢氧化铝复合佐剂能够增强流感病毒裂解疫苗的体液免疫和细胞免疫应答并显著降低抗原用量.     

结核分枝杆菌MPT64重组母牛分枝杆菌免疫学特性

目的:研究结核分枝杆菌MPT64重组母牛分枝杆菌疫苗免疫学特性.方法:用分泌表达MPT64的重组母牛分枝杆菌疫苗免疫BALB/c小鼠,ELISA法检测免疫小鼠的特异性抗体滴度和抗体亚类.分离免疫小鼠脾淋巴细胞,检测淋巴细胞增殖、IFN-γ和IL-12产生水平、CD4+细胞和CD8+细胞数、脾淋巴细胞特异性CTL杀伤效应.毒株攻击后对脾脏细菌负荷计数.结果:MPT64重组母牛分枝杆菌疫苗免疫可诱导小鼠高水平的体液免疫应答,免疫小鼠脾淋巴增殖明显,IFN-γ和IL-12含量增加,CD4+和CD8+细胞百分比明显增加,CTL杀伤效应明显,对MTB H37Rv攻击后有一定的保护作用.结论:MPT64重组母牛分枝杆菌疫苗可诱导小鼠有效的体液和细胞免疫应答,有可能作为新型TB疫苗候选.     

口服免疫Ag85A脂质体DNA诱导T细胞亚群应答效应研究

目的:拟采用构建的可在真核细胞内表达Ag85A基因的质粒,以阳离子脂质体为运载体,制成DNA疫苗,经口途径投予小鼠,以观察Ag85A脂质体DNA疫苗诱导免疫应答效应,为口服DNA疫苗的临床应用提供理论和实验依据.方法:ELISA方法检测Ag85A特异性抗体产生水平及血清Th1型细胞因子IFN-γ及Th2型细胞因子IL-4的分泌水平,ELISPOT技术检测口服DNA疫苗后小鼠可分泌IFN-γ和IL-4脾淋巴细胞数量.流式细胞术观察口服DNA疫苗后小鼠脾淋巴细胞CD4+T细胞及CD8+T细胞亚群的变化,从而判断口服DNA疫苗的免疫效果及脂质体是否有免疫增强作用.结果:口服自制Ag85ADNA疫苗可见血清中抗Ag85A特异性抗体的产生;下调了脾CD4+T细胞和CD8+T细胞亚群的数量;分泌IFN-γ的Th1型细胞比率和血清中的IFN-γ水平下降,而分泌IL-4的Th2型细胞比率和血清中的IL-4水平升高.口服DNA疫苗组诱导Ag85A特异性抗体产生,脂质体具有免疫佐剂作用.结论:应用阳离子脂质体为运载体,重组Ag85A DNA疫苗口服免疫C57BL/6小鼠,诱导了CD4+及CD8+T细胞亚群的下调及IFN-γ的表达减少,而玎IL-4的分泌呈增高趋势;疫苗可诱导Ag85A特异性抗体的分泌,产生了明显的体液应答.     

布鲁氏菌OMP31 T-B联合表位抗原的免疫应答分析

目的：研究OMP31表位的抗原性和免疫应答特点,为布鲁氏菌表位疫苗的研制奠定基础。方法：利用生物信息软件筛选OMP31 T-B联合优势抗原表位,进一步合成肽段。用OMP31肽段免疫BALB/c小鼠,采用ELISA检测小鼠血清中特异性IgG1和IgG2a抗体水平,ELISPOT检测脾淋巴细胞中IFN-γ阳性的T淋巴细胞活化情况。结果：用OMP31合成肽段免疫BALB/c小鼠4次后,小鼠血清中IgG1和IgG2a抗体水平升高,小鼠脾淋巴细胞集落形成单元（SFU）增高。结论：OMP31 T-B联合表位抗原能增强小鼠Th1免疫应答和体液免疫应答,可以作为布鲁氏菌病的候选疫苗。     

Schizophrenia in a North Swedish geographical isolate, 1900–1977. Epidemiology, genetics and biochemistry

Over 200 schizophrenic patients belonging to three major and interrelated pedigree complexes have been investigated over the past 30 years in a North Swedish geographically isolated population, presently numbering about 6,000. An intensive investigation of a number of biochemical correlates and genetic markers in a few selected families belonging to one of the major pedigrees has indicated new strategies for the current research program.
Schizophrenia, as defined operationally, is significantly associated with decreased activities of two enzymes (1) blood platelet monoamine oxidase, (2) plasma dopamine-β-hydroxylase, and (3) with the genetic marker Gc² (group specific antigen). Both enzymes are subject to genetic variation. A positive score for linkage between schizophrenia and low plasma DBH activity has been calculated, but, so far, available data are insufficient for discrimination between linkage and partial contribution of genetically controlled low plasma DBH to the pathogenesis of the disease. Alternatively, both mechanisms could be involved.
As a model for continued research, schizophrenia is explained as based on a double dominant-recessive genotype (Aabb), representing a vulnerability which in about 50 % of cases develops into clinical schizophrenia. It is suggested that the dominant mutation (A) operates on or affects MAO activity, and that the recessive genotype (bb) is instrumental in low variates of DBH activity and very likely such variates within the normal range of physiological variation. Moreover, it is suggested that the combined effects of MAO- and DBH-reduced efficiency on the metabolism of e.g. dopamine could be an essential pathogenic mechanism for the schizophrenic illness which is segregating in this population.     

