膝关节色素沉着绒毛结节性滑膜炎MRI表现与病理对照分析

目的：探讨膝关节色素沉着绒毛结节性滑膜炎（PVNS）的MRI表现与病理变化的关系。方法：对20例膝关节PVNS的MRI影像进行回顾性分析,并与手术病理结果对照。结果：20例膝关节PVNS均为弥漫型,病理特征为滑膜增厚呈结节状或绒毛状,有丰富的血管和大量含铁血黄素沉着。MRI表现均有滑膜增厚、关节内软组织结节,T1WI呈等或低信号,T2WI呈低信号;均有不同程度关节积液;关节内脂肪垫受侵15例;半月板及交叉韧带受累10例;软骨或骨受侵16例。结论：MRI对膝关节PVNS有特征性表现,并敏感显示关节内外组织结构的侵犯程度及范围,MRI是诊断PVNS的理想检查方法。     

膝关节色素沉着绒毛结节性滑膜炎的MRI表现与病理对照研究

目的：探讨膝关节色素沉着绒毛结节性滑膜炎（PVNS）的MRI特征与病理变化的关系。方法通过对11例膝关节PVNS的MRI表现与病理结果进行对照分析,评价膝关节PVNS的MRI影像特点。结果11例中,弥漫型10例,局限型1例;不同程度关节腔积液及关节内脂肪垫受侵7例,半月板及交叉韧带受累4例,软骨或骨受累8例。11例MRI影像均有关节滑膜增厚、滑膜内软组织结节表现,结节于T1WI呈等或低信号,于T2WI呈低信号,1例见滑膜结节内出血,表现为T1WI及T2WI高信号。病理均可见数量不等的增生滑膜绒毛结节,有丰富血管和含铁血黄素沉着。结论PVNS绒毛结节内T1WI呈等或低信号、T2WI呈低信号为其特征性表现,与术中及病理相符,MRI对PVNS的诊断和鉴别诊断具有重要的临床价值。     

膝关节色素沉着绒毛结节性滑膜炎的病理及MRI表现

目的:探讨膝关节色素沉着绒毛结节性滑膜炎(pigmented villonodular synovitis,PVNS)的病理与MRI表现,提高对该病的认识。方法:回顾性分析9例经手术病理证实的膝关节PVNS患者的临床及影像资料,总结其MRI及病理表现。结果:病理表现:关节滑膜弥漫或结节状增生,均可见结节内含铁血黄素沉着。MRI表现:均可见不同程度关节内积液,8例弥漫型,滑膜呈弥漫结节样增厚,T1WI呈低信号,T2WI呈稍高信号,增生结节内可见点状或小结节状T1WI呈等低信号,T2WI呈低信号;7例可见髌下脂肪垫受侵,表现为髌下脂肪垫形态不规则;1例增生滑膜明显强化,结节内可见点片状无强化区;5例可见关节面软骨破坏。1例局限型,团块状软组织信号与滑膜及腱鞘关系密切,信号类似肌肉组织,其内可见点片状T1WI、T2WI低信号影。结论:PVNS的MRI表现具有特征性,反映了其病理基础,MRI多序列检查有助于该病的诊断和鉴别诊断。     

膝关节色素沉着绒毛结节性滑膜炎MRI分析

目的:分析膝关节色素沉着绒毛结节性滑膜炎(PVNS)的MRI表现与诊断价值。材料和方法:回顾性分析9例经病理证实的色素沉着绒毛结节滑膜炎,总结其MRI表现特点。结果:局限型3例,弥漫型6例。PVNS主要表现为滑膜不规则结节状增生或弥漫性增生,增生的滑膜内含铁血黄素沉着(T2WI低信号)、邻近半月板和(或)骨侵蚀、关节腔积液等。结论:MRI能为早期诊断膝关节PVNS提供依据,并积极指导手术。     

膝关节色素沉着绒毛结节性滑膜炎的MRI表现

目的:探讨膝关节色素沉着绒毛结节性滑膜炎(pigmented villonodular synovitis,FWS)的MRI表现.方法:回顾性分析7例经手术及病理证实的膝关节INNS的Mid影像资料.结果:7例中弥漫性6例,局限性1例.6例弥漫性PVNS均见关节腔积液,其中3例髌上囊积液中见低信号结节,3例前、后交叉韧带表面可见不规则增厚的低信号滑膜覆盖,4例伴有软骨及软骨下骨的侵蚀,周围有低信号硬化边.2例增强扫描显示增厚的滑膜和结节均明显强化.1例局限性PVNS表现为单发性肿块伴关节腔积液.结论:膝关节PVNS的MRI表现具有特征性,能够作出正确诊断.     

膝关节色素沉着绒毛结节性滑膜炎的MRI影像分析

目的:分析膝关节色素沉着绒毛结节性滑膜炎(PVNS)的MRI影像表现,提高对本病的认识。方法:回顾性分析13例经病理证实的膝关节色素沉着绒毛结节滑膜炎,总结其MRI表现特点。结果:13例患者中弥漫型9例,局限型4例。PVNS主要表现为滑膜不规则结节状增生或弥漫性增生,增生的滑膜和结节内沉着含铁血黄素(T1WI、T2WI双低信号)。关节内外结构可受侵。结论:PVNS所致的滑膜增生和含铁血黄素沉着在MRI上具有特征性的表现和信号,对诊断本病具有重要意义。     

膝关节色素沉着绒毛结节性滑膜炎MRI表现

目的:探讨膝关节色素沉着绒毛结节性滑膜炎(pigmented villonodular synovitis, PVNS)的MRI表现.方法:分析6例PVNS患者行MRI检查并经病理证实病例的MRI资料.结果:6例均为弥漫型PVNS,表现为不规则滑膜增厚及关节软骨的破坏,2例表现为关节腔积液,5例表现为关节滑膜呈不规则结节状增生,2例增强后病灶呈线状网格状强化,4例表现为骨质侵蚀破坏改变,1例表现为关节外侵犯.结论:MRI能准确反映PVNS中滑膜的绒毛结节状增生、增生滑膜及其对关节软骨的破坏以及增生滑膜对软骨下骨质及软骨下远部骨质侵蚀的不同时期绒毛结节的影像学特征,并可以准确评价病变对关节内外累及的范围,是诊断PVNS最佳检查方法.     

膝关节色素沉着绒毛结节性滑膜炎X线与MR诊断

目的 分析膝关节色素沉着绒毛结节性滑膜炎的X线及MRI影像学表现,提高对本病的诊断正确率.方法 回顾性分析33例经病理证实的膝关节色素沉着绒毛结节性滑膜炎,总结其临床表现及影像学特点.结果 33例中弥漫型22例,局限型11例,以青、中年女性多见,多有外伤史,病程长,症状进行性加重,主要表现为滑膜不规则结节状增生或弥漫性增生.增生的滑膜和结节内含铁血黄素沉着呈双低信号(T1WI及T2WI均为低信号),关节内外骨质可受侵.结论 膝关节PVNS的MRI表现具有一定特征性,对PVNS有定性诊断价值;而X线平片对本病的诊断有提示作用,但在准确诊断上有一定限度.     

膝关节色素沉着绒毛结节性滑膜炎MRI分析

目的 探讨膝关节色素沉着绒毛结节性滑膜炎的MRI表现.方法 回顾性分析35例经手术病理证实的PVNS的MRI表现.结果 所有膝关节内均存在滑膜增生及增生的滑膜结节,33例为弥漫型PVNS,2例为局限型PVNS,早期8例,中晚期27例,早期PVNS以滑膜增生、绒毛结节形成及关节腔积液为主要表现,无明显低信号含铁血黄素沉积;中晚期PVNS典型表现为长T1略长T2增生滑膜及滑膜结节及T2 WI低信号含铁血黄素结节,并可伴有骨性关节炎MRI表现.增生滑膜结节主要分布髌下深囊及交叉韧带旁.结论 膝关节色素沉着绒毛结节性滑膜炎具有较特征性MRI表现,MRI能准确反映关节内外受侵组织结构受侵犯的范围和程度,是诊断PVNS的理想检查方法.     