Renal dysplasia and asplenia in two sibs

A family is reported in which two sibs, one male and the other female, both died within 24 hours of birth with enlarged polycystic kidneys. Postmortem histology in the second child showed gross renal dysplasia. In both children the pancreas was enlarged, nodular and cystic but the liver appeared macroscopically normal. In the second child, histological examination confirmed pancreatic fibrosis with cystic dilation of ducts, but showed portal fibrosis with bile duct proliferation in the liver.
This combination of findings is very reminiscent of those in a girl and her brother reported by Ivemark et al. (1959). The children reported here also showed absence or hypoplasia of the spleen, cardiac anomalies and other features of the Ivemark syndrome (Ivemark 1955), a quite different, usually sporadic, congenital disorder. It is suggested that the children described here have a distinct lethal congenital disorder, probably inherited in an autosomal recessive manner.     

The dominant diseases of modernized societies as omega-3 essential fatty acid deficiency syndrome: Substrate beriberi

About 1900, modern food selection and processing caused widespread $\text{epidemics}$ of the B vitamin deficiency diseases of beriberi and pellagra which, for genetic reasons, often expressed as different diseases ranging from bowel and heart disease to dermatoses and psychoses. But the B vitamins merely help convert essential fatty acids (EFA) into the prostaglandin (PG) tissue regulators and it now turns out that, through hydrogenation, milling and selection of w3-poor southern foods, we have also been systematically depleting, by as much as 90%, a newly discovered trace Nordic EFA (w3) of special importance to primates and sole precursor of the PG3(4) series, even as a concurrent fiber deficiency increases body demand for EFA. Since substrate EFA is processed by many B vitamin catalysts, an EFA deficiency will mimic a $\text{panh}$ypovitaminosis B, i.e., a mixture of $\text{substrate}$ beriberi and $\text{substrate}$ pellagra resembling vitamin beriberi and pellagra but exhibiting as even more diverse $\text{endemic}$ disease. This would consitute a second stage of the Modern Malnutrition and explain why some workers now hold the dominant diseases of modermized societies to be new, nutritionally based, pellagraform yet lipid-related and to range, once again, from heart disease to psychosis. It is an assumption that our dominant diseases are unrelated to each other or are merely revealed by our diagnostic acumen and therapeutic success; and that hydrogenating millions of tons of food oils annually, to destroy the rancidity producing w3-EFA, is safe for $\text{primates}$. Extensive beriberiform disease is reported here in 32 typical cases taken from medical practice which responds strikingly to linseed oil supplements (60% w3-EFA) in confirmation of identical results in Capuchins.     

'Very sore nights and days': the child's experience of illness in early modern England, c.1580-1720

Sick children were ubiquitous in early modern England, and yet they have received very little attention from historians. Taking the elusive perspective of the child, this article explores the physical, emotional, and spiritual experience of illness in England between approximately 1580 and 1720. What was it like being ill and suffering pain? How did the young respond emotionally to the anticipation of death? It is argued that children’s experiences were characterised by profound ambivalence: illness could be terrifying and distressing, but also a source of emotional and spiritual fulfilment and joy. This interpretation challenges the common assumption amongst medical historians that the experiences of early modern patients were utterly miserable. It also sheds light on children’s emotional feelings for their parents, a subject often overlooked in the historiography of childhood. The primary sources used in this article include diaries, autobiographies, letters, the biographies of pious children, printed possession cases, doctors’ casebooks, and theological treatises concerning the afterlife.     

Guidelines for the Validation and Use of Immunoassays for Determination of Introduced Proteins in Biotechnology Enhanced Crops and Derived Food Ingredients

Recent advancements in agricultural biotechnology have created a need for analytical techniques to determine introduced proteins in crops enhanced through modern biotechnology techniques. These proteins are expressed in plant tissues and may be present in food ingredients. Immunoassays are ideally suited for protein detection and may be used as both quantitative and threshold methods. Microplate ELISA and lateral flow devices are two of the most commonly used immunoassay formats for agricultural biotechnology applications. This paper provides general background information and a discussion of criteria for the validation and application of immunochemical methods to the analysis of proteins introduced into plants and food ingredients using biotechnology methods. It is the result of a collaborative effort of members of the Analytical Environmental Immunochemical Consortium. This collaborative effort represents the combined expertise of several organizations to reach consensus on establishing guidelines for the validation and use of immunoassays. Further, the paper offers developers and users a consistent approach to adopting the technology as well as aid in producing accurate and meaningful results.     