膝关节色素沉着绒毛结节性滑膜炎的影像学和病理学表现

目的:探讨膝关节色素沉着绒毛结节性滑膜炎(PVNS)的影像学和病理学表现。方法:回顾分析20例经手术和病理证实的PVNS影像学和病理学资料,并进行总结。结果:①X线表现:20例中,关节间隙增宽3例和变窄7例;10例在髌骨上下囊区可见单个或多个密度增高的椭圆形或分叶形阴影;关节骨面破坏6例;②MRI表现中弥漫型9例,局灶型3例。弥漫型中可见关节腔积液,髌上囊中见低信号结节,交叉韧带表面有增厚的低信号滑膜覆盖,并见关节骨面破坏,病灶周围有硬化环。局灶型表现为单发性肿块。结论:膝关节PVNS的MRI表现具有特征性,与术中所见和病理大多相符,能够作出正确诊断。     

间接磁共振关节造影在色素沉着绒毛结节性滑膜炎中的应用

目的探讨间接磁共振关节造影在色素沉着绒毛结节性滑膜炎(pigmented villonodular synovitis,PVNS)中的诊断价值。资料与方法回顾性分析12例经手术及病理证实的PVNS患者的常规MRI、间接磁共振关节造影(indirect MR arthrography,I-MRa)资料。结果12例PVNS患者中关节滑膜呈弥漫性增生肥厚者10例,局限性2例。常规MR表现为T1WI等信号,T2WI高信号2例;T1WI、T2WI均为低信号9例。I-MRa表现为在关节积液的极高信号背景下增生肥厚滑膜呈中等强化的高信号,并对周围正常组织有不同程度的侵蚀。结论I-MRa与常规扫描序列相结合,不仅能更清晰地显示出病变累及的范围和程度,而且还可以显示滑膜对关节骨质的侵蚀、反映病变的血供等病理改变,从而可进一步提高PVNS定性及分期的准确性。     

色素沉着结节性滑膜炎的MRI诊断

目的：探讨色素沉着结节性滑膜炎的检查方法以及各种检查方法的价值。方法：６例病理证实的色素沉着结节性滑膜炎的患者做了ＭＲＩＴ１加权成像、Ｔ２加权成像以及增强后的Ｔ１加权成像序列。２例做了关节腔造影。结果：６例关节滑膜不均匀增厚，关节周围弥漫性或局限性Ｔ１加权成像、Ｔ２加权成像均为低信号的结节。强化后滑膜增强，结节强化。关节腔造影示关节软骨受损。结论：色素沉着结节性滑膜炎的ＭＲＩ检查具有特征性改变，ＭＲ可以做出正确诊断。     

色素沉着绒毛结节性滑膜炎的MRI表现

目的 探讨色素沉着绒毛结节性滑膜炎(pigmented villonodular synovitis，PVNS)的MRI表现。方法 23例PVNS中膝关节9例，髋关节9例，踝关节3例，肘关节1例，腕关节1例，均经手术和病理证实。23例PVNS均行X线和MR检查，其中4例行CT检查。分析PVNS的影像学表现，着重总结PVNS的MR影像学特点。结果 X线表现：23例均可见关节及软组织肿胀，7例关节内外可出现较致密结节状或分叶状软组织肿块影，19例可见邻近关节骨质侵蚀性小缺损。CT表现：4例中3例可见关节内外结节状或分叶状软组织肿块，增强扫描可见结节样强化，1例CT仅显示关节囊增厚，关节内积液。MRI表现：23例病变部位增生肥厚的滑膜在T1WI上呈中等或中等稍低信号，在T2WI上呈中等稍高信号，其内可见多发散在结节，呈T1WI、T2WI低信号灶；增生肥厚的滑膜在快速梯度回波(FFE)T2WI序列上呈明显结节样低信号。23例病变关节均可见不同程度的关节积液。19例有骨质破坏，表现为凹陷性类圆形骨质缺损，骨缺损区T1、T2WI呈中等信号灶，周围有硬化边，呈T1WI、T2WI低信号。相邻骨髓腔内可见弥漫性反应性水肿灶，呈片状高T2信号。结论 MRI能准确显示PVNS的病变范围和程度，对PVNS有定性诊断价值。     

MRI of the knee in diffuse pigmented villonodular synovitis

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) was performed on 11 patients with surgically proven pigmented villonodular synovitis (PVNS) of the knee. PVNS was diagnosed on the basis of presence of hemosiderin, joint effusion, and hyperplastic synovium without significant joint destruction. MRI provided a detailed map of the distribution of the disease within the joint, emphasizing the common occurrence of the disease behind the cruciate ligaments and in synovial cysts in the popliteal fossa. MRI aided in preoperative planning and postoperative follow-up for residual and recurrent disease. Nine additional cases of joint hemorrhage, hemophilia, desmoplastic tumors, and synovial chondromatosis were included to delineate differential diagnostic criteria.     

膝关节色素沉着绒毛结节性滑膜炎的影像学诊断

目的 探讨膝关节色素沉着绒毛结节性滑膜炎(PVNS)的影像学表现。方法 回顾分析9例经手术及病理证实的色素沉着绒毛结节性滑膜炎影像学资料并进行总结。9例膝关节病变均行MR检查，其中3例增强扫描；X线平片检查6例；CT平扫5例。结果 (1)X线表现：6例中关节间隙5例正常，1例增宽；股骨髁破坏1例；胫骨平台破坏4例；共9个病灶，其中7个病灶周围见硬化环。(2)CT表现：5例PVNS均显示关节腔积液；股骨髁合并胫骨平台破坏1例，胫骨平台单发或多发破坏4例，共12个病灶，所有病灶周围均见硬化环。2例合并胭窝内软组织密度肿块。(3)MRI表现：9例中弥漫型7例，局灶型2例。7例弥漫型PVNS均见关节腔积液，其中3例髌上囊积液中见低信号结节，3例前、后交叉韧带表面可见不规则增厚的低信号滑膜覆盖，6例伴有股骨髁或胫骨平台骨质破坏，共15个病灶，其中13个病灶周围绕以低信号硬化环。3例增强扫描显示增厚的滑膜和结节均明显强化。2例局灶型PVNS表现为单发性肿块伴关节腔积液。结论 膝关节色素沉着绒毛结节性滑膜炎的MRI表现较CT、X线表现具有特征性，能够作出正确诊断。     

Pigmented villonodular synovitis (PVNS) of the knee joint: magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) using standard and dynamic paramagnetic contrast media. Report of 52 cases surgically and histologically controlled