HLA in North Colombia Chimila Amerindians

HLA-A,-B,-C,-DRB1 and -DQB1 alleles have been studied in Chimila Amerindians from Sabana de San Angel (North Colombian Coast) by using high resolution molecular typing. A frequent extended haplotype was found:HLA-A*24:02-B*51:10-C*15:02-BRB1*04:07-DQB1*03:02 (28.7%) which has also been described in Amerinndian Mayos Mexican population (Mexico, California Gulf, Pacific Ocean). Other haplotypes had already been found in Amerindians from Mexico (Pacific and Atlantic Coast), Peru (highlands and Amazon Basin), Bolivia and North USA. A geographic pattern according to HLA allele or haplotype frequencies is lacking in Amerindians, as already known. Also, five new extended haplotypes were found in Chimila Amerindians. Their HLA-A*24:02 high frequencies characteristic is shared with aboriginal populations of Taiwan; also, HLA-C*01:02 high frequencies are found in New Zealand Maoris, New Caledonians and Kimberly Aborigines from Australia. Finally, this study may show a model of evolutionary factors acting and rising one HLA allele frequency (-A*24:02), but not in others that belong to the same or different HLA loci.     

Ultracryotomy: development and application (with examples from the yeast cytology) (author's transl)

The preparation steps usually necessary for obtaining ultrathin frozen sections of biological material (chemical prefixation, enclosing, cryoprotective treatment, freezing, sectioning, and post-staining the sections for transmission electron microscopy) are submitted to a critical analysis. The application of cryo-ultramicrotomy, in particularly for cytochemical purposes, is reviewed. Fundamental considerations of chemical prefixation and poststaining are supported by examples from yeast cytology. Furthermore, the efficiency of the cryo-ultramicrotomy (electron optical resolution of ultrastructural details) is demonstrated on yeast cells and protoplasts.     

The universal muscular chamber. A basic unit of the genitourinary, cardiovascular, gastro-intestinal, skeletal, cutaneous, respiratory and other systems, endocameral hypertension; and spasm, the key to their idiopathic diseases and arthropathies

Starting with the integument, we see many organs are contractile sacs or multiples thereof, which tubes or bags constitute the major part of the entire body. Recognition of this basic unit and its characteristics sheds new light, individually and collectively, on many disorders previously considered unrelated. Muscular tears and perforations develop in the walls of these chambers, being no way peculiar to those organs, wherein, hydrochloric acid occurs. So, it is not necessary to explain the absence of excessive acid from patients who exhibit holes in the gastric, uterine, aortic, duodenal, rectal, pulmonary, retina, and other walls. Muscle, not acid is the great common factor relating idiopathic disorders in the gastrointestinal tract to each other and to similar diseases in other systems. When the units are linked together, the lesions tend to appear as arthropathies, i.e. at the joints. Rephrasing common-place observations, frees us from conventional, conceptual cul-de-sacs. An observation is only as good as its interpretation, so all possibilities must be considered, otherwise, we will remain blinded by our misconceptions.     

Der Einfluß von Nahrungsmitteln und Rauchen auf die klinisch-chemische Diagnostik von Phäochromozytom,Neuroblastom und Karzinoid-Syndrom

Zusammenfassung Der Einfluß von verschiedenen Nahrungsmitteln auf Methoden zur Bestimmung von Adrenalin (AD), Noradrenalin (NA), Vanillinmandelsäure (VMS), Metanephrinen (MN), Homovanillinsäure (HVS) und 5-Hydroxyindolessigsäure (5-HIE) im 24 h-Harn zur Diagnose des Phäochromozytoms bzw. Karzinoid-Syndroms wurde untersucht. Die in die Untersuchung einbezogenen Nahrungsmittel waren: Tee, Kaffee, Mandeln, Ananas, Käse, Walnüsse, Vanillepudding, Bananen, Tomaten und Milchschokolade. Außerdem wurde der Einfluß des Zigarettenrauchens auf die Bestimmung von AD, NA, VMS und MN untersucht.Walnüsse führten zu einer starken Erhöhung der 5-HIE-Ausscheidung. Bananen erhöhten die Ausscheidung von AD, NA, VMS, MN und 5-HIE. Kaffee und Ananas bewirkten eine geringe Zunahme der MN-Werte. Rauchen von 20–30 Zigaretten/Tag beeinflußte keine der vier Variablen.Wenn die beschriebenen Methoden benutzt werden, sollte lediglich auf den Verzehr von Bananen und Walnüssen vor und während der Harnsammelperioden verzichtet werden, da die oberen Normgrenzen im Harn überschritten werden könnten. Ein Verzicht auf Kaffee und Ananas in normalen Mengen ist nicht erforderlich. Es besteht kein Anlaß, weiterhin die bisherigen umfangreichen Restriktionen der übrigen Nahrungsmittel beizubehalten.