PURPOSE: Pigmented villonodular synovitis (PVNS) is a rare proliferative disorder of the synovial membrane, exhibiting benign behaviour from a biological point of view. This kind of synovial hyperplasia leads to the formation of villi and nodules characterized by deposit of intracellular haemosiderin. It primarily involves young adults, the peak age being between the second and fourth decade of life. It may appear either in a diffuse or a localized (nodular) form. The joint most affected is the knee and diffuse PVNS is the most common form. Diagnostic imaging techniques, particularly MRI, allow lesion identification, suggesting a diagnosis. However, such diagnosis can be confirmed only on histology as the final diagnosis of PVNS, and therefore the possibility of differential diagnosis with other haemorrhagic and chronic hyperplastic synovites, is based on the detection of intracellular haemosiderin components. The aim of this study is to evaluate the usefulness of MRI, which might be completed with the intravenous injection of contrast medium, in the characterization of such pathological picture. MATERIALS AND METHODS: From January 1999 to December 2002, we evaluated 52 patients presenting knee swelling, pain and functional impairment. Only 19 patients had a history of trauma. All patients underwent MRI using a dedicated 0.2 T unit or a whole-body' 1.5 T unit. In 30 cases the baseline examination was completed with intravenous injection of contrast medium, followed by dynamic 3D-SPGR sequences at 45, 90, 135 and 225 seconds from the initial injection. These dynamic sequences were then processed by means of early and late subtractions, evaluating the regions of interest (ROI) positioned in the areas with higher post-contrast enhancement. Thirty-eight patients had been previously submitted to Ultrasonography (US), whereas twenty-five patients to Computed Tomography (TC). Later, all patients underwent surgery. Only two patients required an arthrotomy. We then retrospectively evaluated the imaging findings obtained, comparing them with the histological data. Patients affected by autoimmune and systemic inflammatory disorders were excluded from this study. RESULTS: The suspected diagnosis of PVNS was confirmed in 44/52 patients examined. CT examination allowed to detect the presence of a synovial proliferation with densitometric values ranging from 55 to 75 Hounsfield Units (HU) in all cases. In 11 cases, US examination revealed the presence of nodular hyperechoic structures surrounded by anechoic areas, with no differentiation between diffuse and nodular forms. Baseline MRI images showed no differential features among the various histological forms detected. In fact, the nodular structures demonstrated intermediate-to-low intensity signal in all sequences performed. Contrast enhanced MRI showed the presence of areas of inhomogeneous signal due to the increased intensity signal of hypervascular areas. The analysis of vascular dynamics demonstrated a characteristic exponential intensity/time curve both in diffuse and localized forms. DISCUSSION: The definition of pigmented villonodular synovitis was first employed by Jaffé in 1941 to describe the benign proliferative inflammatory nature of such pathology, characterized by a thickened and hyperplastic synovia organized into villi and nodules, leading to deposition of intracellular haemosiderin pigments. Presently, Authors prefer to include in hemorrhagic synovites all chronic and haemorragic synovial disorders, regardless of the aetiopathogenesis (rheumatoid arthritis, arthropathy secondary to haemorrhagic diathesis, chronic articular traumatism, haemangioma, synovial sarcoma). PVNS involves young adults, with no gender preference; it affects the knee joint in 66-80% of cases, with no typical symptomatology. The absolute absence of any characteristic feature makes a correct differential diagnosis difficult. So far, the only possibility to diagnose PVNS is based on the histological examination: presence of intracellular and subsynovial haemosiderin pigments, predominance of nodular structures as compared to villi, presence of macrophage multinucleate cells, production of collagen, mitotic cellular elements. Therefore, the possibility of characterizing PVNS using MRI is based on detection of a higher number of nodules as compared to villi, as the presence of haemosiderin is always characterized by low signal intensity on T2-weighted images, both intra- and extracellularly. New information on MRI semeiotics has come from the use of post-contrast enhanced dynamic sequences which are able to provide semi-quantitative data on CM velocity distribution within the hyperplastic areas. However, in our experience, dynamic-enhanced MRI did not provide any differential feature between PVNS and the other chronic hemorrhagic forms. Any inflammatory pathology leads to an increased capillary permeability with progressive deposit of CM in the area of interest. In all cases examined, the maximum deposit of contrast medium was observed in the extracellular phase, with a delayed wash-out. CONCLUSIONS: PVNS of the knee presents a difficult differential diagnosis. In many cases, only MRI is able to identify the presence of haemosiderin precipitates within the nodules characterizing the lesion. The use of standard and dynamic contrast media seems unable to provide additional diagnostic information. Thus, the diagnosis still pertains to histology.